Subcultures of Great Britain. Abstract youth subculture in modern Britain

Mods- London subculture of the 50s - 60s of the twentieth century, with a special style.

Mod Style Attributes

- wardrobe in Italian-French style

The fashions adapted the Italian and french styles. They wore tailored Italian suits of narrow trousers with creases and well-tailored fitted ones, nylon shirts with small collars, skinny ties, mohair items, wool or cashmere sweaters (with a V-neck or crew neck), windbreakers or faux leather jackets. leather with a zipper, narrow-toed leather boots (the so-called “Winkle Pickers”), with tassels, or shoes called Desert Boots from Clarks.

- hairstyle in the spirit of French actors

The fashion wardrobe was complemented by a special hairstyle, copying the haircuts of French actors, for example, Jean-Paul Belmondo.

- makeup

Some fashionists used eyeliners, eye shadow, and lipstick.

- scooter as an accessory

Fashion chose scooters as their main means of transportation. This was also due to the style features of the representatives of the subculture: all the mechanisms in the scooter were covered with special panels, which made it possible to keep expensive suits clean. In unfavorable weather conditions, the fashion was worn by the military, which protected their jackets and trousers from the rain.

The preferred scooter brands were Vespa or Lambretta. After the law was passed according to which every motorcycle was required to have at least one mirror, mods began to decorate their scooters with four, ten and even thirty mirrors.

Etymology of the term "fashion"

The term "mod" comes from the English word "modernist", which in the 50s of the twentieth century denoted modern jazz musicians and their fans. The name was a contrast to the concept of “trad” (from the English traditional), which denoted traditional jazz performers and their fans.

History of the style of the mod subculture

In Colin Macinnes's 1959 novel Absolute Beginners, the "modernist" appears as a young admirer modern jazz who dresses according to latest fashion- in the Italian manner. The novel is one of the first works to use the term to describe a young British man with a conscious interest in fashion and modern jazz.

Reasons for the emergence of the subculture

Some researchers define the mod subculture as a "fashion-obsessed, hedonistic cult of all things cool" worshiped by coming of age youths living in London or the new southern cities.

As post-war Britain's prosperity returned to normal, society changed too. The younger generation of the 60s was no longer required to work after school to feed their family. Now they worked to ensure a comfortable existence in the city. Young people who were given the opportunity to manage their money independently often invested it in their appearance.

At that time, the first ones aimed at the younger generation were opening on such famous streets as Carnaby Street and Kings Road. Independents emerged, such as Mary Quant, who became famous for her minis, or John Stephen, who developed a line called "His Clothes" and whose regular customer was famous group Small Faces.

In the mid-1960s, newspaper reporters focused on the cost of mod costumes, looking for particularly extreme cases. For example, they published the words of one young fashionista, who said that he would rather not eat, but buy himself clothes. However, such a commitment to fashion was not accidental: it allowed young people to escape from their drab working days and, at least for a while, find themselves in another world.

Fashions were very careful in their choice of clothing and created their own artifacts and symbols within their community. For example, the British flag (“Union Jack”) and the emblem of the Royal Air Force (“Target”) have become an integral attribute of every self-respecting mod.

Origins of the mod style

The appearance of the mods is based on the styles of at least two youth subcultures: firstly, the beatniks with their bohemian, which includes blacks, and secondly, from whom the mods inherited narcissism and scrupulous adherence to fashion.

Girlfriend fashion style

Mod girlfriends followed a certain androgynous style and were often indistinguishable from their boyfriends. Short haircuts, men's trousers and (sometimes borrowed from guys), flat shoes and a minimum of cosmetics. Most often, girls left their faces pale, applied brown eye shadow to their eyelids, white lipstick to their lips, and stuck on false eyelashes.

Fashion girls became a real challenge for their parents, since starting in the 60s, the length of their skirts became increasingly shorter. Over time, when the mod subculture became a commercial trend, the image of the mod girlfriend began to be exploited by models such as (Jean Shrimpton) and (Twiggy).

Reasons for the decline of movement

Mod culture has been replaced by the .

In the late 70s, the UK experienced a revival of mods, the first wave of which gradually died out in the late 60s, and in the early 80s mod culture spread to other countries. It is most widespread in Southern California.

Changing the style

As a result of the mixing of cultures, many fashions adopted the style of the so-called rud-boys, wearing short-brimmed hats and cropped jeans from the brand. They listened to Jamaican ska and visited West Indian nightclubs Ram Jam, A-Train and Sloopy's.

The main attributes of the mod style were retained by the early ones. They also wore polos and shirts, Sta-Prest trousers and Levi's, but now paired them with suspenders and.

Some researchers believe that there were no spiritual principles behind the mod culture, just ordinary fetishism with its objects of worship, which included scooters, Italian suits and American soul records.

In the early 60s, strangely dressed young people began to appear on the streets of London. They wore neat hair, bleached jeans with red suspenders, heavy red steel-toed boots, sometimes blue mohair suits and blue-framed glasses. They drink dark beer or soft drinks and travel on Vespa and Lambretta scooters. These are the fashions, the controversial and not fully defined subculture of the 60s, teenagers who are desperately trying to define themselves.

“Moderation and accuracy”: the basics of style

Great Britain in the “motley” 60s was a whole bunch of different subcultures. Not only mods walk the streets, but also rockers, psychedelists, hippies and rudies. Everyone has different reasons for their occurrence and different ideologies. Mods (from modern - modern) - children from families of professional workers; after the “economic boom” they had free money - and they converted it into style. From their predecessors, the “teddy boys,” fashion inherited a manic interest in the smallest details of appearance. The distance between them and the boots was strictly regulated, depending on the width of the trousers - half an inch or an inch. The socks had to be white, the suit had to be Italian, the shoes had to be Chelsea or loafers. Everything is thought out to the smallest detail, and any mistake makes you a laughing stock.

This mod obsession was quickly noticed by clothing and music companies. The culture, so proud of its independence and individuality, began to be supported from the outside and soon faded away, and the former fashions scattered to other subcultures. And someone even organized a new one - skinheads (who initially did not hold any racist views). "Mod - a short word, denoting fashion, beauty and stupidity. We’ve all been through it,” Pete Townsen of The Who later said.

The main means of transportation is a moped. It is available around the clock (unlike public transport, which is closed at night) and protects smart clothes from dirt. Long khaki parkas serve the same purpose.

« Absolute beginners": values and attitudes

Mods are hedonists, and their goal in life is to entertain themselves in the most sophisticated and varied way possible. They resemble Wilde's heroes - perhaps that's why they are called "dandies of the 20th century." The fact that they followed fashion trends so closely (and often spent their last money on them) is the other side of the main component of their worldview: extreme self-centeredness. “When everyone in England started singing about free love, which was very controversial, the fashions also turned out to be troublemakers - but for the exact opposite reason. It was as if they were deeply indifferent to this problem. I think the mods were too self-centered by nature to make a couple,” wrote Kevin Pearce.

The fashion bible is the book Absolute Beginners by Colin McKinnes, which tells the story of a young fashion photographer Colin and his love for fashion designer Crepe Sazette. Their story opens up a whole panorama of life at the turn of the fifties and sixties. “I’m afraid that this is the only book really written about the “fashions” of that time, and if they tell you that there are others, don’t believe them,” says Oleg Mironov. In 1986, the book was made into a film of the same name, which was initially rejected by critics, but later became a cult classic thanks to its excellent soundtrack.

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But behind the external burning of life lies a tragic search for oneself - and in this fashion are similar to teenagers of all eras. Chris Welch wrote in a 1969 article for Melody Marker: "Mods are 'doing their thing' in a helpless quest to find their identity in a society where the only official alternative is to marry a Hire Buyer and end up paralyzed in front of the television." .

Music and clothing: the legacy of mods

Fashions, with their cult of individuality and the image of the “preppy hooligan,” had a huge influence on subsequent popular culture. This mainly affected the fashion industry: they invented men's makeup, most of the existing street styles, it is thanks to them that unisex clothing exists. Many modern brands openly copy elements of mod style.

