SVD (Dragunov Sniper Rifle) A rifle that gives birth to power! Large sniper family: SVD and its modifications.
RULES FOR SHOOTING FROM A SNIPER RIFLE
General provisions
122. To successfully complete tasks in combat, a sniper must:
Continuously, patiently and persistently observe the battlefield and look for targets using subtle signs without revealing yourself;
Choose a target to hit in a timely and correct manner;
Quickly and accurately prepare data for shooting and, choosing a convenient moment, hit the target in the shortest possible time, if possible with the first shot;
Skillfully fire at all kinds of targets in various combat conditions, both day and night;
Observe the results of your fire and skillfully adjust it;
Monitor the consumption of ammunition in battle and take measures to replenish them in a timely manner
Battlefield surveillance and target designation
123. Continuous observation of the battlefield is the responsibility of the sniper. Surveillance is carried out with the aim of timely detection of the location and actions of the enemy. In addition, in battle it is necessary to observe the signals (signs) of commanders, the actions of neighbors and the results of one’s fire. If there are no special instructions from the commander, the sniper conducts surveillance in the firing sector indicated to him to a depth of up to 1500 m.
If necessary, the sniper draws up a fire card, on which he puts landmarks, the location and sector of observation, and indicates the distance to the landmarks.
124. Observation is carried out with the naked eye. During observation, special attention should be paid to hidden approaches and places convenient for the location of enemy fire weapons and observation posts. Inspect the area from right to left, from near objects to far ones. Carry out the inspection carefully, since minor unmasking signs contribute to the detection of the enemy. Such signs may be shine, noise, swaying branches and bushes, the appearance of new local objects, changes in the position and shape of local objects, etc.
For a more thorough study of individual objects or areas of the terrain, use an optical sight; At the same time, take measures to ensure that the shine of the sight glass does not reveal your location.
At night, the enemy's location and actions can be determined by sounds, light sources and infrared emissions from his searchlights. If the area in the desired direction is illuminated by a flare or other lighting source, quickly inspect the illuminated area.
125. The sniper must immediately report to the commander about targets spotted on the battlefield or, on his instructions, record the observation results in the observation log, indicating in it the place and time of observation, what was noticed and where.
During an oral report, the sniper, using local objects (landmarks) near which targets were found, indicates the location of the target and its nature. The report should be short, clear and precise, for example: “Straight ahead is a yellow bush, to the right is a machine gun”; “Landmark three, ten to the right, closer to a hundred - an anti-tank rifle.”
Target selection
126. For a sniper rifle, the most typical are living targets - officers, observers, machine gunners, snipers, messengers, gun crews, tank crews, operators of anti-tank guided missiles, radar stations and other targets that most threaten their unit. In addition, fire is fired from a sniper rifle at the embrasures of long-term enemy structures, as well as at air targets. Targets on the battlefield can be stationary, appear briefly, or move.
127. The target is selected and indicated to the sniper, usually by the commander. The sniper must quickly find the target indicated by the commander and report: “I see.” If the target is not found by the sniper, he reports: "I do not see"- and continues to observe.
If the sniper in battle is not given a target to hit, then he chooses it himself. First of all, it is necessary to hit the most dangerous and important targets. Of two targets of equal importance, choose the closest and most vulnerable one for destruction. If a new, more important target appears during shooting, immediately transfer fire to it.
Selecting sight settings, aiming points and determining lateral corrections
128. To select sight settings, aiming points and determine lateral corrections, it is necessary to measure the distance to the target and take into account external conditions that may affect the range and direction of the bullet. When shooting at a moving target, it is also necessary to take into account the direction and speed of its movement.
The sight, lateral correction and aiming point are selected in such a way that when shooting, the average trajectory passes through the middle of the target.
Accurate determination of distances to targets and correct consideration of corrections for external shooting conditions are the most important conditions for ensuring that the target is hit from the first shot.
129. The following shooting conditions are taken as the table: air temperature + 15 °C; lack of wind; no elevation of the area above sea level; target elevation angle not exceeding 15°. A significant deviation of the external shooting conditions from the table (normal) changes the flight range of the bullet or deflects it away from the firing plane.
130. Distance to targets can be determined eye, according to the rangefinder scale of the optical sight And according to the thousandth formula.
Knowing the distances to local objects (landmarks) makes it easier to determine distances to targets. Therefore, if the situation allows, the distance to landmarks and local objects should be determined by measuring the area in steps or in another, more accurate way.
At night, the distance to illuminated targets is determined in the same way as during the day.
Determining distances with an eye is carried out along segments of terrain that are well imprinted in visual memory, which are mentally postponed from oneself to the target (object); by the degree of visibility and apparent size of targets (objects) in comparison with their sizes imprinted in memory; by combining both methods.
To determine distances on a rangefinder scale it is necessary to point the scale at the target so that the target is located between the solid horizontal and inclined dotted lines (Fig. 68). The scale bar located above the target indicates the distance to the target, which has a height of 1.7 m. If the target has a height less than (greater than) 1.7 m, then the distance determined on the scale must be multiplied by the ratio of the target height to 1.7 m.
Rice. 68. Determination of distances using a rangefinder scale (distance to target 500 m)
Example. Determine the distance to a machine gun having a height of 0.55 m if the upper part of the machine gun touches the dotted line of the rangefinder scale with a line marked with the number B.
Solution. The ratio of the target height to 1.7 m is equal to, rounded, 1/3 (0.55:1.7); the scale indicates a distance of 800 m; the distance to the target is approximately 270 m (800? 1/3).
The distance on the rangefinder scale can only be determined when the target height is completely visible. If the target is not completely visible in height, then determining distances on this scale can lead to gross errors (the ranges will, as a rule, be overestimated).
To determine distances according to the thousandth formula it is necessary to know the linear dimensions of targets (local objects). The angular magnitude of targets (local objects) is measured using the lateral adjustment scale of the sight reticle.
Example. Determine the distance to the enemy observer (target width 0.5 m), if the angular value of the target, measured by the sight reticle, is equal to one thousandth.
Solution. D=V?1000/U=0.5?1000/1=500 m, where D is the distance, V is the height (width) of the target, Y is the angular value of the target in thousandths.
To measure distances by measuring terrain in steps the sniper needs to know the average value of one pair of his steps; count pairs of steps under the right or left foot.
131. The sight, as a rule, is selected according to a certain distance to the target (for example, for shooting at a target at a distance of 500 m - sight 5). The aiming point in this case is selected in the middle of the target.
The aiming point can be the middle of the bottom edge of the target. In this case, it is necessary to choose a sight, when shooting with which the excess of the average trajectory at the distance to the target is equal to (approximately) half the height of the target.
Example. For shooting at a machine gun at a distance of 450 m, use sight 5. The target height is 0.55 m. The excess of the average trajectory with sight 5 at 450 m is 0.28 m, which ensures that the average trajectory passes through the middle of the target.
In tense moments of battle, when situational conditions do not allow changing the sight settings depending on the distance to targets, fire can be fired at distances of up to 400 m with sight 4 (when using an open sight - with sight 4 or P), aiming at the lower edge of the target or in the middle of the target if the target is high (running, waist figure, etc.).
The influence of air temperature on the range of a bullet when firing at targets at distances up to 500 m can be ignored, since at these distances its influence is insignificant.
When shooting at distances of 500 m or more, the influence of air temperature on the range of a bullet must be taken into account, increasing the sight in cold weather and decreasing it in hot weather, guided by the following table:
| Firing distance in meters | +45 °C | +35 °C | +25 °C | +15 °C | +5 °C | - 5 °C | - 15 °C | - 25 °C | - 35 °C | - 45 °C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aim | reduce | aim | increase | |||||||
| 500 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0,5* | 0,5 | 1 |
| 600 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0,5 | 1 | 1 |
| 700 | 0,5 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 800 | 0,5 | 0,5 | ? | ? | ? | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 900 | 1 | 0,5 | ? | ? | ? | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 1000 | 1 | 0,5 | ? | ? | ? | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 1100 | 1 | 0,5 | ? | ? | ? | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 1200 | 1 | 1 | 0,5 | ? | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 1300 | 1 | 1 | 0,5 | ? | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
* Corrections in sight divisions.
