Presentation on the Moscow Art Hall on the topic "The art of Byzantine mosaics." Byzantine mosaic Byzantine mosaic – Presentation on the topic of Byzantine mosaic
What is "mosaic"?
- Mosaic is an image or pattern made from particles of homogeneous or different materials (stone, smalt, ceramic tiles, etc.), one of the main types of monumental and decorative art.
- This is the ancient art of composing some image or picture from small identical particles. As a rule, large paintings are made this way and are intended to be viewed from a great distance. In this case, the painting will be distinguished by irregularities, which seem to enliven the image, and the surface of the painting will appear velvety from a distance.
- Byzantine mosaic is primarily a mosaic made of smalt. It was the Byzantines who developed the technology for producing smalt, thanks to which this relatively economical and easy-to-handle glass became the main material in monumental painting.
- The history dates back to the third or fourth century AD. It is from this time that some of the most ancient examples of mosaics date back. Interestingly, this art was at its peak in the sixth and seventh centuries, and was then revived and constantly used throughout the period from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries.
- Mostly examples of this art represent scenes on a biblical theme, which is why many of them are located in various religious buildings.
- Smalt. Essentially, this material was glass, into which metal particles were added to give it certain shades. So with the addition of gold, the glass acquired a golden shine. It was this brilliance that prompted many masters to choose gold mosaics for the background of paintings.
- Copper and mercury were also added to the molten mass of smalt in different proportions. This is how the ancient masters ensured that the mosaic particles acquired the various shades necessary to create the composition.
- The Byzantines, using simple tools, gave mosaic elements elementary geometric shapes that were convenient for laying into a mosaic canvas. And yet, cubes became the main mosaic element.
- The main feature of the Byzantine style was the golden background, which is inherent in most paintings. Direct dialing is usually used as a typing technique.
- Another feature is the presence of clear contours of each object presented in the picture. If the picture is viewed from a great distance, then such contours will make the characters more visible against the golden shimmering background.
- The most famous Byzantine mosaics are those of Ravenna and images of Hagia Sophia (Constantinople).
- Byzantine mosaics became the main element of artistic decoration of cathedrals, tombs, and basilicas.
- Most of the techniques of Byzantine mosaic are also used in modern mosaic compositions. The use of smalt, the background formed by the irregularities of smalt cubes, the smooth contours of the boundaries of objects and the background - this is a classic of mosaic, a classic of Byzantium.
Byzantine mosaic
Prepared the presentation
Kaneva Tatyana Vasilievna
history teacher MBOU "Secondary School of the village" Petrun"
G. Inta, Komi Republic
- Mosaic- an image or pattern made from particles of homogeneous or different materials, one of the main types of monumental and decorative art.
The history dates back to the third or fourth century AD. It is from this time that some of the most ancient examples of mosaics date back.
- Interestingly, this art was at its peak in the sixth and seventh centuries, and was then revived and constantly used throughout the period from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries. Mostly examples of this art represent scenes on a biblical theme, which is why many of them are located in various religious buildings.
- Smalt.
- Essentially, this material was glass, into which metal particles were added to give it certain shades. So with the addition of gold, the glass acquired a golden shine. It was this brilliance that prompted many masters to choose gold mosaics for the background of paintings.
The Byzantines, using simple tools, gave mosaic elements elementary geometric shapes that were convenient for laying into a mosaic canvas. And yet, cubes became the main mosaic element.
Copper and mercury were also added to the molten mass of smalt in different proportions. This is how the ancient masters ensured that the mosaic particles acquired the various shades necessary to create the composition.
- Byzantine mosaic is primarily a mosaic made of smalt. It was the Byzantines who developed the technology for producing smalt, thanks to which this relatively economical and easy-to-handle glass became the main material in monumental painting.
- The main feature of the Byzantine style was the golden background, which is inherent in most paintings. Direct dialing is usually used as a typing technique.
Another feature is the presence of clear contours of each object presented in the picture. If the picture is viewed from a great distance, then such contours will make the characters more visible against the golden shimmering background.
- The use of smalt, the background formed by the irregularities of smalt cubes, the smooth contours of the boundaries of objects and the background - this is a classic of mosaic, a classic of Byzantium
The most famous Byzantine mosaics are those of Ravenna and images of Hagia Sophia (Constantinople).
- Byzantine mosaics became the main element of artistic decoration of cathedrals, tombs, and basilicas.
Mosaic in modern times
Most of the techniques of Byzantine mosaic are also used in modern mosaic compositions.
Mosaic in modern times
Byzantine mosaic remains
one of the main types of artistic and decorative art of our time.
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Slide captions:
Prepared by: Anna Batyrgareeva and Maria Ovsyannikova
This is the ancient art of composing some image or picture from small identical particles. As a rule, large paintings are made this way and are intended to be viewed from a great distance. In this case, the painting will be distinguished by irregularities, which seem to enliven the image, and the surface of the painting will appear velvety from a distance.