Still from the movie “Quadrophenia”: fashion was the first to say that men can wear makeup too

Their influence also affected music. Fashions brought “black music” to Britain: jazz and soul. And it was thanks to mods that The Beatles appeared. Although Chris Welch was sure that the mods had no special musical preferences - “it’s important that you can see how you stomp your boots to these rhythms,” in fact this is not the case. The mods listened mainly to Americans performing blue beat, reggae, rocksteady and ska. Oleg Mironov says: “Everything was going great until somewhere in 1962, big people from large companies became interested: what exactly do teenagers spend such crazy money on? It turned out that young people spend their hard-earned money on completely indecent things - products of American industry! The bosses decided that every effort must be made to redirect this cash flow into their pockets, or at least return it to the bosom of Mother Britain. A remarkable example of this is the release of the first album of The Beatles, with which, as is commonly believed, the era of real “mods” ended and the era of the “British Invasion” began.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine
Sevastopol City Humanitarian University
Faculty of Philology

Individual work on the course “History of England”
on the topic: “Youth subculture in modern Britain”

Completed:

Checked:

Content:
1. Introduction...................... ......................... ..... .............................. ............... .......3 pages
2. The concept of youth subculture………………............. ........................5pp.
3. Reasons for the emergence of the subculture…………………………..……..... 6pp.
4. Classification of subcultures (table)…………..…………..……..…….. 8p.
5. The most common subcultures among modern British youth………………………………………………………………… ………….10pp.
6. Conclusion…………...…………………...... ........................... ... ...............25pp.
7. List of references……………………………...…….. 26 pages.

1. Introduction.
– Poets, artists, artists, in my opinion, are the real architects of change, and not scientists and political legislators who approve the change after it happens...
(c) William Burroughs
Scientists are trying to explain the reason for the emergence of subcultures by economic, social, cultural reasons, deducing this problem from the conflict between fathers and children, etc. The entire existing set of explanations once again suggests that this problem is quite complex, and ongoing research suggests that there is no clear answer, and is not expected in the near future.
The relevance of this topic is that subcultures appear constantly, and in the future we will encounter them, so as not to be afraid of this, we need to try to understand them.
A subculture is a community of people whose beliefs, views on life and behavior differ from generally accepted ones or are simply hidden from the general public, which distinguishes them from more broad concept culture of which they are an offshoot. The youth subculture appeared in science in the mid-50s of the 20th century. Since traditional societies develop gradually, at a slow pace, relying mainly on the experience of older generations, the phenomenon of youth culture relates primarily to dynamic societies, and has been noticed in connection with “technogenic civilization”. If earlier culture was not so clearly divided into “adult” and “youth” (regardless of age, everyone sang the same songs, listened to the same music, danced the same dances, etc.), but now “fathers” and “children” have serious differences in their value orientations, in fashion, in methods of communication, and even in their lifestyle in general. As a specific phenomenon, youth culture also arises due to the fact that the physiological acceleration of young people is accompanied by a sharp increase in the duration of their socialization period (sometimes up to 30 years), which is caused by the need to increase time for education and professional training that meets the requirements of the era. Today, a young man early ceases to be a child (in terms of his psychophysiological development), but in terms of social status, he does not belong to the world of adults for a long time. “Youth” as a phenomenon and sociological category born of industrial society is characterized by psychological maturity in the absence of significant participation in adult institutions.
The emergence of youth culture is associated with uncertainty social roles youth, uncertainty about their own social status. In the ontogenetic aspect, the youth subculture is presented as a developmental phase that everyone must go through. Its essence is the search for social status. Through it, the young man “practices” in playing the roles that he will later have to play in the world of adults. The most accessible social platforms for specific youth activities are leisure, where you can show your own independence: the ability to make decisions and lead, organize and organize. Leisure is not only communication, but also a kind of social game; the lack of skills in such games in youth leads to the fact that a person considers himself free from obligations even in adulthood. In dynamic societies, the family partially or completely loses its function as an instance of socialization of the individual, since the pace of change in social life gives rise to a historical discrepancy between the older generation and the changing tasks of modern times. As he enters adolescence, a young man turns away from his family and seeks those social connections that should protect him from a still alien society. Between a lost family and a society that has not yet been found, the young man strives to join his own kind. The informal groups formed in this way provide the young person with a certain social status. The price for this is often the abandonment of individuality and complete submission to the norms, values and interests of the group. These informal groups produce their own subculture, which differs from the culture of adults. It is characterized by internal uniformity and external protest against generally accepted institutions. Due to the presence of their own culture, these groups are marginal in relation to society, and therefore always contain elements of social disorganization and potentially gravitate toward behavior deviating from generally accepted norms.
Quite often, everything is limited only by eccentric behavior and violation of the norms of generally accepted morality, interests around sex, “parties,” music and drugs. However, this same environment forms a countercultural value orientation, supreme principle which declares the principle of pleasure, enjoyment, which serves as the incentive and goal of all behavior. The entire value grid of the youth counterculture is associated with irrationalism, which is dictated by the recognition of the truly human only in the natural, that is, the dissociation of the “human” from the “social” that arose as a result of the “monopoly of the head.” The consistent implementation of irrationalism defines hedonism as the leading value orientation of the youth counterculture. Hence the morality of permissiveness, which is the most important and organic element of the counterculture. Since the existence of the counterculture is concentrated on “today”, “now”, then hedonistic aspiration is a direct consequence of this.

2. The concept of youth subculture.
The concept of youth subcultures was initially applied by sociologists in Western Europe and the United States only to the criminal environment. Gradually, the content of the concept expanded and began to be used in relation to the norms and values that determine the behavior of a certain social group of young people - thus, the concept of “subculture” was associated with the concept of “cultural paradigm”, that is, that set of ideas and rules that provides a kind of matrix of behavior in different situations. However, while studying this matrix, scientists came across facts that forced them to question some ideas that previously seemed self-evident. For example, the English scholar Grant McCracken, in his widely acclaimed book Plenitude: Culture by Commotion, describes his conversations with various groups of teenagers (goths, punks and skaters). The researcher discovered that differences in clothing, fashion, etc., that is, external differences, indicate internal differences, namely: differences in values and their gradations. Some observers, he noted, believe that the actions of adolescents are guided only by the desire to achieve recognition from their peers, and everything else (clothing, language, musical tastes, behavior, etc.) is just “monkeying” necessary for belonging to a group. This view comes from the idea of youth culture as a natural sequence.
Another point of view comes from the fact that subculture represents a confrontation, which consists in the fact that the reason for diversity in the teenage world is an expression of inter-age and class hostility. This position is developed, for example, in the book of American researchers Sue Widdicombe and Robin Wooffit, “The Language of Youth Subcultures: Social Identification in Action” (New York, 1995). Teenagers enter a hostile world. This point of view was defended, in particular, by the authors of one of the first significant books devoted to youth subcultures - the Englishmen Stuart Gell and Tony Jefferson in the book "Confrontation through rituals: youth subcultures in post-war Britain", published in London in 1976.