132. Lateral correction when shooting at stationary and emerging targets depends on the speed and direction of the side wind and the distance to the target. The stronger the side wind, the closer to 90° the angle at which it blows, and the further away the target, the greater the amount the bullet will deflect away from the direction of fire. In this regard, it is necessary to make adjustments in advance to the installation of the side handwheel by rotating it in the direction indicated by the inscriptions and arrows on the end nut. In this case, the correction is taken in the direction from which the wind is blowing. So, when there is a wind from the left, move the middle point of impact to the left, when there is a wind from the right - to the right.
If in combat the situation does not allow you to make an amendment to the installation of the side handwheel, then when shooting, the correction for the side wind can be taken into account by moving the aiming point in human figures (meters) or by using the scale of lateral corrections of the sight reticle, aiming not with a square, but by dividing the scale corresponding to the value of the lateral correction. When there is a wind from the right, the grid divisions to the left of the square are taken, and when there is a wind from the left, the grid divisions to the right of it are taken (Fig. 69).
Rice. 69. Taking into account the correction for side wind by the scale of the sight reticle (correction for strong wind on the left is 5 thousandths)
When determining the crosswind correction, use the following table:
Side moderate wind (4 m/s) at an angle of 90°. Amendments are given in rounded form.
| Firing range in meters | in meters | in human figures | in scale divisions of the side handwheel (sight reticle) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 200 | 0,1 | ? | 0,5 |
| 300 | 0,26 | 0,5 | 1 |
| 400 | 0,48 | 1 | 1 |
| 500 | 0,72 | 1,5 | 1,5 |
| 600 | 1,1 | 2 | 2 |
| 700 | 1,6 | 3 | 2,5 |
| 800 | 2,2 | 4,5 | 3 |
| 900 | 2,9 | 6 | 3 |
| 1000 | 3,7 | 7,5 | 4 |
| 1100 | 4,6 | 9 | 4 |
| 1200 | 5,5 | 11 | 4,5 |
| 1300 | 6,6 | 13 | 5 |
Table corrections for strong winds (speed 8 m/s), blowing at right angles to the direction of the archer, are necessary double the size and in light winds (speed 2 m/s) reduce by half; in light, moderate and strong winds, but blowing at an acute angle to the direction of fire, corrections determined for wind blowing at an angle of 90°, reduce by half.
The aiming point is moved from the middle of the target. When making adjustments to the installation of the side handwheel, aim at the middle of the target.
To make it easier to memorize corrections for a moderate side wind blowing at an angle of 90°, in the scale divisions of the side handwheel (sight reticle), you need to divide the sight number corresponding to the distance to the target: when shooting at distances up to 500 m - by a constant number 4, and when shooting at long distances - by 3.
Example. Determine the correction for a strong side wind blowing at an acute angle to the direction of fire, in divisions of the side handwheel scale, if the distance to the target is 600 m (sight 6).
Solution. 6 (sight): 3 (constant number) = 2.
133. In all cases where the situation allows, data for firing must be prepared in advance and, if necessary, entered into the fire card. Before opening fire, corrections are made to the prepared data for side winds and air temperature.
Choosing the moment to open fire
134. The moment of opening fire is determined by the commander's command "Fire", and when firing independently - depending on the situation and the position of the target.
The most advantageous moments for opening fire: when the target can be hit suddenly at close range; when the target is clearly visible; when the target crowds, exposes the flank or rises to its full height; when the target approached a local object (landmark), the distance to which was previously determined or for which the sight settings were clarified by shooting.
Conducting fire, monitoring its results and adjusting
135. When firing, the sniper must carefully observe the results of his fire and adjust it by making necessary changes in the settings of the sight and side wheel or in the position of the aiming point.
The results of your fire are monitored by ricochets, bullet paths and the enemy’s behavior. To adjust the fire along the routes, it is necessary that the shooting be carried out with cartridges with ordinary and tracer bullets in the ratio of one cartridge with a tracer bullet and one cartridge with an ordinary bullet.
Signs indicating the reality of one's fire may include enemy losses, a transition from running to crawling, a weakening or cessation of fire, the enemy's retreat or retreat to cover.
136. If a fire mission is performed by a pair of snipers, then the sniper-observer must report the results of observing ricochets or tracks:
When hitting the target - "Target";
In case of underflights (overflights) - “Undershoot (flight)” or “Undershoot (flight) so much(meters) » ;
With lateral deviations of bullets - “Right (left)” or “Right (left) so much(thousandths or figures) » .
137. Adjustment of fire in combat is carried out, as a rule, by changing the position of the aiming point in height and lateral direction. In this case, the aiming point is set to the amount of deviation of the ricochets or tracks in the direction opposite to their deviation from the target (Fig. 70).
Rice. 70. Correcting fire by determining and taking into account deviations on the sight reticle scale
If the deviation of bullets from the target is relatively large and the situation allows you to change the installation of the sight and the side handwheel, then the fire is adjusted by introducing amendments to the sight and the side handwheel.
The sight increases (decreases) by the amount of undershoot (overshoot), measured in meters or thousandths. To measure the height deviation of bullets in thousandths, you should use the height of the square (the large stroke of the lateral correction scale) of the sight reticle, which is equal to two thousandths. When you receive a deviation in height of bullets of one thousandth at firing ranges up to 600 m and two thousandths at long ranges, change the sight setting by one division.
An adjustment to the installation of the side handwheel is made by the amount of deflection of the bullets in the lateral direction in thousandths, measured using the lateral correction scale of the sight reticle.
Shooting at stationary and emerging targets
138. A single clearly visible stationary (appearing) target should be fired at with the sight and side handwheel settings determined in accordance with Art. 131 and 132. Fire continues until the target is destroyed or escapes, but the sniper should aim to destroy the target with the first shot.
139. To hit an emerging target, it is necessary, having noticed the place of its appearance, quickly prepare to fire, set the handwheels to the appropriate divisions and, when it appears, open fire. Quickly opening fire is critical to hitting a target. If the target disappeared during preparation for shooting, when it reappears, check for vodka and open fire. If a target appears repeatedly in the same place, you must point the rifle at this place in advance and, when the target appears again, quickly clarify the aim, open fire. A target that appears repeatedly may appear in a new location, so its defeat will depend on the attentiveness of observation and the speed of opening fire.
140. A group target, consisting of individual clearly visible figures, should be fired upon, sequentially transferring fire from one figure to another, starting with the most important ones (machine guns, guns, etc.).
Shooting at moving targets
141. When the target moves frontally (towards or away from the shooter), fire should be carried out with the sight set corresponding to the distance at which the target may be at the moment of opening fire, and taking into account corrections for air temperature and side wind. At a distance not exceeding the direct shot range, fire can be carried out with the sight installed corresponding to the direct shot range.
142. During flanking and oblique (oblique) movement of the target, fire with the sight installed, as indicated in Art. 141, and with the side handwheel set to a value corresponding to the lead and correction for the side wind. The distance that the target moves during the flight of the bullet to it is called preemptively.
The lead is taken in the direction of the target's movement. So, when the target moves from left to right, move the middle point of impact to the right, and when the target moves from right to left, move it to the left. If shooting conditions do not allow you to take lead using the side handwheel (set the side handwheel to the desired division), then lead is taken using the lateral correction scale of the sight reticle or by moving the aiming point out in the target figures. When using the scale of lateral corrections of the sight reticle, aiming should be done by marking on the side from which the target is moving (Fig. 71)
Rice. 71. Accounting of the institution for target movement using a scale of lateral corrections (the lead is equal to 4 thousandths)
To determine the lead when firing at targets that have flanking movement (at right angles to the direction of fire), use the following table:
A target running at a speed of 3 m/s (approximately 10 km/h). Lead (rounded).
| Firing range in meters | in meters | in human figures | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 0,4 | 1 | 4 |
| 200 | 0,8 | 1,5 | 4 |
| 300 | 1,3 | 2,5 | 4,5 |
| 400 | 1,8 | 3,5 | 4,5 |
| 500 | 2,3 | 4,5 | 4,5 |
| 600 | 3,0 | 6 | 5 |
| 700 | 3,7 | 7,5 | 5,5 |
| 800 | 4,5 | 9 | 5,5 |
| 900 | 5,4 | 11 | 6 |
| 1000 | 6,3 | 12,5 | 6,5 |
| 1100 | 7,3 | 14,5 | 6,5 |
| 1200 | 8,4 | 17 | 7 |
| 1300 | 9,5 | 19 | 7,5 |
Motorized target moving at a speed of 20 km/h (approximately 6 m/s). Lead (rounded).
| Firing range in meters | in meters | in divisions of the side handwheel scale (sight reticle) |
|---|---|---|
| 100 | 0,7 | 7 |
| 200 | 1,4 | 7 |
| 300 | 2,3 | 8 |
| 400 | 3,2 | 8 |
| 500 | 4,3 | 8,5 |
| 600 | 5,5 | 9 |
| 700 | 6,8 | 10 |
| 800 | 8,3 | 10 |
| 900 | 10,0 | 11 |
| 1000 | 11,5 | 12 |
| 1100 | 13,5 | 12 |
| 1200 | 15,5 | 13 |
| 1300 | 17,5 | 13 |
When the target moves at a speed different from that indicated in the table, lead increase (decrease) in proportion to the change in the speed of the target.