The main feature of the Byzantine style was the golden background, which is inherent in most paintings. Direct dialing is usually used as a typing technique.
Another feature is the presence of clear contours of each object presented in the picture. If the picture is viewed from a great distance, then such contours will make the characters more visible against the golden shimmering background.
Most of the techniques of Byzantine mosaic are also used in modern mosaic compositions. The use of smalt, the background formed by the irregularities of smalt cubes, the smooth contours of the boundaries of objects and the background - this is a classic of mosaic, a classic of Byzantium.
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ART
PEOPLES OF THE WORLD
- Name the basis of a Christian temple.
- How are Christian churches different?
- Name a temple whose name translates as “many Buddhas.” Where is he located?
- What religion does he belong to?
- What Islamic architectural schools do you know?
- Name the religious buildings of Islam.
- What are the shapes of minarets?
- What are madrasahs for?
- What is insula?
- What is special about a Japanese house?
ART
PEOPLES OF THE WORLD
BYZANTINE MOSAIC ART
- Mosaic (from Latin opus musivum) - (a work dedicated to the muses) is a type of painting in which images are composed of multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles, etc.
M O h A And To A- a type of monumental painting; a design or pattern made up of pieces of multi-colored natural stones, smalt (pieces of colored glass), ceramics and other materials.
Fragment of a magnificent example of ancient Roman mosaic decoration
"The art for which Apelles was famous, And to whom Rome has now lifted up her head, Since the benefits of Glass have been great, This is proven by Finifty, Mosaics, Who in this age preserve the heroic cheerfulness of faces, Delight in the tenderness and beauty of the maidens, After many centuries they see their own kind And they are not afraid of the squabbling of ancient antiquity."
M.V. Lomonosov
- The art of mosaic did not become widespread in Russia; it was only revived by M.V. Lomonosov in the 18th century. Together with his students, he created a painting (6.5 meters in length) “The Battle of Poltava”, which depicts Peter the Great.
Mosaic of Russia of the New Age
The Age of Enlightenment in Russia was marked by a revival of mosaic art, when in the early 1750s. great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov re-developed methods for casting and polishing smalt.
Smalt- this is the very magnificent material from which the mosaics of the Byzantine Empire were created.
Glassmaking - the ability to make glass and glassy masses and produce various products from them - belongs to the most ancient crafts, well known to many Slavic tribes that inhabited the spaces in Kievan Rus in the 8th-9th centuries.
The palette of smalts used in the mosaic painting of Kyiv churches in the 11th century included 72 different types of smalt, which included 8 types of cubes, which were natural minerals.
Smalt mosaic
Smalt - colored opaque glass .
- Byzantine art - this is a historical-regional type of art, included in the historical type medieval art. Bizant - Name ancient Greek hero, son of the god of the seas Poseidon . He founded the city and gave it his name. In 330, due to civil strife and unrest that engulfed a huge Roman Empire , emperor Constantine I the Great moved his capital to the city of Byzantium (c 1st century n. e. part of the Roman Empire) and renamed it Constantinople . In the Middle Ages, Byzantium was called Romania, the Byzantines themselves called themselves Romans, and their culture - Roman. Emperor - « Basileus Romeev" - declared himself also the High Priest. This was reflected in the official art of Constantinople, which expressed the ideas of the cult of the “Basileus of the Romans” as a cosmocrator (from Greek . "holder", ruler universe ). Since then, it has been the center of civil and spiritual life of the Greco-Roman world. The Byzantine Empire gave birth to a special culture called in science Byzantineism .
- mosaic, composed of small, mostly identical-sized particles...
- The figure of the emperor is in the center of the composition. It is marked by the wealth and luxury of colored clothes, a golden circle - a sacred halo around the head. He presents a heavy golden cup as a gift to the church. The emperor's retinue is no less majestic.
- No less remarkable are the mosaics of the Church of the Assumption in Nicaea. The angels depicted here amaze with their refined nobility of appearance. In some way they resemble the ancient ideal of beauty. In luxurious outfits they perform against the dark green background of the altar vault.
VERIFICATION WORK
1 option
Option 2
- What is mosaic?
- What material was mosaic made from most often?
- What theme is associated with the decoration of the Baptistery of the Orthodox in Ravenna?
- What century does the mosaic of the Church of the Assumption in Nicaea belong to?
- What is the name of the mosaic image in the central apse of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv?
- What is Byzantine mosaic?
- Which city's mosaics are best preserved?
- Which emperor is glorified by the mosaic of the Church of San Vitale?
- In what century were the mosaics of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv created?
- Who revived mosaic art in Rus' and when? Name the work of this author.
Homework:
Reports on ancient Russian icon painting.