3. Reasons for the emergence of the subculture.
Why do subcultures arise?
The most common answer is this: to resolve contradictions in the mainstream culture if it turns out to be unable to provide the next generation with an effective ideology. A subculture takes shape in its own style of behavior, in language, clothing, and in rituals that are capable of creative development.
The theory of subcultures as a scientific discipline tries to determine the relationship between the “main” culture and “deviations”. She works in the conceptual field of cultural studies, based on specific sociological studies and other humanities disciplines. Marxist theory denies subcultures, considering youth subcultures as an ideology designed to mask the antagonistic contradictions of capitalist society and replace them with confrontation between generations.
The views of supporters of the theory of social conflict are close to Marxist.
Social action theorists emphasize the behavior of the individual in his contacts with others. In this understanding, subcultures are considered as a system that regulates the implementation of the interests and needs of young people in society.
There is no doubt that each of us has happened to walk down the street, ride the subway, or just watch TV and see people who are somehow different from others. These are the informals - representatives of modern subcultures.
The word itself is informal, informal means unusualness, brightness and originality. An informal person is an attempt to show his individuality, to say to the gray masses: “I am a person,” to challenge the world with its endless everyday life and lining everyone up in one row. Scientifically speaking, a subculture is a system of values, attitudes, behaviors and lifestyles that is inherent in a smaller social community, spatially and socially isolated to a greater or lesser extent. Subcultural attributes, rituals, and values, as a rule, differ from those in the dominant culture, although they are associated with them. The English sociologist M. Brake noted that subcultures as “systems of meanings, ways of expression or lifestyles” developed by social groups that were in a subordinate position, “in response to dominant systems of meaning: subcultures reflect attempts of such groups to resolve structural contradictions that have arisen in the broader social context." Another thing is culture - mass phenomenon- a system of values inherent in most of society and a way of life dictated by society.
Let's make sure that subcultures are a huge, bright world that reveals to us all the shades of life. To do this, we will briefly analyze each subculture.

4. Classification of subcultures.

Types of subcultures

		Description of subspecies
Music- cal	Subcultures based on fans of various genres of music.	Alternatives	fans of alternative rock, nu metal, rapcore
		Goths	fans of gothic rock, gothic metal and darkwave
		Indie	indie rock fans
		Metalheads	fans of heavy metal and its varieties
		Punks	fans of punk rock and supporters of punk ideology
		Rastafarians	reggae fans, as well as representatives of the Rastafari religious movement
		Rockers	rock music fans
		Ravers	fans of rave, dance music and discos
		Hip-hop (rappers)	fans of rap and hip-hop
		Traditional skinheads	lovers of ska and reggae
		Folkers	folk music fans
		Emo	fans of emo and post-hardcore
		Rivetheads	Fans of industrial music
		Junglists	Fans of jang and drum and bass
Image high	Subcultures distinguished by style of clothing and behavior	visual kei
		Cyber Goths
		Mods
		Nudists
		Hipsters
		Teddy fights
		Military
		Freaks
Political and worldview	Subcultures distinguished by social beliefs	Anarcho-punks
		Antifa
		RASH skinheads (redskins)
		SHARP skinheads
		NS skinheads
		Beatniks
		Informals
		New Age
		Straight Edgers
		Hippie
		Yuppie
By hobby	Subcultures formed through hobbies	Bikers	Motorcycle lovers
		Writers	Graffiti fans
		Tracers	Parkour lovers
		Hackers	Fans of computer hacking (usually illegally)
For other hobbies niyam	Subcultures based on cinema, games, animation, literature.	Otaku	Fans of anime (Japanese animation)
		Bastards	Using the jargon of bastards
		Gamers	Fans of computer games
	Historical reenactors	Role movement	Fans of live action role-playing games
		Tolkienists	Fans of John R.R. Tolkien
		Therianthropes	-
		Furry	Fans of anthropomorphic creatures
Hooligan	The identification of these subcultures is often contested, and not everyone classified as one of them considers themselves to be one of them.	Rude-boys
		Gopniks
		Lyubera
		Ultras	Highly organized, very active fan club members
		Football hooligans

5. The most widespread subcultures among modern British youth.
Skinheads. (Skinheads)
No matter how paradoxical it may seem, the lumpen subculture of “skinheads” (skinheads) was considered to be initially racist, even “fascist”. As already described in the chapter about the Jamaican subculture “rudies”, which settled in London, skinheads took from their black peers not only reggae music, but also style and slang. It got to the point that in one of the party books of the stagnant times, the author reported that reggae was “a product of the skinheads subculture, aggressively racist music, etc.” True, then, the same author unexpectedly characterizes it as a heavy metal analogue of a military march (hence, he did not hear anything), but calling praise for the African race white racism is too much. It is interesting that for the “skinheads”, the analogue of our “Lubers” and “Gopniks”, it was the revered “hippies” “East”, personified by people from South Asia (“Pakis”), who were endowed with all imaginable and inconceivable vices. By the way, in England, where the “Pakis” were the main victims of racism, and in Germany, where they are Turks, and in France, where they are North African Berbers and Arabs, black immigrants quickly adopt the lifestyle of the indigenous population and do not cause such irritation as they stubbornly Muslims who adhere to their customs.
In 1964, the Mods, especially those from the lower classes, instinctively felt, with the dawn of Swinging London, real threat its existence as a separate subculture. While the “Mod style” was copied and embellished by thousands and thousands of young people, a small contingent of “real” people decided to turn their backs on mass culture, hardened their image and moved back to their roots. Also rejecting the dominant culture that pop music has now become, skinheads draw their inspiration from the music of rudies - ska, bluebeat and rocksteady (see page 70). The dominant “psychedelists” and “hippies” become for them not only traitors to the “Mod covenants”, but also class enemies. Having neither their own cultural elite nor the opportunity to realize themselves in mass culture aimed at middle-class youth, “skinheads” feel like outsiders and withdraw into their conservatism, based on the old values of the working-class outskirts. Their style, now Dressing Down, now fully corresponded to the aggressive self-affirmation on the streets of large industrial cities: heavy boots (usually with a steel cup-shaped toe) with high lacing, wide trousers with suspenders or cropped (rolled up) jeans, rough jackets, white T-shirts, shaved heads.
From 1965 to 1968, an “incubation” period occurs in the history of “skinheads”. But already in the middle of 1968 they were already appearing in the thousands, especially loving to riot at football matches. Their style was the exact opposite of “hippie”. Instead of non-resistance, they took on the cult of violence, “quenching hippies,” homosexuals (Turner, on the contrary - in contrast to liminal individuals who had unexpressed sexual characteristics, here there is precisely an emphasis on sexual characteristics in individuals focused on the structural state of society) and “packs” , whom they considered and consider degenerates. However, “Public opinion”, unlike the domestic times of the “heyday of the Lubers and Kazanians” (the eighties), was not on their side.
Some of the “skins” soften their image a little, even let their hair down a little and, because of their suede jackets, become “suede skins” (in 1972 they were also called “smoothed”). It is complemented by black windbreakers, wide-brimmed hats and, oddly enough, black umbrellas. But this trend, which essentially returned the “skins” back to 1964, due to the flourishing of the “glam” style in music and fashion, quickly withered and soon disappeared completely.
When “Punks” appeared on the scene of youth subcultures in 1976 and an open confrontation began between them and the “Teddy Boys,” who were experiencing a short-term revival, the time came for the “skinheads” to choose which side they would take in street clashes. The majority of young skinheads, mainly urban, joined forces with the punks, while the rural ones, who were in the minority, supported the Teddies. Punks and skinheads seemed to be on opposite sides of the street style barricades. After merging with the “skins,” a funny metamorphosis occurred - they began to listen to punk rock, their shaved heads were now adorned with a punk mohawk, but the clothes remained the same. The new subculture was called “Oi!” (i.e. “Oops!”). Two years later, a split is emerging in the “skins” camp, associated with a cooling towards the “blacks” and the beginning of pogroms, which they explained as a traditional class expression of their dislike for the “newcomers”. The fact is that in the late eighties, a stream of immigrants from the Caribbean islands poured into England, and the economic crisis created intense competition for jobs. And if the orthodox “skinheads” continued to have sympathy for the “rudies”, “Oi!” openly join the ultra-right - the National Front and other political groups. Thanks to the press, soon all “skinheads” begin to be called racists and fascists, and only a few think about the original roots of skinheads, and how it all began.
The “Two Colors” movement, popular in the eighties in Great Britain, and the closely related “Rock Against Racism” movement united most of the punks, “rude boys”, some skins and the second generation of “mods”. In the States and Great Britain, just a few years ago, a group called itself SHARP (Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice) appeared, making itself known more and more loudly. Its founder in England, Rudy Moreno, said: “Real skinheads are not racists. Without Jamaican culture we simply would not exist. Their culture mixed with the culture of the British working class, and it was through this synthesis that the world saw Skinheads.”
Goths.
Goths are representatives of a youth subculture that emerged in the late 70s of the 20th century in the wake of post-punk. The gothic subculture is very diverse and heterogeneous, but to one degree or another it is characterized by the following features: a dark image, interest in mysticism and esotericism, decadence, love of horror literature and films, love of gothic music (gothic rock, gothic metal , death rock, darkwave, etc.).