During oblique (oblique) movement of the target, the lead determined for the flank movement of the target is reduce by half.
Move the aiming point away from the middle of the target. When making adjustments to the installation of the side handwheel, aim at the middle of the target. To make it easier to remember the leads in divisions of the scale of the side handwheel (sight reticle) for the flank movement of the target at a speed of 3 m/s (10 km/h), the lead values can be rounded and it can be assumed that when shooting at distances up to 600 m, the lead is equal to 4.5 thousandths (scale divisions), and at long distances - 6 thousandths (scale divisions).
143. Fire at a target that has flanking and frontal movement is carried out by tracking the target or by waiting for the target (fire attack).
When firing way of support target, the sniper continuously moves the rifle in the direction of the target's movement and, at the moment of the most correct aiming, fires a shot.
When firing way of waiting for a goal(fire attack), the sniper takes aim at a point (local object) selected in front of the target, and as the target approaches this point, fires a shot (taking into account the lead by installing the side handwheel). If the target is unhit, the sniper selects a new point on the target’s path, aims at it, and fires the next shot as the target approaches it. Firing in this manner continues until the target is hit.
If the lead is taken by moving the aiming point, the shot must be fired at the moment when the target approaches the intended point by the amount of the calculated lead.
144. The use of cartridges with tracer bullets when shooting at moving targets provides better observation of the results of shooting and the ability to clarify the amount of lead.
Shooting at enemy personnel on armored personnel carriers, cars and motorcycles should be carried out with cartridges with ordinary and armor-piercing incendiary bullets (at a ratio of 1:1 or at a different ratio depending on the availability of cartridges with the specified bullets).
Shooting at air targets
145. Fire from a sniper rifle at low-flying airplanes and helicopters is carried out as part of a squad or platoon and only at the command of the commander, and at paratroopers - on command or independently.
When shooting at airplanes (helicopters), use cartridges with armor-piercing incendiary and tracer bullets, and in their absence - with ordinary bullets; at paratroopers - with ordinary and tracer bullets. When adjusting fire along the paths, it should be borne in mind that the paths directed at the plane (helicopter) appear to the sniper to be above the plane (helicopter) and somewhat ahead of it.
146. At an aircraft diving towards the sniper, fire with a 4 or P scope, aiming at the head of the target. Open fire from a distance to the aircraft of 700–900 m.
147. At an airplane (helicopter) flying slowly to the side or above its own unit, fire is carried out in an accompanying manner: in this case, aiming at a helicopter at distances up to 300 m is carried out using an optical sight, and at an airplane and helicopter at distances of more than 300 m - using an open sight. Open fire when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches at a distance of 700–900 m.
When firing in an accompanying way the sniper in the team is given the lead in aircraft (helicopter) hulls or in meters. The sniper points a rifle with a 4 or P sight in the direction of the flight of the aircraft (helicopter), moves the aiming point to the required lead value, accompanies the aircraft and, at the moment of correct aiming, fires a shot.
To determine the lead when firing at air targets using the accompanying method, use the following table:
| Type of air target and its speed | 100* | 300* | 500* | 700* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in meters** | in buildings** | in meters** | in buildings** | in meters** | in buildings* | in meters** | in buildings** | |
| Glider, 25 m/s | 3 | ? | 11 | 1 | 20 | 2 | 31 | 4 |
| Helicopter, 50 m/s | 6 | 1 | 21 | 3 | 39 | 5 | 63 | 8 |
| Transport aircraft, 100 m/s | 13 | 1 | 43 | 3 | 79 | 5 | 126 | 8 |
* Firing range in meters.
** Preemption.
Note. The length of the aircraft body is assumed to be 15 m, of the helicopter and glider - 8 m.
Air targets with a flight speed of more than 150 m/s are fired upon in a defensive way. In the direction indicated in the command, the sniper gives the sniper rifle an elevation angle of 45° and fires with frequent single shots until the target leaves the fire zone.
148. Fire at the paratroopers with the sight set to 4 or P, aiming with the help of an optical sight.
When shooting, take lead along the parachutist's descent path in the visible size of the target, guided by the following table:
Note. The parachutist's descent speed is assumed to be 6 m/s.
The lead is counted from the middle of the parachutist’s figure (Fig. 72).
Shooting in the mountains
149. In the mountains, when shooting at ranges over 700 m, if the terrain altitude exceeds 2000 m, the sight corresponding to the target range should be reduced by one division due to the reduced air density; if the terrain altitude above sea level is less than 2000 m, do not reduce the sight, but select the aiming point at the lower edge of the target.
Rice. 72. Removing the aiming point when shooting at a parachutist
150. If, when shooting, the target is above or below the sniper, and the elevation angle of the target is:
15–30°, then the aiming point at ranges over 700 m should be chosen at the lower edge of the target;
30–45°, then the sight corresponding to the range to the target must be reduced by one division at ranges over 700 m and by half a division at ranges from 400 to 700 m;
45–60°, then the sight corresponding to the target range must be reduced by two divisions at ranges over 700 m and by one division at ranges from 400 to 700 m.
151. To fire in the mountains, a sniper requires special skill and resourcefulness when taking a position, especially when shooting at high elevation (declination) angles. When taking a prone shooting position, you need to bend your left leg at the knee slightly to keep it from slipping with the toe of your boot or heel.
Shooting in low visibility conditions
152. Shooting at night on illuminated targets is done in the same way as during the day. While illuminating the area, the sniper, having discovered the target, quickly sets the sight, takes aim and fires a shot.
When the target is briefly illuminated (for example, the area is illuminated by illumination cartridges), fire must be fired with a 4 or P sight, aiming at the target. If the range to the target is more than 400 m, then the aiming point should be selected at the top of the target
When the target is poorly illuminated, turn on the sight reticle lighting.
To avoid temporary blindness, do not look at the light source.
153. Shooting at night at a target that reveals itself by flashes of shots, is carried out with sight 4 installed and with the sight reticle illumination turned on. Fire opens at the moment when the flashes of shots are visible above the square of the sight reticle (Fig. 73).
Rice. 73. Aiming by flashes of shots
154. Shooting at night on a target that detects itself by infrared radiation, is carried out with the installation of sight 4 and with the luminescent screen turned on. When observing enemy infrared spotlights through the sight, a glow appears on the screen, giving a visible image of the source in the form of a round greenish spot. In addition to the spot in the sight, you can see the searchlight beam in the form of a light stripe on the terrain and local objects caught in this stripe. The fire opens at the moment when the spot is located above the square of the sight reticle (Fig. 74).
Rice. 74. Aiming when shooting at enemy infrared spotlights
155. At night, to adjust the fire, you need to use cartridges with tracer bullets.
The best results are achieved when shooting with night sights. They not only allow you to see the target clearly, but also improve aiming accuracy.
Fire with night sights at various targets is carried out according to the same rules as under normal conditions.
When shooting with night sights, it is necessary to change the place for shooting more often and turn on the infrared searchlight less often, firing without it (at targets that reveal themselves by flashes of shots, infrared radiation, when the area is illuminated by an infrared searchlight of an enemy or neighbor).
Shooting in conditions of radioactive, chemical and bacteriological (biological) contamination
156. Shooting in conditions of radioactive, chemical and bacteriological (biological) contamination is carried out in personal protective equipment.
When firing in an area contaminated with radioactive, chemical substances or bacterial (biological) agents, you should first protect from them those parts of the rifle that come into contact when shooting.
After leaving the contaminated area, it is necessary to decontaminate (degass or disinfect) the rifle as soon as possible.
The rules for shooting at various targets are the same as for shooting under normal conditions.
Ammo supply and consumption in battle
157. Snipers carry a supply of ammunition in magazines placed in bags.
The supply of sniper rifle cartridges in combat is carried out by cartridge carriers assigned by the unit commander.
When half of the carryable reserve has been used up, the sniper reports this to the squad or platoon commander.
The sniper must always have one magazine filled with ammunition as an emergency supply of ammunition, which is consumed only with the permission of the commander.
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From the author's book From the author's bookb) Techniques for shooting from a sniper rifle Shooting from a long-barreled weapon is, in principle, more static than shooting from a pistol, if only because it is carried out at long distances. Usually, when shooting from a rifle, there is time to take a stable position, use a rest
In the fifties, in connection with the rearmament of our army, designers were given the task of creating a self-loading sniper rifle. Evgeniy Fedorovich Dragunov, already known by that time as the inventor of a number of sports rifles, also got involved in this work.
A few lines from the designer's biography. Born in 1920 in the city of Izhevsk into a family of hereditary gunsmiths. After graduating from high school, he entered an industrial technical school. Then - work at the factory. In 1939, after being drafted into the army, he was sent to the school for junior commanders.
Later, after demobilization in 1945, he worked as a senior gunsmith. About the difficulties the design team encountered. - testimony of Dragunov himself: During the design, we had to overcome a number of contradictions. For example, for a rifle to operate reliably in difficult conditions, it needs to have large gaps between moving parts, and in order to have better accuracy, everything needs to fit as tightly as possible. Or, let’s say, the rifle should be light, but for better accuracy, the heavier it is to a certain limit, the better. In general, we approached the finale already in 1962, having experienced a whole series of failures and successes. Suffice it to say that we have been working on the store for over a year. The forend assembly, which looked simple, turned out to be the most difficult, and we finalized it at the very end. It is curious that SVD won the difficult competition. Simultaneously with Dragunov, A. Konstantinov’s group was involved in the development. Both designers presented their designs almost at the same time. These samples were subjected to the most serious tests. In terms of shooting accuracy and combat accuracy, these most important characteristics for a sniper, the Dragunov rifle showed the best results. What. ultimately determined the outcome of the tests.
In 1963, the SVD was adopted by our army. The Dragunov sniper rifle is designed to destroy emerging, moving, open and camouflaged single targets. The rifle is a self-loading weapon, aimed fire is carried out in single shots.
The main part of the automatic rifle is the bolt frame, which receives the effects of powder gases through a gas piston and pusher. The reloading handle, located on the right, is made integral with the bolt frame. Rifle return mechanism with two coil springs. The trigger mechanism allows only single fire. Flag fuse, double action. It simultaneously locks the trigger and limits rearward movement of the bolt carrier by supporting the charging handle. The trigger ensures that a shot is fired only when the bolt is completely locked. The trigger mechanism is assembled in a separate housing.
A flash suppressor with five longitudinal slots is attached to the muzzle of the barrel, which also masks the shot during night operations and protects the barrel from contamination. The presence of a gas regulator for changing the recoil speed of moving parts ensures the reliability of the rifle in operation.
The rifle is equipped with mechanical (open), optical (PSO-1M2) sights or night sights: NSPUM (SVDN2) or NSPU-3 (SVDN3)
SVDS, folding stock, cap pin, safety, pistol grip and standard magazine are clearly visible
For firing from the SVD, 7.62x53 rifle cartridges are used: ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets. To increase the accuracy of fire, a special sniper cartridge has been developed for the rifle with a bullet with a steel core, providing 2.5 times better accuracy of fire than conventional cartridges.
According to most experts, the rifle is ergonomically well designed: the weapon inspires complete confidence in the shooter, is well balanced, and is easy to hold when firing an aimed shot. Compared to a conventional magazine sniper rifle, the practical rate of fire of which is about 5v/m, the Dragunov rifle, according to experts, reaches 30 aimed shots per minute.
Country of origin: Russia
Performance characteristics:
Caliber, mm 7.62
Weight without cartridges and sight, kg 4.2
Length, mm 1220
Height with optical sight, mm 230
Width with optical sight, mm 88
Barrel length, mm 620
Initial bullet speed, m/s 830
Rate of fire, v/m 30
Muzzle energy, J 4064
Magazine capacity, 10 rounds
Sighting range with open sight, m 1200
Sighting range with optical sight, m 1300
Sighting range with night sight, m 300
The rifle's automatic operation operates by removing powder gases through a hole in the wall of the barrel bore. The barrel bore is locked by turning the bolt counterclockwise. This scheme was tested by Dragunov in sporting weapons. In contrast to the design of the Kalashnikov assault rifle (locking on two lugs by turning the bolt clockwise), the cartridge rammer is used as a third lug, which made it possible, with the same transverse dimensions of the bolt and rotation angle, to increase the area of the lugs by approximately one and a half times. Three supporting surfaces ensure a stable position of the bolt, which improves the accuracy of fire.
Of course, no one will argue that military-made remakes are completely unsuitable by their very concept as hunting weapons, and it is always better what was created specifically in targeted projects. However, like AKM-oid carbines such as Saiga, Vepr and others, the Tiger is for the most part a tribute to the military conscription past of every Russian hunter, the mentality of the nation, and the current lack of its own sane hunting weapons production in Russia in this class.
But it is precisely the simplicity and reliability of our carbines, their ultimate design, that primarily attracts the domestic hunter. The excessive complexity of imported weapons once again makes us recall the axiom of weapons designers - the most difficult thing is to create a simple, and therefore reliable and most technologically advanced system. And since two unique technologies are used in the production of SVDs, this makes itself felt for any purpose of this weapon. The only question is why you need it.
The history of the creation of the Tiger hunting rifle
Evgeniy Dragunov's self-loading sniper rifle replaced the outdated three-line sniper rifle back in 1963. The need for such weapons has been recognized for a long time. And in 1958, the GRAU of the General Staff of the SA announced a competition to create a self-loading sniper rifle for the Soviet Army, formulating difficultly compatible requirements in the terms of reference.
The military's demands were strict and included the following: the rifle must be chambered for a standard three-line cartridge, self-loading, not inferior in reliability to the AKM, have a replaceable box magazine for 10 rounds, and in terms of weight and size parameters correspond to a three-line sniper. It must be taken into account that the SVD is not a sniper rifle in the full sense; its main purpose is to increase the effective fire range of a motorized rifle squad to 600 m and provide the necessary rifle support. The accuracy characteristic of a police or sporting rifle was not initially included in the SVD, and this must be understood when planning to use the Tiger for accurate shooting at maximum distances.
Dragunov was able to successfully combine excellent shooting accuracy, maneuverability and maximum resistance to adverse combat conditions in the new rifle created under his leadership. The production of the rifle was located at IZHMASH. To this day, the SVD remains a tool that allows solving standard sniper tasks in combined arms combat.
The main part of the automatic rifle is the bolt frame, which receives the effects of powder gases through a separate gas piston and pusher. Automation parts have a low mass and low energy in extreme positions, which ensures minimal deflection of the rifle when fired and quick restoration of aiming. The reloading handle is integral with the bolt frame. Rifle return mechanism with two coil springs. The trigger mechanism allows only single fire. Flag fuse, double action. It simultaneously locks the trigger and limits rearward movement of the bolt carrier. The trigger is assembled in a separate removable housing and ensures that a shot is fired only when the bolt is completely locked. It is generally impossible to assemble the SVD incorrectly, which is an important factor. When all the cartridges in the magazine are used up, the shutter is delayed.
Hunting carbine TIGER- a hunting modification of the famous army Dragunov rifle (SVD). The Tiger uses the same inexpensive rifle cartridges, only equipped with semi-jacketed bullets, and are marked “7.62x54 R”. "Tiger" and "Tiger-1"- a self-loading hunting carbine of 7.62 mm caliber chambered for the 7.62x53 (7.62x54R) hunting cartridge with a semi-jacketed bullet weighing 13 g. According to the passport, it is intended for hunting medium and large animals.
The Tiger carbine appeared in the late 70s. Prototypes of the carbine were created under the leadership of E.F. Dragunov in 1969. The basic model was the famous domestic Dragunov rifle - SVD. It is manufactured in two modifications: “Tiger” and “Tiger-1”. In 1996, an export (Americanized) version of the Tiger-1 was created.
Design of the Tiger hunting rifle
The Tiger self-loading carbine is as unpretentious as its parent (SVD), easy to operate and clean. The rate of fire and automation are not satisfactory. I was very pleased with the opportunity to fire from an open sight without removing the optics.