The history of the emergence of the Goth subculture

The main priority in this subculture is unique worldview, a special perception of the surrounding world, death - as a fetish, which can be considered one of the signs of belonging to the Goths. But we should not forget that gothic appeared thanks to music, and to this day, it is the main unifying factor for all goths. The Goth subculture is a modern trend that is characteristic of many countries. It originated in Great Britain in the early eighties of the last century against the backdrop of the popularity of gothic rock - an offshoot of one of the post-punk genres. And the gloomy decadents Joy Division, Bauhaus, Siouxsie and The Banshees can truly be considered the founders of the genre. Later 80s goth bands: The Sisters Of Mercy, The Mission, Fields Of Nephilim. And it was they who formed their own special gothic-rock sound, but this subculture does not stand still, it is not static. Everything, on the contrary, is in a dynamic that combines life and death, good and evil, fiction and reality. By the beginning of the 90s, new styles of gothic music appeared - ethereal and darkwave (melancholic psychedelia), dark folk (pagan roots), synth-goth (synthetic gothic). And by the end of the 90s, gothic fit perfectly into styles such as black, dead and doom-metal. Now the development of gothic music is mainly associated with electronic sound and with the formation of the “dark scene” - uniting gothic electronic and industrial groups, for example, Von Thronstahl, Das Ich, The Days Of The Thrompet Call etc. This subculture is diverse and heterogeneous, because it cultivates individuality, but it is possible to identify common features for it: love for gothic music (gothic rock, gothic metal, death rock, darkwave), a gloomy image, interest in mysticism and esotericism, decadence , love for horror literature and films.

An idea that unites the goths

The Gothic worldview is characterized by a predilection for a “dark” perception of the world, a special romantic-depressive outlook on life, reflected in behavior (isolation, frequent depression, melancholy, increased vulnerability), a special perception of reality (misanthropy, a refined sense of beauty, addiction to the supernatural), an attitude to society: rejection of stereotypes, standards of behavior and appearance, antagonism with society, isolation from it. Also characteristic of the Goths are artistry and the desire for self-expression, manifested in working on their own appearance, in the creation of poetry, painting, and other forms of art.

Their religion and symbols

One of the features of the Gothic perception of the world is an increased interest in the supernatural, magic and the occult. The tradition that attempts to revive Celtic magical rituals, or the occult tradition, is based on Scandinavian paganism. Therefore, among the Goths there are a lot of pagans and even Satanists, but for the most part these are people attracted by dark religious aesthetics - external manifestations, who are not “real” Satanists. There are also Goths who study a wide variety of ancient philosophies: from Egyptian and Iranian to Voodoo and Kabbalah. But in general, most of ready to one degree or another - Christians. As you can see, there is no single Gothic tradition. Gothic aesthetics is extremely diverse in the set of symbols used: you can find Egyptian, Christian and Celtic symbolism. The main sign is the Egyptian ankh, a symbol eternal life(immortality). The connection with the Goths is obvious here - initially the goth subculture arose thanks to vampire aesthetics ("Nosferatu"), and who are vampires if not "undead", that is, "not dead", living forever. Christian symbolism is used more rarely, mostly in the form of ordinary crucifixes (only with a more stylish design than usual). Celtic symbolism is found in the abundant use of Celtic crosses and various ornaments. Occult symbolism is quite widely represented; pentagrams, inverted crosses, and eight-pointed stars (symbols of chaos) are used.

The image is ready

Goths have their own recognizable image, which has recently undergone significant changes. No matter how Gothic develops, two unchanged basic elements remain: the predominant black color of clothing (sometimes with elements of other colors), as well as exclusively silver jewelry - gold is not used in principle, since it is regarded as a symbol of ordinary, hackneyed values, as well as the color of the sun ( silver is the color of the moon).

Varieties ready:

Goth vampires. The most modern and fashionable variety of goths. These are usually very closed characters who are offended by the whole world. The most pleasant pastime is to tell a friend about a newly invented method of suicide or to think about your sores.

Goths - Punk Goth. Veteran goth style. Mohawks, safety pins, ripped jeans, leather jackets. Almost one hundred percent punks.

Goths - Androgyn Goth. "Asexual" goths. All makeup is aimed at hiding the character's gender. Corsets, bandages, skirts, latex and vinyl clothing, high heels, collars.

Goths - Hippie Goth. The style is characteristic of pagans, occultists or elderly Goths. Baggy clothes, hoods, raincoats. Hair of natural color, free flowing, with woven ribbons. Amulets, but not metal, but wooden or stone, with images of runes and other magical signs.

Goths - Corporate Goth. Goths who work in large companies and are forced to dress in accordance with the corporate style. Office wear as close to gothic as possible. No makeup, minimal jewelry, everything is strict and black.

Goths - Cyber Goth. This is newer. Cyberpunk aesthetics. Active use of techno-design: gears, pieces of microcircuits, wires. Clothing is most often made of vinyl or neoprene. Hair is shaved or dyed purple, green or blue.

Punks.
Punks are a youth subculture that emerged in the mid-70s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, characterized by a love of punk rock music and a critical attitude towards society and politics. The name of the famous American artist Andy Warhol and the work he produced is closely associated with punk rock. by Velvet Underground. Their lead singer Lou Reed is considered the founding father of alternative rock, a movement that is closely related to punk rock. Popular American band The Ramones are considered the first punk rock band. The Damned and Sex Pistols are recognized as the first British punk bands.

Ideology

Punks hold a variety of political views, but for the most part they are adherents of socially oriented ideologies and progressivism. Common views include the desire for personal freedom and independence (individualism), non-conformism, the principles of “not selling out”, “relying on yourself” and the principle of “direct action”. Other punk politics include nihilism, anarchism, socialism, anti-authoritarianism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-sexism, anti-nationalism, anti-homophobia, environmentalism, vegetarianism, veganism, and animal rights. Some individuals associated with the subculture adhere to conservative views, neo-Nazism, or are apolitical.

Punk look

Punks have a colorful, shocking image.