But during actual operation, not everything turned out to be so rosy:
- army sight PSO-1 - turned out to be not suitable for hunting needs;
- orthopedic butt - very inconvenient for a hunter;
- the first version of the “Tiger” was made with plastic linings on the fore-end, this of course makes the design of the carbine easier, but shooting in the cold threatens frostbite on your fingers, and they creak in the cold;
- the absence of a flame arrester as such makes it blind when fired at dusk.
According to the legislation of a number of countries (USA, England, France), the import of weapons that have an external resemblance to combat systems is prohibited. In the USA, for example, imported long-barreled firearms must not have two of the following features of a military weapon: a detachable magazine with a capacity of more than 10 rounds, a bayonet attachment point, ventilation holes in the barrel linings, the front sight must only be open, digitization of the sighting bar in excess of 5 divisions.
Therefore, when in 1996 the question of lifting restrictions (introduced in 1993) on the export of Russian sporting and hunting weapons to the American market was once again raised, a new export version of the Tiger was prepared.
Manufacturers of the carbine took into account the requirements of foreign legislation and numerous complaints from their own consumers, and released another modification of the Tiger, calling it "Tiger-1".
The carbine was modified more carefully:
- universal side mounts have appeared for most hunting optical sights;
- added a muzzle brake-flash suppressor, which quite significantly reduces recoil and blinding from the flash;
- the butt was changed, a “pistol grip” was added, a comb on top for easier aiming;
- expanded the possibilities of moving the front sight when sighting.
"Tiger" carbines have modifications for the following cartridges (all modifications can also be produced in a non-self-loading version):
- Tiger Self-loading hunting carbine chambered for 7.62x54R;
- Tiger-308 Self-loading hunting carbine chambered for 308Win (7.62x51);
- Tiger-30-06 Self-loading hunting carbine chambered for 30-06Sprg (7.62x63)
- Tiger-9 Self-loading hunting carbine chambered for 9.3x64 cartridge.
The characteristics of the cartridges used are given in the table. To ensure safety when shooting, only certified cartridges should be used.
Automatic reloading of the carbine occurs due to the energy of the powder gases removed from the barrel bore into the gas chamber, and the energy of the return springs. The bolt is locked onto three lugs by rotating the bolt around its axis while sliding the frame longitudinally. The hammer-type trigger mechanism ensures the production of single shots and setting the safety.
The flag-type fuse is located on the right side of the receiver. The trigger mechanism is made detachable. The bore and chamber are chrome plated. The drummer is spring loaded.
The butt and receiver linings are made of wood (walnut, beech, birch) or impact-resistant plastic. Wooden stock with rubber butt.
The open sight consists of an aiming bar and a front sight that is adjustable in two planes. The aimed shooting range with an open sight is 300m.
On the left side of the carbine receiver there is a unified base for mounting an optical sight. Targeted shooting from an open sight can be carried out without removing the optical sight.
The technology for manufacturing SVD and Tiger barrels is unique and is not used anywhere else. First, the barrel blank undergoes deep drilling under high oil pressure. After which the resulting channel is subjected to double scanning. The resulting smooth channel is further polished using an electric discharge.
After which comes the most interesting stage in the manufacture of a barrel for the Tiger: electrical erosion. The barrel blank is placed in a special solution. A tool with an exact copy of the rifling is inserted into the channel. Under the influence of an electric discharge, the smooth surface of the barrel bore acquires an exact copy of the geometry of the tool. Figuratively speaking, the “extra” metal is “washed out”, forming rifling. Of course, it is difficult to imagine how so much metal can be removed in this way, but this is the uniqueness of the technology.
An almost finished barrel, with rifling already formed, is subjected to turning of the outer surface, where it is given the desired geometry. This is followed by heat treatment of the barrel. Then the barrel bore undergoes an operation unusual for sniper barrels - chrome plating.
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Only lazy people haven’t written about the negative role of chrome coating, but for military weapons, a chrome-plated barrel bore greatly makes life easier for a soldier. Moreover, some copies of SVD and Tigers issue “minute” groups without any problems, which is more than enough for weapons of this class. In any case, despite the accuracy standard of 80 mm at 100 m, the average results of the SVD and the Tiger at this distance are 50-60 mm. More than enough for hunting.
The rifle barrel has 4 grooves. The rifling stroke length is 240 or 320 mm. The barrel length of the SVD and the long Tiger is 620 mm. “Short” “Tigers” have a 530 mm barrel. The barrel life is stated to be 6000 shots.
Modifications of the Tiger hunting rifle
Tiger with folding stock, Tiger with hunting stock, Tiger with plastic stock, Tiger-308, Tiger-9
Tiger Self-loading hunting carbine with an orthopedic butt and wooden barrel guards
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Tiger in Spanish 01 A carbine with a plastic butt of the “SVD type” with a rotating cheekpiece and plastic linings.
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Tiger in Spanish 02 A carbine with a folding metal stock “SVDS type” with a rotating cheekpiece and plastic or wooden pads.
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Tiger in Spanish 03 A carbine with a hunting wooden butt and wooden or plastic pads.
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Tiger isp.05 The carbine, made in a design that is as close as possible to the appearance of the SVD rifle, is equipped with a plywood butt with a detachable cheekpiece, plywood barrel linings with ventilation holes, a gas tube with a regulator, a 1200 m sighting bar, and a front sight base with an extended flash suppressor.
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Tiger-308 Self-loading hunting carbine chambered for the popular 308Win (7.62x51) cartridge with an orthopedic stock and wooden barrel guards.
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308 Win(7.62x51) |
Tiger-308 isp. 01 Carbine with a stationary hunting butt and wooden overlays.
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308 Win(7.62x51) |
Tiger-308 isp. 02 A carbine with a buttstock with a rotating cheekpiece of the SVD type and plastic linings.
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308 Win(7.62x51) |
Tiger-308 isp. 03 A carbine with a control handle, with a folding metal stock of the SVDS type with a rotating cheekpiece and plastic linings.
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308 Win(7.62x51) |
Tiger-30-06 Self-loading hunting carbine chambered for 30-06Sprg (7.62x63) with an orthopedic stock and wooden barrel guards.
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Tiger-30-06 isp.01 A carbine with a hunting stock and wooden barrel linings.
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Tiger-30-06 isp.02 A carbine with a plastic butt with a rotating cheekpiece of the SVD type and plastic barrel linings.
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Tiger-9 Self-loading hunting carbine chambered for 9.3x64 cartridge with an orthopedic stock and wooden barrel linings. Magazine capacity
Barrel length, mm
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565 or 620 Caliber, mm
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Magazine capacity
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565 or 620 Caliber, mm
Cartridge used
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Carbines of all modifications have different versions of the main components.
Butt design options:
- Orthopedic wooden stock (with thumb cutout);
- Hunting stock. In this case, the trigger is made slightly pulled back;
- Plastic stock of the OVD type. For ease of shooting from an optical sight, there is a rotating cheekpiece;
- Right side folding tubular metal stock and pistol grip. The buttstock is equipped with a rotating cheekpiece for convenience when shooting from an optical sight. The length of the carbine with the stock folded is reduced by 260 mm.
- Wooden hunting;
- Plastic;
- With long cylindrical flame arrester;
- With short conical flame arrester;
- No flame arrester.
The mandatory delivery set of carabiners includes: a cleaning rod, accessories in the pencil case, and an oiler. By special order, carbines can be equipped with an optical sight with a bracket, as well as a case and a belt.
Technical characteristics of carbines
| Tiger | Tiger-308 | Tiger-9 | |
| Caliber, mm | 7,62 | 7,62 | 9 |
| Cartridge used | 7.62x54R | .308 Win(7.62x51) | 9.3x64 |
| Barrel length, mm* | 530 | 565 | 565 |
| Overall length of the carabiner, mm | 1100...1200 | 1100...1200 | 1100...1200 |
| Weight of carbine with empty magazine, kg | 3,9 | 3,95 | 3,95 |
| Store capacity, pcs. cartridges | 5 or 10 | 10 | 5 |
Note:* By special order, carbines can be supplied with an extended (620 mm) barrel.
Characteristics of cartridges
| Cartridge designation | Bullet weight, g | Initial bullet speed, m/s | Muzzle energy, J |
| 7.62x54R | 13,2 | 720...780 | ~3600 |
| .308Win (7.62x51) | 9,7...11,7 | 870...800 | ~3700 |
| 9.3x64 | 16...19 | 820...780 | ~5800 |
SVD - Dragunov sniper rifle 7.62 mm (GRAU Index - 6B1) - a self-loading sniper rifle, developed in 1957-1963 by a group of designers led by Evgeniy Dragunov and adopted by the Soviet Army on July 3, 1963 along with the PSO-1 optical sight .
SVD sniper rifle - video
Ammunition and equipment
For firing from the SVD, 7.62x54 mm R rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets, 7N1 sniper cartridges, 7N14 armor-piercing sniper cartridges are used; Can also fire JHP and JSP hollow point bullets. Fire from the SVD is carried out in single shots. When firing, cartridges are supplied from a box magazine with a capacity of 10 rounds. A flash suppressor with five longitudinal slots is attached to the muzzle of the barrel, masking the shot and protecting the barrel from contamination. The presence of a gas regulator for changing the recoil speed of moving parts ensures the reliability of the rifle in operation.
A small-scale tactical suppressor-flame arrester, known as TGP-V, developed by NPO Spetsialnaya Tekhnika i Svyaz, was produced in small quantities for the SVD, mounted on top of the standard flame arrester, but its effectiveness was quite controversial.
Operating principle
When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the gas outlet hole in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston with the pusher, and with them the bolt frame, to the rear position.
When the bolt frame moves back, the bolt opens the barrel, removes the cartridge case from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver, and the bolt frame compresses the return spring and cocks the hammer (puts it on the self-timer).
The bolt frame with the bolt returns to the forward position under the action of the return mechanism, while the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine into the chamber and closes the bore, and the bolt frame removes the self-timer sear from under the self-timer cocking of the hammer and the hammer is cocked. The bolt is locked by turning it to the left and inserting the bolt lugs into the cutouts of the receiver.
SVD with plastic butt and forend, PSO-1 optical sight
To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and press it again. After releasing the trigger, the rod moves forward and its hook jumps behind the sear, and when you press the trigger, the rod hook turns the sear and disconnects it from the cocking of the hammer. The trigger, turning on its axis under the action of the mainspring, strikes the firing pin, and the latter moves forward and punctures the igniter primer of the cartridge. A shot occurs.
When firing the last cartridge, when the bolt moves back, the magazine feeder raises the bolt stop, the bolt rests on it and the bolt frame stops in the rear position. This is a signal that you need to load the rifle again.
SVD with wooden butt
Accuracy and accuracy
When the SVD was put into service, there was no sniper cartridge for it yet, therefore, in accordance with the “Shooting Manual”, the rifle’s accuracy is checked by shooting with conventional cartridges with bullets with a steel core and is considered normal if, when firing four shots from a prone position, at range 100 m, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm.
In 1967, the 7N1 sniper cartridge was adopted. When firing this cartridge, the dispersion is (depending on the rifling pitch) no more than 10-12 cm at a distance of 300 m.
Initially, the SVD was produced with a barrel rifling pitch of 320 mm, similar to sporting weapons and providing the best accuracy of fire. However, with such a step, the dispersion of the B-32’s armor-piercing incendiary bullets doubles. As a result, in 1975, it was decided to change the rifling pitch to 240 mm, which worsened the accuracy of fire by 25% (when firing conventional cartridges at a distance of 100 m, the permissible diameter of the impact circle increased from 8 cm to 10 cm).
It is interesting that the last updated edition of the “Shooting Manual” for the SVD was published in 1967. All subsequent editions - 1971, 1976 and 1984 - were stereotypical copies of the 1967 edition. Therefore, the “Manual” does not say anything about the sniper cartridge or about changing the rifling pitch.
Direct shot range is:
- according to the head figure, height 30 cm - 350 m,
- according to the chest figure, height 50 cm - 430 m,
- according to a running figure, height 150 cm - 640 m.
The PSO-1 sight is designed for shooting up to 1300 meters. It is usually believed that at such a range it is possible to effectively shoot only at a group target, or conduct harassing fire. However, in 1985 in Afghanistan, sniper Vladimir Ilyin killed a dushman from a distance of 1350 meters. This is a record not only for the SVD, but also for rifles of 7.62 mm caliber in general.
Incomplete disassembly of SVD
1 – barrel with receiver, sights and butt; 2 – bolt frame; 3 – shutter; 4 – receiver cover with a return mechanism; 5 – trigger mechanism; 6 – fuse; 7 – gas tube; 8 – gas regulator; 9 – gas piston; 10 – pusher; 11 – pusher spring; 12 – fore-end pads; 13 – shop.
The main difficulty when shooting at long ranges is the errors in preparing the initial data for shooting (this is true for all sniper rifles). At a range of 600 meters, the median error in height (in determining the range equal to 0.1% of the range) is 63 cm, the median error in the lateral direction (determining crosswind speed equal to 1.5 m/s) is 43 cm. For comparison, the median deviation of bullet dispersion for the best snipers for 600 m is 9.4 cm in height, 8.8 cm in lateral.
There is a known case when a fighter of the FMLN partisan detachment managed to shoot down a jet attack aircraft of the El Salvadoran Air Force with a shot from an SVD. This happened on November 12, 1989 near the village of San Miguel. The Cessna A-37B aircraft coming into the attack successfully fit into the sight and was hit (later the successful sniper said that he was aiming at the cockpit). The bullet hit the pilot, after which the plane lost control and crashed. Iraqi militants used SVD in a similar way, claiming to have destroyed RQ-11 Raven small reconnaissance UAVs with sniper rifle fire.
SVDS - SVD variant for airborne troops with a folding stock and a shortened
Options
SVDS - a variant of the SVD for airborne troops with a folding stock and a shortened but thickened barrel; created in 1991, put into service in 1995.
SVU is a variant of SVD with a bullpup layout.
SVDK is a large-caliber version of the SVD chambered for 9.3x64 mm with a folding stock similar to that of the SVDS.
TSV-1 is a training rifle chambered for .22 Long Rifle, developed by Evgeny Dragunov for initial training of snipers. In fact, it is an independent weapon, only repeating in general terms the appearance of the SVD.
SVDM - a Picatinny rail has been added to the receiver cover. Removable bipod.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the SVD
— Adopted: 1963
— Constructor: Dragunov, Evgeniy Fedorovich
— Developed: 1958-1963
— Manufacturer: Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant
SVD weight
— 4.3 kg (SVD, early release, without a bayonet, with an optical sight, an empty magazine and a butt cheek)
— 4.5 kg (SVD, modern version, without a bayonet, with an optical sight, an empty magazine and a butt cheek)
— 4.68 kg (SVDS with optical sight and empty magazine)
— 0.21 kg (magazine)
— 0.26 kg (bayonet without sheath)
— 0.58 kg (PSO-1 sight)
SVD dimensions
— Length, mm: 1225 (SVD without bayonet); 1370 (SVD with bayonet); 1135/875 (SVDS with stock extended/folded)
— Barrel length, mm: 620 (SVD, total); 547 (SVD, rifled part); 565 (SVDS)
— Width, mm: 88
— Height, mm: 230
Cartridge SVD
— 7.62×54 mm R
Caliber SVD
SVD rate of fire
— 30 rounds/min (combat)
SVD bullet speed
— 830 m/s (SVD); 810 m/s (SVDS)
Sighting range of SVD
— 1200 m (open sight); 1300 m (optical sight); 300 m (night sights NSPUM and NSPU-3)
SVD magazine capacity
— box magazine for 10 rounds
Maximum range
— 1300 (sighting); 3800 (lethal effect of a bullet)
Work principles: Rotary bolt, removal of powder gases
Aim: open sector (reserve), sighting line length - 587 mm, there is a mount for installing optical (for example, PSO-1) or night (for example, NSPU-3 or NSPUM) sights
Photo SVD
I want to add a little of my own. The first time I saw an SVD was in the army, it was 95-97. Then I did my military service in the ranks of the RA in the distant and beautiful ZABVO, not far from the city of Chita, the village of Ugdan. I don’t know how it is now, but in those days, in the combat units of the Republic of Armenia, we were taken to shooting 4 to 5 times a month. Maybe our unit was lucky that the shooting range was 10 km away, or indeed in those days, it was the responsibility of all normal commanders to prepare their soldiers and make men out of them, not only at shooting, but also in everyday life.
I always remember my military service only with warmth and bright memories. Let there be some negativity somewhere in the service, but it’s all such a trifle, from true memories. Those who, of course, have not served are far from reality and for some reason, in the last 5-7 years, they are generally afraid as hell to serve. It’s clear what this is connected with, and there are oh so few guys (men and husbands) left in Mother Rus' who could stand up for her, my dear........ oh so few.