fashionable hairstyle

Ravers. Cyberpunks.
Ravers are representatives of a vibrant and extremely large youth subculture, grouped around such “mobile sound systems” as Spiral Tribe and many others. Something like gypsies obsessed with “techno music” with one difference - they are only like that for the weekend, a kind of “Sunday ravers”. In many ways, these are children of the Thatcher era, coming from the now broad strata of the middle class, which has grown significantly over last years. The young people at the center of rave culture may talk like hippies and look like punks, but they also exhibit a post-Thatcher self-sufficiency and independence. Only a few of them work; the rest prefer to live on unemployment benefits or donations distributed at raves. In the United States, such people were conventionally nicknamed “Generation X”, because it now seems almost impossible to fit the new generation into some kind of theoretical framework. These are young people, untouched by the business boom of the eighties, who did not see any interest in public life, preferring to become outsiders. The British version can also be called “Generation E” (from ecstasy - the most popular drug of the nineties, a powerful stimulant that creates a long-term feeling of contentment and euphoria).
The music matches this drug - monotonous and hypnotic, full of monotonous, shamanic trance rhythms. It all started in the summer of 1988, when the music of “acid house”, “black”, a radical version of disco, penetrated into England from the States, which was greatly influenced, in addition to purely technical achievements, by the black traditions of rap and disc jockeying (DJ). the practice of breaking (rhythmic disruptions), which then grew into a huge and influential techno culture or “scene” in the country with many sub-styles. Techno is the murky pulsation of discos in huge hangars, where “cyberpunks” surrender to the waves of space. Techno is the folk culture of degenerating, overpopulated megacities. The cult of anonymity and depersonalization is taken to the extreme in it. The bulk of techno groups are fundamentally indistinguishable. The appearance of a sampler in technical musical equipment, with the help of which almost anyone can make their own music from scraps of someone else’s, opened a new era in the development of subcultures. The summer of 1988 is also called the “second summer of love.” For a few, it was the return of the hippie philosophy in a transformed form. Others reproached ravers for total hedonism, drug promotion and disregard for the older generation. The following year, what began as an underground movement resulted in the organization of massive “commercial” raves, in which up to twenty thousand people took part. In many ways, the increase in the popularity of raves was facilitated by conservatives who passed the law “On strengthening responsibility for organizing paid meetings.” Raves have become difficult and expensive to organize. Economically speaking, supply was stifled as demand increased. As a result, the way was opened for those who wanted to politicize this largest youth movement since the sixties. “People used to just want to dance, but now they're increasingly asking why they're not allowed to?” says Fraser Clark, publisher of alternative rave magazines. The musicians representing this subculture borrowed much from the ideology and appearance of the hippies (removing the long hair, but leaving colorful clothes), complementing it with “new age” ideas, such as chaos theory and economic radicalism. They see ego needs and materialism as the main social evils. Their motto is: “No money, no ego.” At the same time, they resolutely insist on their apoliticality. From the punks they adopted the idea of total freedom, saying that the only reason, according to which they are underground because the government, through its laws, forces them to do so. Like the first punks, ravers and cyberpunks are developing their own technical distribution channels for “techno,” only on a much larger scale. Independent studios produce small editions of so-called “white labels” (that is, discs without indicating the manufacturers), singles without cover, which are distributed to clubs, which are even now experiencing a real boom, and specialized stores. At the same time, both radio and international record companies were left out of business, unable to quickly respond to rapidly changing musical styles. It is almost impossible to buy techno labels, that is, record companies - music does not require large expenses, it is easy to record. The Crime Law of 1994 reduced the possibility of holding free raves to almost a minimum, but attempts to organize commercial ones also often fail due to local authorities - this happened this year with the largest techno festival, Tribal Gathering. The future of this subculture in the light of current changes in the youth environment seems vague to me. From my point of view, as a movement, both musical and stylistic, it has exhausted itself, fatigue and apathy have set in. Some ravers connected with the “new age”, the rest turned into club ravers, returning to everyday reality after parties. They became the dominant culture, turning the temporarily declining rock back into a viable, truly alternative force to society.
Junglists.
Junglists (from the English Junglist; often pronounced jan-ga-list, in accordance with the East End Cockney dialect) are a youth subculture inspired by drum and bass that emerged in the UK in the early 1990s and this moment being one of the main movements of the country.
The appearance of a “real” junglist is sportswear (T-shirt, hoodie or loose shirt, baggy pants, sports shoes) and, unlike rappers, the absence of all kinds of gold jewelry. The manner of behavior and speech was adopted from the ore-boys.
The main feature of the junglist movement is its multinationality. It exists not only in Great Britain, but throughout the world, including in Russia.
Grunge. Indie kids.
Several factors contributed to the emergence of a new indie subculture in the UK in the mid-eighties:

economic reasons

etc.................

The study of subcultures, including youth, is a relatively new direction for the humanities. Until the end of the 80s, the dominant attitude was towards the subculture as a social anomaly, which must be studied only in order to find a way to correct it. We should not forget that youth subcultures are a very dynamic phenomenon, and most studies quickly become outdated and lose their relevance. Therefore, knowledge about youth subcultures is necessary for society. The lack of such knowledge gives rise to misunderstanding and rejection between teenagers and youth, between teenagers and parents, between teenagers and teachers. Therefore, research is needed that would illuminate the current state of youth subcultures. In recent years, the number of informal associations has tripled and is now growing steadily. One of the manifestations of the youth subculture is informal associations of youth, a unique form of communication and life of a group of peers united by interests, values, and sympathies. They are in formal groups - cool teams, there are groups based on interpersonal relationships, and along with them, outside the school. In my work, I identified 4 types of subcultures in my home school: goths, bikers, cybersportsmen, emo. They play an important role in the lives of young people, satisfy informational, emotional and social needs: they provide an opportunity to learn what is not so easy to talk about with adults, provide psychological comfort, and teach them how to fulfill social roles. The less a student is involved in official structures, the more he strives to join “his company,” which indicates the need for developmental contacts and recognition of the value of his personality.

Novelty: identifying youth subcultures in my school.

Working methods:

Youth subcultures are a way to show individuality, show yourself, expand your interests and appreciate the values of life

I Concept of Subculture

The subculture of social groups should be understood as the main characteristics of social values, norms and preferences, reflected in the social position and in other forms of self-expression of the individual (a kind of internal culture of the individual, from which the macrocosm is formed). Based on the elements of the subculture - language, behavior (for example, the overwhelming cult of violence among rockers and skinheads), clothing, music, literature, cinema, etc. - that is, spiritual and material culture, one can judge the characteristic features of the collective consciousness and behavior of a social group in relation to the outside world. When studying subcultures, an important task is to analyze interests, preferences, and orientations as stages in the formation of the values of a social group.

Subculture is traditionally characteristic of Western civilization, and Great Britain is a prime example.

So, a subculture is a set of values and practices of a group of people accumulated by a certain worldview, united by specific interests that determine their worldview. Subculture is a sovereign integral formation, part public culture. From the point of view of cultural studies, a subculture is such associations of people that do not contradict the values of traditional culture, but complement it.

In my opinion, the components of a subculture and at the same time its signs are: knowledge (picture of the world in the narrow sense); values; style and lifestyle; social institutions as systems of norms; procedural knowledge (skills, abilities, methods of implementation, methods); needs and inclinations.

II Characteristics

Subculture may differ from dominant culture language, behavior, clothing, etc. The basis of a subculture can be a style of music, a way of life, or certain political views. Some subcultures are extreme in nature and demonstrate protest against society or certain social phenomena. Some subcultures are closed in nature and strive to isolate their representatives from society. Sometimes subcultures develop and become elements of a single culture of society. Developed subcultures have their own periodicals, clubs, and public organizations.

A narrower concept, close to subculture, but not replacing it, is fandom (English fandom - fandom) - a community of fans, as a rule, of a certain subject (writer, performer, style). A fandom may have certain features of a single culture, such as “party” humor and slang, similar interests outside the fandom, its own publications and websites. However, most fandoms do not form subcultures, being centered only around the subject of their interest. Also, the concept of a hobby, a person’s passion for some activity, is sometimes confused with the concept of subculture (see gamers, hackers, etc.). Communities of people with a common hobby can form a stable fandom, but at the same time do not have signs of a subculture (common image, worldview, common tastes in many areas).

III Types of subcultures in Great Britain

In my work I intend to give a general overview of youth subcultures in Great Britain.

Subcultures based on fans of various genres of music:

Goths (subculture) – fans of gothic rock, gothic metal and darkwave

Junglists are fans of jungle, drum and bass and its varieties.

Indie – Indian rock fans

Metalheads are fans of heavy metal and its varieties.