Yes, sorry I got distracted. A sore subject for me, but still...
So, I shot with this machine only twice in my life. All this happened in the army and then under demobilization: the first time he fired three shots, and the next time only seven. But I want to tell you - this will never be forgotten! At least for me! I’ve had to shoot in my life with AKM, AKSU, PM, we don’t take Saiga, IZH (with periodic consistency), but this...............it’s just...well, unforgettable! I can’t explain to you in words... Only after so many years, I understand why they occupied positions that were not the same as the standard for rank and file 100 meters. The lying distance was from 300 meters.
Technical description and operating instructions for the 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle
Purpose of the rifle The 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle (index 6B1) is a sniper weapon and is designed to destroy various emerging, moving, open and camouflaged single targets. The sniper optical sight (index 6Ts1) is used for precise aiming from a sniper rifle at various targets.
Composition of the rifle. The sniper rifle kit includes (picture above):
Optical sniper sight, index 6Ts1- 1 PC.
Bayonet, index 6X5- 1 PC.
Bag for scope and magazines, index 6Ш18- 1 PC.
Bag for spare parts, index 6Ш26- 1 PC.
Belt for carrying small arms, index 6Ш5- 1 PC.
The optical sniper sight is equipped with a case, a winter lighting system and individual spare parts.
Technical data.
Basic design ballistic characteristics
rifle, rifle cartridge and design data of the optical sight.
1. Caliber, m................................................... ................7.62
2. Number of grooves................................................... ........4
3. Sighting range, m:
with optical sight...................................................1300
with open sights........................................................ 1200
4. Initial bullet speed, m/s.................................... 830
5. Bullet range,
up to which it is maintained
lethal effect, m................................................... ....3800
6. Weight of the rifle without
bayonet with optical
sight, not equipped
magazine and cheek, kg................................................... ..4.3
7. Magazine capacity, cartridges.................................... 10
8. Rifle length, mm:
without a bayonet-knife................................................... ..........1220
with attached bayonet-knife....................................1370
9. Cartridge mass, g................................................... .......21.8
10. Mass of an ordinary bullet
with steel core, g...................................9.6
11. Mass of powder charge, g.................................... 3.1
12. Optical magnification
sight, times........................................................ .............4
13. Field of view of the sight, degrees.................................... 6
14. Exit pupil diameter, mm...................................6
15. Exit pupil relief, mm...................................68.2
16. Resolution,
second,................................................ ...................12
17. Sight length with eyecup
and extended lens hood, m.................................................... 375
18. Sight width, mm............................................ .70
19. Sight height, mm................................................. ..132
20. Sight mass, g................................................... ......616
21. Weight of sight with kit
Spare parts and cover, g................................................... .............926
Rifle cartridges
For shooting from a sniper rifle, rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets, as well as sniper cartridges, are used. Fire from a sniper rifle is carried out in single shots.
7.62x53R mm rifle cartridge with a steel core bullet (57-N-323 C)
7.62x53R mm sniper rifle cartridge (7-N-1)
7.62x53R mm sniper rifle cartridge with armor-piercing bullet (7-N-14)
7.62x53R mm rifle cartridge with heat-strengthened core (7-N-13)
7.62x53R mm rifle cartridge with sighting and incendiary bullet (PZ)
7.62x53R mm rifle cartridge with T46 (T46M) tracer bullet (7-T-2 (7-T-2M))
7.62x53R mm rifle cartridge with armor-piercing bullet BP (7-N-26)
7.62x53R mm rifle cartridge with armor-piercing tracer bullet (7-BT-1)
7.62x53R mm rifle cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32 (7-BZ-3)
Optical sight PSO-1
The optical sight allows you to fire at night using infrared sources, as well as under unfavorable lighting conditions, when it is difficult to shoot at targets with an open sight.
When observing infrared sources, the infrared rays emitted by the source pass through the scope lens and affect the screen located in the focal plane of the lens. At the location of the infrared rays, a glow appears on the screen, giving a visible image of the source in the form of a round greenish spot.
Technical characteristics of the PSO-1 sniper optical sight
Sight Zoom- 4x
line of sight- 6 degrees
Sight length with eyecup and hood- 375 mm
Eye relief- 68 mm
Exit pupil diameter- 6 mm
Lens luminous diameter, mm - 24
Resolution limit, arc/sec - 12
Supply voltage, V - 1,5
Weight of the PSO-1 optical sight- 0.58 kg/b]
Sniper optical sight device PSO-1
The optical sight is the main sight of the SVD sniper rifle.
It is sealed, filled with nitrogen, and prevents fogging of the optics due to temperature changes.
Operable in the temperature range -50+C. Sights can be installed on the following weapon models: SVD sniper rifles, special VSS, VSK rifles and others.
Sniper optical sights are available in the following modifications: PSO-1, PSO-1-1,
PSO-1M2, PSO-2, PSO-3.
The optical sight consists of mechanical and optical parts.
The mechanical part of the sight includes: body, top and side handwheels, reticle illumination device, retractable lens hood, rubber eyecup and cap.
The optical part of the sight includes: lens, wrapping system, reticle, fluorescent screen and eyepiece.
1 - retractable hood, 2 - upper handwheel, 3 - body,
4 - rubber eyecup, 5 - cap with stop,
6 - battery housing, 7 - bracket, 8 - light bulb,
9 - toggle switch, 10 - lens cap, 11 - pointer,
12 - locking screw, 13 - side handwheel,
14 - stop, 15 - slider, 16 - clamping screw.
Mechanical part of PSO-1
The housing serves to connect all parts of the sight on the rifle. The bracket has grooves, a stop, a clamping screw, a clamping screw handle, a slider with a spring and an adjusting nut. Pointers (indices) for sight settings and lateral corrections and a lens cap are attached to the body. The upper handwheel is used to install the sight, the side handwheel is used to introduce lateral corrections. They are identical in design and have a handwheel housing, a spring washer, an end nut and a connecting (central) screw. There are three holes on top of each handwheel: the middle one is for the connecting screw, the two outer ones are for the locking screws.
The spring washer serves to hold the handwheel in position. The reticle illumination device is used to illuminate the sight reticle when shooting at dusk and at night. It consists of: a housing with a contact screw, a battery that serves as a current source, a cap with a stop and a spring for pressing the battery to the screw, wires connecting the screw (battery) to the light bulb through a toggle switch, a toggle switch for turning the light bulb on and off.
The battery is installed in the case so that the central electrode is connected to the screw, and the side electrode (displaced to the side) is connected to the case; To do this, the contact plate of the side electrode is bent over the edge of the housing, after which the cap is put on. To illuminate the grid at temperatures from +2? From and below it is necessary to use a winter mesh lighting device, consisting of a housing, a cap and a shielded wire. To prepare a winter reticle illumination device for shooting, you need to place the battery into the winter device body as indicated above, and put on it the cap removed from the body on the sight, and put the cap of the winter device on the body of the device on the sight. The body of the winter device with the battery is carried in the pocket of a sniper’s tunic or overcoat, and the shielded wire can be passed through the left sleeve of outerwear. The eyecup (rubber) is designed for correct installation of the eye and ease of aiming. In addition, it protects the eyepiece lenses from contamination and damage. A retractable lens hood serves to protect the objective lenses in inclement weather from rain, snow, and direct sunlight when shooting against the sun, thereby eliminating reflections that unmask the sniper.
The rubber cap protects the lens from contamination and damage.
1 - body,
2 - end nut,
3 - locking screws,
4 - connecting screw,
5 - additional scale,
6 - index,
7 - pointer.
On the body of the upper handwheel there is a main sight scale with divisions from 1 to 10; The scale numbers indicate firing ranges in hundreds of meters.
On the body of the side handwheel there is a scale of lateral corrections with divisions from 0 to 10 in both directions;
The value of each division corresponds to one thousandth, (0-01). On the upper part of the handwheel housings there is an additional scale used when aligning the sight; The price of scale divisions is 0.5 thousandths. The settings of the main scale of the upper handwheel up to division 3 are fixed after one division. From division 3 to division 10, the settings of this handwheel, as well as all settings of the side handwheel scale, are fixed every half division (one division corresponds to two clicks).