Punks are fans of punk rock and supporters of punk ideology

Rastafarians are fans of reggae, as well as representatives religious movement

Rastafari

Rivetheads are fans of industrial music

Ravers – fans of rave, dance music and discos

Rappers are fans of rap and hip-hop

Traditional skinheads - lovers of ska and reggae

Emo – fans of emo and post-hardrock

Other subcultures

Subcultures based on literature, cinema, animation, games, etc.:

Otaku - fans of anime (Japanese animation)

Padonki - using the jargon of padonki

Historical reenactors

Role-playing movement - fans of live role-playing games

Therianthropes

Furries are fans of anthropomorphic animals

Image

Subcultures distinguished by style of clothing and behavior:

Visual kids

Cyber - goths

Teddy - fights

Military

Political and ideological

Subcultures identified according to social beliefs:

RASH – skinheads

SHARP – skinheads

NS - skinheads

Informals

New Age

Straight - edgers

Hooligan

Hooligan subcultures. Their identification is often disputed, and not everyone who is included in them considers themselves to be one of them:

Rude – fights

Ultras are highly organized, very active members of fan clubs

Football hooligans

Subcultures formed through hobbies

Bikers - motorcycle lovers

Writers are fans of graffiti

Bikers (English biker, from bike ← motorbike ← motorbicycle “motorcycle”) are lovers and admirers of motorcycles. Unlike ordinary motorcyclists, bikers have a motorcycle as part of their lifestyle. It is also characteristic to unite with like-minded people based on this way of life.

Fans of bicycles also call themselves bikers, while they call motorcyclists motorbikers. However, traditionally the word “biker” is associated with motorbikers.

The biker movement originated in the USA, penetrated into Europe and Russia, and for some time was part of a subculture when bikers were divided into several aggressive and warring groups. The most famous group is the Hells Angels.

The term “indie” is a short form of the English word “independent”. Usually used in relation to phenomena in modern culture striving not to be part of the commercial mainstream (mass culture), not to be limited by the framework of high culture, but to be completely independent of the needs, ideas and expectations of consumers. Thus, it is possible to emphasize free expression or the artistic component of creativity and prevent becoming part of the entertainment industry and show business. Many indie artists work without the support of a major label, a major film studio, or other big budget sources. In Russian, the term “indie” is most often used in relation to music.

Punk, punks, punk rockers (English punk) - a youth subculture that emerged in the late 60s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, characteristic features which is a love of punk rock music, a critical attitude towards society and politics. The name of the famous American artist Andy Warhol and the Velvet Underground group he produced is closely associated with punk rock. Their lead singer Lou Reed is considered a founding father alternative rock, a movement that is closely related to punk rock.

The popular American band Ramones is considered the first group to play punk rock music. The Sex Pistols are recognized as the first British punk band.

Metalheads (metalheads or metallers) are a youth subculture inspired by metal music that appeared in the 1980s.

The subculture is widespread in northern Europe, quite widely in North America, there are a significant number of its representatives in South America, southern Europe and Japan. In the Middle East, with the exception of Israel and Turkey, metalheads (like many other “informals”) are few in number and are persecuted

Unlike the goth and punk subcultures, the metal subculture is devoid of a pronounced ideology and is focused mainly around music. However, there are some traits that are considered characteristic of members of the subculture.

The lyrics of metal bands promote independence, self-reliance and self-confidence, the cult of a “strong personality”. Attitudes towards religion vary, but it is traditionally believed that metalheads are not religious. Despite the abundance of religious and occult mysticism in the lyrics of metal bands, they are usually not of a missionary nature and are perceived by fans as an allegory. Among black metal fans there are pagans and Satanists, but this is not typical for fans of other varieties.

Rastafarians in the world are traditionally called followers of Rastafarianism. For information about the worldwide Rastafarian movement, see the article “Rastafarianism.”

At the same time, in the early 1990s, a special youth subculture was formed in the post-Soviet space, whose representatives also call themselves Rastafarians. Moreover, they are often not true adherents of the original religious and political doctrine of African superiority, but consider themselves to be part of this group primarily based on the use of marijuana and hashish. For some, this is enough to consider themselves Rastafarians, some are closer to the Rastafarian concept - many listen to Bob Marley and reggae music in general, use the “red-yellow-green” color combination for identification (for example, in clothes), some wear dreadlocks. However, few people sincerely defend the idea of the return of American blacks to Africa, observe the Rastafarian fast of “aytal”, etc.

Be that as it may, in the Russian-speaking environment the word “Rastafarian” is firmly associated with this group (but not completely identical to it). The word can be used in a similar way in other languages to refer to simply marijuana lovers without religious connotations.

Rivethead, raivethead, rivet, rivet (from the English Rivethead - riveted head) is a youth subculture formed in the late 80s/early 90s in the USA, based on fans of industrial music.

Hip-hop (English: Hip-hop) is a youth subculture that appeared in the late 1970s among African Americans. It is characterized by its own music (also called hip-hop, rap), its own slang, its own hip-hop fashion, dance styles (breakdancing, etc.), graphic art(graffiti) and your cinema. By the early 1990s, hip-hop had become part of youth culture in many countries of the world. This article examines hip-hop music and the general elements of the hip-hop subculture. The first rap was read by V. R Woop Nesto.

Ravers are a youth subculture of regular participants in raves - electronic dance music parties that gained mass popularity in 1988 in the UK.

The appearance of ravers is characterized by bright colors in clothes, plastic sunglasses, short dyed hair for young men, colored strands long hair from girls. Piercings are extremely popular, and the design used the “smiley face” symbol.

Traditional skinheads (eng. Traditional Skinheads) - a subculture that arose as a reaction to a significant mutation of the original subculture. Closely associated with reggae and ska dance music and modern music Oi!.

This subculture copies the style of the original culture of the late 1960s.

“Remember the Spirit of “69” is the “slogan” of the subculture. It is an expression of the ideals that traditional skinheads try to follow.

Emo (English emo: from emotional - emotional), Emo kids (emo + English Kid - young man; child) are representatives of a youth subculture formed on the basis of fans of the musical style of the same name. Depending on gender: emo-boy (English boy - boy, guy), emo-girl (English girl - girl, girl).

Emo image

The traditional emo hairstyle is considered to be oblique, torn bangs to the tip of the nose, covering one eye, and short hair sticking out in different directions at the back. Preference is given to coarse, straight black hair. Girls can have childish, funny hairstyles - two small ponytails, bright hairpins - hearts on the sides, bows. To create these emo hairstyles, they use cans of fixing hairspray.

Emo kids often get their ears pierced or tunnels made. In addition, an emo kid may have piercings on his face (for example, in the lips and left nostril, eyebrows, bridge of the nose) and anywhere else in general.

Both boys and girls can paint their lips to match their skin color and use a light foundation. The eyes are heavily lined with pencil or mascara, making them look like a bright spot on the face. Nails are covered with black varnish. This type of makeup is done mainly for attending concerts and sessions.

Typical nicknames for emo on the Internet are very sharp, for example: broken_heart, raped_teddy_bear lonely_star, etc.

Emos wear pink and black clothing with two-tone patterns and stylized badges. Primary colors clothing colors are black and pink (purple), although other shockingly bright colors are considered acceptable.

There are combinations with wide stripes. Often the clothes feature the names of emo bands, funny drawings or broken hearts. There are features of the sporty clothing style of skateboarders and BMXers.

Color Meanings

Black Bright

Predominantly emo. Reflects joyful moments. This is a challenge to the general gloom,

His preference may be caused by depression, denial of the connection of emo style with the goth subculture and unhappiness, rejection. approaching pop punk.

Naturism (lat. natura - nature) is a movement based on bringing a person as close as possible to nature to improve the health of the body and spirit; naturists themselves position it as a philosophy of living in harmony with nature, characterized by the practice of communal nudity, with the goal of developing self-respect , people and nature.

Naturism is often called nudism (Latin nudus - naked), since the most noticeable attribute of naturism is the lack of clothing. This term is often used in dictionaries and literature as a synonym for the concept of “naturism”, but the participants in the movement themselves draw a line between them: the actions of nudists are based on no general philosophy justifying nudity; most nudists are driven only by the feeling of comfort that appears when freed from clothes . The word "naturism" appears in the names of international organizations such as the International Naturism Federation (INF), which operates under the auspices of

Teddy Boys are a youth subculture that existed in the 1950s. in the UK and experienced several revivals in the 70s and 90s.

The term "Teddy Boys" originated in 1953 as a term for working-class young men who sought to emulate the "golden youth" and dressed in Edward VII fashion (hence "Teddy").

The typical look of a Teddy Boy included pipe pants, a double-collared frock coat, and a Western-style bow tie. Teddy boys were distinguished by aggressive behavior, many of them were part of local hooligan groups. In terms of music, preferences were initially given to American blues and country, later to rock and roll and skiffle, which incorporated the style of teddy boys.

By the beginning of the 60s. The teddy boy subculture began to disappear and was replaced by fashion. However, in the mid-70s. in the UK, the teddy boy subculture has been revived: musical groups, who played rockabilly, and in London there was the famous Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die store, owned by Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren. This was the last revival of the style, despite attempts to cultivate it in the early 90s. among fans of Britpop.

Mods (English: Mods from Modernism, Modism) is a British youth subculture that formed in the late 1950s. among the London petty bourgeoisie and reached its peak in the mid-1960s. Mods replaced teddy boys, and later the skinhead subculture was formed from among the most radical mods.

A distinctive feature of the mods was their special attention to appearance (initially, fitted Italian suits were popular, then British brands), love for music (from jazz, rhythm and blues and soul to rock and roll and ska). The music of such people also became associated with mods. British rock bands like the Small Faces, the Kinks and The Who (whose album was used as the basis for the 1979 film Quadrophenia).

Fashions chose motor scooters as transport (especially the Italian Lambretta and Vespa models), and there were frequent clashes with rockers (owners of motorcycles). The Mods typically met in clubs and seaside resorts such as Brighton, where the infamous street clashes between rockers and Mods took place in 1964.

In the second half of the 60s. The mod movement waned and has since been revived only sporadically. At the end of the 70s. the mod style was adopted by some punk bands (The Jam).

“Goths” (from the English goths - goths, barbarians) is a quasi-religious youth subculture and the associated youth movement, characterized by a mystically gloomy, depressive perception and expression of attitude towards one’s life. The ideology of the “goth” movement is based on the idea of romanticizing death (dark romantic), pain, torment, and on the professing of the aesthetics of death and decay. Hence the corresponding style of necromantic decadence in paraphernalia and accessories, as well as the predominantly black colors of clothing. Everything that in any way relates to " dark side being", which is somehow connected with death, with fatalism.

The “goth” subculture is characterized by a general tendency towards theatricality, posing and hypertrophied concern for a specific image, towards a perverted form of aesthetics, attention to the supernatural and eccentric. Goths like the feeling of their own depravity and originality. Therefore, they willingly borrow cemetery, vampire and hippie aesthetics.

The hacker subculture arose, oddly enough, in the 50s in the USA, long before the invention of computers and networks, almost 20 years before the emergence of the skinhead movement.

Unlike the skinhead movement, the hacker movement is more formalized, structured, financially secure and has a higher rate of exploitation of opportunities (integration) of both social movements and the entire capitalist and democratic system as a whole. The skinhead movement in this regard is less professional and less in demand by the elites of society, when as hackers, first of all, the professional movement is one of the main manifestations of development global economy and transnational corporations. One could say that hackers today are more part of globalism than part of the movement against it. The hacker movement is a significant force, thanks to the scientific and technological revolution in the field of computer systems and software.

Hackers represent the so-called "elite" of the technological revolution, and their existence raises important questions for us:

“Will the revolution ever eat its children?”;

“Will computer terror begin?”;

“Where will the technological revolution lead us?”;

The true story of the origin of this group. Since the mid-50s, graduate students on April Fool's Day (April 1) had to make an original joke. According to the tradition of the students of this university, the best and most original joke was the installation of one large and bulky object on the dome of the main academic building. They installed cabinets there, a piano, and a huge ring from Tolkien’s novel; once a police car ended up there! Making such an unusual joke was called a “hack.”

The word "hack" has several different meanings:

Making furniture with an axe;

Hoe, nag;

An exquisite work of intellectuals;

An original move in programming or the use of software that results in a computer allowing operations not previously contemplated or considered impossible;

Non-standard action;

Creatively overcoming limitations.

Since the development of the new direction began with the active participation of graduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the term “hack” and its constituents forever associated themselves with the field of information technology.

Applied to information technology the term “hack” meant an original move in programming or using software, as a result of which the computer allowed operations that were previously not provided for or considered impossible. Those who could carry out this task began to be called “hackers,” and users who could not master even the prescribed actions and did not strive to study the system were called “lamers” (from the English “lamer” - inferior, wretched, crippled) .

The most important feature of the hacker subculture is the idea of one’s own chosenness and elitism. Many of them saw themselves as pioneers creating a new society based on the values of global cyberspace.

The ideological and ethical demands of hackers are based on the following principles:

Free and unlimited access to any information;

Complete democracy (denial of trust in any authorities), decentralization as an absolute credo;

Denial of the possibility of using criteria of age, education, nationality and race, social status when assessing a person, only the results of his activities are significant;

Belief in harmony, beauty, selflessness and unlimited possibilities of the new world;

A computer can change life for the better.

IV Research of youth subcultures in Russia and Yakutia.

The study of youth subcultures has long been important direction sociology of youth. Since the 60s of the 20th century, leading sociologists from around the world have turned to this issue; in domestic sociology, the analysis of youth subcultural phenomena until the end of the 1980s was carried out within a very narrow framework and was not a significant area of youth research. This was partly due to the fact that such phenomena, due to established scientific paradigms, were perceived as social pathology, and this kind of topic was mainly of a closed nature and its development could not be carried out according to the free choice of one or another researcher or research team. It is also partly important that the subcultures characteristic of the West were poorly represented in the forms of social and cultural activity of the younger generation.

Since the late 1980s, the attention of researchers to youth subcultures in Russia has become more noticeable, both here and abroad. In 2000, research activity in this direction intensified. Some authors seek to clarify the subcultural characteristics of youth within certain territories. In Russia, youth groups are formed as a desire to change attitudes (their own and society’s) and in their behavior they reflect this desire for social renewal based on a philosophical understanding of social values and a special way of life. Subcultural phenomena in the Western sense are barely noticeable. Their popularity in society is largely the result of the “CNN effect”: presented as particularly significant events and phenomena in the media.

Youth subcultures: Russian specifics. What predetermines the Russian specificity of subcultural formations among youth, or rather, their poor development in the traditional Western sense? Two factors, it seems to me, play a major role here.

The first factor is the social and economic instability of Russian society over the past decade and a half and the impoverishment of society for the main part of the population. In 2000. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, young people (16-30 years old) made up 21.2% of the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level, and in their age group the share of the poor was 27.9%. Among the unemployed, youth under the age of 29 at the same time made up 37.7%. For a significant part of young people, the problem of physical survival pushes into the background the needs realized in the forms of youth subcultures.

The second factor is the characteristics of social mobility in Russian society. Channels of upward social mobility underwent fundamental changes in the 1991s, and young people were able to achieve prestigious positions. social status in a very short time. Initially (at the beginning of the decade) this led to an outflow of young people from the education system, especially higher and postgraduate ones: for quick success (understood as enrichment and achieved mainly in the field of trade and services) high level education was more of a hindrance than a help. But later the craving for education as a guarantor of personal success in life intensified again. In addition, there is a factor of hiding young men from military service.

Types of subcultures of Yakutia: “weller”, “skaters”, “emo”, “goth”, “punks”, “gamers”, “esportsmen”, “hackers”.

“Wellers”: Bicycle Moto Extreme, or BMX for short, originated in the 60s of the last century in California. It would seem that the 60s, people began to fly into space. And then this hobby - motocross - becomes a popular sport. The motocross epidemic covers everyone, from young to old. Very soon a simple solution was proposed: copy everything from motocross - tracks, uniforms, competition rules and even the spirit of racing. The tracks became smaller, and ordinary bicycles began to be used instead of motorcycles. Very soon BMX becomes super popular. It has become the most popular extreme sport in Russia, and even in Yakutia. Yakut teenagers are already gaining momentum and “promoting” the newfangled variety, and perhaps someone will someday become a famous world rider. Opinions of riders in the city of Yakutsk: BMX improves mood, gives physical development, many new emotions, a positive charge of energy and makes you become diligent; Extreme, extreme, and only extreme; It's stylish, cool, cool, and only real guys do BMX. This sport requires even more patience, perseverance, hard work and willpower. Athletes need to have a very strong character.

The specifics of subcultures in our school: cybersportsmen, bikers, goths, emo, identified through the example of subcultures in Great Britain.

E-sportsmen are young men from 14 to 20 years old who are passionate about computer games.

E-sports is a game at a professional level, that is, for money. In 2001, the first world championship called “World Cyber Games” was held in Korea. E-sports is a young phenomenon. Millions of people are interested in sports. In terms of fame, athletes are not inferior to politicians and movie stars. Is it possible that football, basketball, hockey, weightlifting or track and field athletics will have a serious competitor? Five years ago it would have been a resounding “no.” But in recent years there has appeared the new kind competitions, which has a chance to displace many rivals on Olympus. This is eSports. He is rapidly gaining popularity.

In the clubs there are schoolchildren (youth), armed with mice and keyboards, a terrible din, through which cries of “cover me” can be heard. There is a vibrant life of its own, based on computer game scenarios. Modern games: a lot of weapons, body armor, explosions, shooting.

In eSports you need to work with your brain, not like in chess. Accuracy is needed, albeit virtual. A reaction develops. E-sports develops the ability to calculate one’s actions in advance, analyze, increases intuition and coordination, the ability for high concentration and adaptation in situations of mental stress.

In eSports there is excitement and there is money - just like in any sport.

At my school there are 3 types of esports athletes: junior group– 7-8th graders, middle – 9-10th graders, senior – 11th graders. From my class, 5 boys - Yura Stepanov, Pronya Nikolaev, Konon Sergeev, Valera Yakovlev, Sasha Kharitonov - are involved in e-sports. They always participate in various competitions.

The Goths of our school are girls in grades 8-9. They are interested in clothes, horror stories, horror films, sit in a dark room and talk. Emo girls in 9th grade wear pink. Wellers are boys in grades 10-11. They have a seasonal subculture. In spring and autumn they ride a motorcycle, do various tricks, enjoy hunting, paint their motorcycles, and attach flags of Russia and Yakutia.

Results of the survey

In our school, a survey was conducted to find out the attitude of others towards the manifestation of elements of Western subcultures.

The survey included 60 respondents aged 14 to 18 years. Questions were asked:

1. How do you feel about those guys who are passionate about emo culture?

2. Why do you think these guys are interested in emo culture?

3. What do you think they want to express by being part of the emo culture?

4. Why do you think Western subculture began to take root in Eastern traditional societies?

Let's analyze the respondents' answers in more detail:

1 question. Various responses were received, both positive and negative.

Positive answers (normal, positive, good, mutual, “people as people”) were given by 36 students (60% of respondents).

Negative answers (negative, bad, hate, aggressive) were given by 10 students (17% of respondents).

The percentages of results and the nature of the responses show that people around them calmly and tolerantly perceive carriers of subcultures.

Question 2. Positive colors (they like it, their right, their opinion, they want to stand out from the crowd, they like to be emotional, stylish and fashionable, they like the lifestyle. They want to be special, they want to show their individuality, they are interested, they want it that way, appearance, imitation of Western subculture, sensitive, vulnerable, emotional, they are comfortable, they are interested) – 25 students (42%)

Negative (they are tired of society, they have nothing to do or are attracted to this by friends, they are fools, suicidal, weak-willed, their life sucks, they want something new, brainless) – 9 (15%)

The percentages of the results and the nature of the responses confirm the conclusion on the first question.

Question 3. The results and the nature of the responses show that

1) Complete ignorance of the content of emo culture – 32%. This result could be interpreted as a positive trend of insensitivity to the products of mass culture, and that the identification of our adolescents is proceeding normally. It should also be noted that urban teenagers are more susceptible to the influence of subcultures, while rural teenagers, due to living in a different cultural environment (natural), are less exposed to cultural infusions from the outside.

2) People around perceive subculture carriers as exploiters of certain styles of clothing and patterns of behavior – 20%.

3) 13% of respondents linked their answers to the meaning of the root “emo” - emotional.

Question 4. The majority (60%) of respondents were unable to answer because they did not understand the question due to insufficient wording of the question. 8% of respondents nevertheless pointed to the imitative nature of the formation of Western subcultures in our conditions.

Thus, an analysis of the results of the questionnaire shows that our society considers the manifestation of elements of Western-type subcultures as deviant behavior with a hint of some pathology.

Conclusion

This work examined the relevance, essence and formation of subcultures in Great Britain, Russia and Yakutia. When explaining the reasons and goals of the emergence of a youth subculture, I formed the following point of view. During the difficult period of transition from childhood to adulthood, young people face many complex problems that they are not able to solve on their own. They need a peer group that faces the same problems and has the same values and ideals. This period of uncertainty arises because a person leaves childhood, a period of minimal responsibility, and enters adulthood, a period of maximum responsibility. To soften the transition from one extreme to another, a youth subculture is needed. The only thing worth considering is that subcultures are often influenced by commercial companies that dictate fashion and consumer behavior patterns to them. After studying the materials, I came to the following conclusions:

1. The youth subculture arose because, thanks to it, the younger generation satisfied certain vital needs.

2. Youth subculture is a system of values and norms of behavior, tastes, forms of communication, different from the culture of adults and characterizing the life of youth, youth approximately 14-16 years old.

3. The youth subculture has received noticeable development in our country due to a number of reasons: extension of study periods, forced unemployment, acceleration, open access Internet.

4. In our school there are the following amateur groups: cybersportsmen, hackers, bikers, goths, emo. This includes students in grades 8-11.

5. In the context of globalization and interpenetration of cultures, it is important to preserve one’s cultural identity.

In addition, I compiled a dictionary on subculture and multimedia presentation to lessons elective course for students in grades 8-11

Subculture is a set of values and practices accumulated by a certain worldview of a group of people, united by specific interests that determine their worldview.

Nihilism is a complete denial of everything, complete skepticism.

An individual is a separate living organism, an individual, a person as a separate person among other people.

Ideology is a system of views and ideas, a worldview.

Mainstream – mass culture.

Allegory is an allegory, an expression of something abstract, something. thoughts, ideas in a specific image.

A missionary is a person sent for religious propaganda of the average Christian population.

Occult - in mystical concepts: inexplicable, mysteriously associated with the so-called. "the other world."

Doctrine is a teaching, scientific or philosophical theory.

A religious background is a real, but open reason for something.

Mutation – excitement, bringing into a restless state.

Fictitious - false, imaginary, fictitious.

Absurd – senseless, ridiculous.

Potential is the degree of power in some respect, the totality of means necessary for something. (possibilities).

Status – legal status or condition.

Intercultural communication – intercultural communication.

Postmodernism is a period of decadent movements.

Apogee - the highest degree, the flowering of something.

Social anomaly is a social deviation from the norm.

Dynamic – rich in action.

Cultivate – breed, grow, plant, put into use.

Fatalism is a mystical belief in an inevitable fate, in the fact that everything in the world is supposedly predetermined by a mysterious force, fate.

The indicator is a pointer.

Graffiti is ancient inscriptions of everyday life, drawings on the walls of buildings, on vessels, etc.

Civilization - stage social development and material culture, characteristic of a particular socio-political formation.

Western is an adventure cowboy film.

Aegis - under protection, patronage.

Satanists (Satan) are the devil, the personified evil principle in various mystical beliefs.