On the end nuts of the upper and side handwheels, an arrow indicates the direction of rotation of the handwheels or end nuts when making the necessary adjustment to the installation of the sight and side handwheel ("Up STP", "Down STP" - on the upper handwheel, "Right STP", "Left STP" - on the side handwheel). This means that when the handwheels or end nuts are rotated in the direction of the arrow, the midpoint of impact (MPO) moves in the corresponding direction (up, to the right, etc.).
A connecting screw connects the end nut to the carriage and, when the handwheel or nut rotates, moves the carriage with the sight reticle in the desired direction.
Spare parts, tools and accessories for the optical sight are: spare batteries and light bulbs, a light filter, a screwdriver key for screwing in and unscrewing light bulbs, a napkin and a rubber cap for the toggle switch.
A filter is placed on the eyepiece when there is haze in the air and the light level decreases.
Each sniper rifle comes with:
bag for carrying an optical sight and magazines;
case for optical sight;
a bag for carrying a winter grid lighting device, spare batteries and an oil can.
The bag for carrying the optical sight and magazines has:
pocket for optical sight;
four pockets for magazines;
pockets for cleaning rod, pencil case, cheek butt, screwdriver key, napkin and light filter.
Optical system PSO-1. Grids. Aiming.
The lens is used to obtain a reduced and inverted image of the observed object. It consists of three lenses, two of which are glued. The turning system is designed to give the image a normal (straight) position; it consists of four lenses glued in pairs. The sight reticle is used for aiming; it is made on glass mounted in a movable frame (carriage). The eyepiece is designed to view the observed object in a magnified and direct image; it consists of three lenses, two of which are glued.
The luminescent screen is used to detect infrared light sources; it is a thin plate of a special chemical composition, which is laid between two glasses. The screen has a window with a light filter in the frame for charging the screen and a flag for switching the screen: towards the light filter (horizontal position of the flag) - for recharging the screen and when shooting under normal conditions; towards the lens (vertical position of the flag) - when observing and shooting at targets that detect themselves by infrared radiation.
1 - eyepiece, 2 - carriage, 3 - wrapping system, 4 - reticle, 5 - luminescent screen, 6 - window
with filter, 7 - lens
1 - lateral correction scale,
2 - main square for shooting up to 1000 m,
3 - additional squares,
4 - rangefinder scale.
Table (normal) shooting conditions:
- lack of wind,
- air temperature +15? C,
- zero altitude above sea level; in case of significant deviations in external shooting conditions, amendments are made:
- correction for side wind
- correction for target movement (lead)
- correction for air temperature when shooting at a distance >500m.
- correction for shooting in the mountains above sea level above 2000m.
Aiming using an infrared spotlight (luminescent screen on) with scope 4 at all ranges up to 400m.
The price of dividing the reticle and mark (square) in thousandths.
The following are marked on the sight reticle:
main (upper) square for aiming when shooting up to 1000 m; lateral correction scale;
additional squares (below the lateral correction scale along the vertical line) for aiming when shooting at 1100, 1200 and 1300 m; rangefinder scale (solid horizontal and curved dotted lines).
To aim when shooting using additional squares, it is necessary to install sight 10 on the upper handwheel.
The lateral correction scale is marked below (to the left and right of the square) with the number 10, which corresponds to ten thousandths (0-10). The distance between two vertical lines of the scale corresponds to one thousandth (0-01).
The rangefinder scale is designed for a target height of 1.7 m (average human height). This target height value is indicated below the horizontal line. Above the upper dotted line is a scale with divisions, the distance between which corresponds to a distance to the target of 100 m. Scale numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 correspond to distances of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 m.
Range determination.
1. on the rangefinder scale:
2. by angular values using the thousandth formula
Aiming
The sniper's eye is located on the optical axis of the sight and is 68 mm away from the eyepiece. The entire field of view is visible. If the eye is located close (far) from the eyepiece. A circular darkening is visible in the field of view.
When the eye moves to any side, a moon-shaped shadow is visible in the field of view. The holes will deviate in the direction opposite to the shadow!
SVD sniper rifle magazine.
The magazine is used to place cartridges and feed them into the receiver. Magazine capacity 10 rounds 7.62x53. It consists of a body, a cover, a locking bar, a spring and a feeder.
1 - feeder;
2 - feeder protrusion;
3 - support protrusion;
4 - body;
5 - cover;
6 - locking strip;
7 - spring;
8 - hook;
9 - bends.
The magazine body connects all parts of the magazine. Its side walls have bends to keep the cartridges from falling out and limit the rise of the feeder and protrusions that limit the recessing of the magazine in the receiver window; there is a hook on the front wall, and a support protrusion on the rear wall, through which the magazine is attached to the receiver. On the rear wall of the case at the bottom there is a control hole to determine whether the magazine is fully loaded with cartridges. The walls of the body are ribbed for strength.
The bottom of the case is closed with a lid. The cover has a hole for the protrusion of the locking bar. Inside the housing there is a feeder and a spring with a locking bar. The feeder provides a staggered arrangement of cartridges in the magazine and has a protrusion, which, when feeding the last cartridge from the magazine, raises the shutter stop upward. The locking bar is attached to the lower end of the spring and, with its protrusion, keeps the magazine cover from moving.
SVD parts and mechanisms. Incomplete disassembly and assembly.
A sniper rifle consists of the following main parts and mechanisms:
- barrel with receiver, open sight and butt,
- receiver covers,
- return mechanism,
- bolt frame,
- shutter,
- a gas tube with a regulator, a gas piston and a pusher with its spring,
- barrel linings,
- firing mechanism,
- fuse,
- store,
- butt cheeks,
- optical sight.
1 - gas piston,
2 - pusher,
3 - pusher spring,
4 - receiver cover
with return
mechanism
5 - butt cheek,
6 - trigger mechanism,
7 - store,
8 - fuse,
9 - bolt frame,
10 - shutter,
11 - barrel linings,
12 - sight PSO-1,
13 - barrel with receiver
box, open
sight and butt.
7.62 mm Dragunov SVD self-loading sniper rifle (index 6B1)
1 - butt plate 7-2; 2 - butt plate screw 5-4/6P1; 3 - butt 7-1; 4 - swivel axis 7-3; 5 - tube
swivels 7-4; 6 - cheek Sb 3/6Yu7; 7 - butt Sb 7; 8 - earring axis 5-9; 9 - earring 5-7; 10 -
guide rod 5-6; 11 - rear liner 5-2; 12 - cover check Sat 1-2; 13 - cover with
return mechanism Sat 5; 14 - box 1-2; 15 - return spring guide bushing 5-
5; 16 - return spring 5-4; 17 - shutter stop 1-4; 18 - shutter stop spring 1-5; 19 -
shutter assembly Sat 2-1; 20 - shutter with frame Sb 2; 21 - frame 2-7; 22 - barrel with box Sb 1; 23 -
clamp latch 1-36; 24 - sighting bar clamp 2-2/56-A-212; 25 - latch spring
clamp 2-4/56-A-212; 26 - sighting bar 1-21; 27 - sighting bar assembly Sb 1-9; 28 -
sighting bar spring 0-23/56-A-212; 29 - sighting block 1-10; 30 - spring
pusher 1-24; 31 - pusher 1-23; 32 - barrel 1-1; 33 - left overlay assembly Sat 1-3; 34 -
right overlay assembly Sat 1-4; 35 - oil seal pin 1-18; 36 - oil seal assembly Sb 1-8; 37 -
ring check Sat 1-7; 38 - upper ring assembly Sat 1-1; 39 - gas piston 1-22; 40 - gas
tube 1-25; 41 - gas regulator 1-53; 42 - gas tube latch 1-38; 43 - latch axis
gas tube 1-37; 44 - gas chamber latch spring 1-40; 45 - gas chamber 1-15; 46 -
gas chamber pin 1-46; 47 - front sight 1-17; 48 - front sight body 1-20; 49 - base of front sight 1-16;
50 - front sight base pin 1-45; 51 - ejector 2-2; 52 - ejector axis 2-3; 53 -
ejector spring 2-4; 54 - striker pin 2-6; 55 - shutter 2-1; 56 - drummer 2-5; 57 -
trigger 4-6; 58 - mainspring 4-7; 59 - trigger axis 4-8: 60 - magazine latch spring 4-22; 61 -
magazine latch axis 4-16; 62 - magazine latch 4-15; 63 - self-timer Sat 4-3; 64 - sear axis,
hook and self-timer 4-10; 65 - sear 4-9; 66 - thrust 4-12; 67 - trigger 4-11; 68 -
trigger with pull rod Sat 4-4; 69 - traction axis 4-14; 70 - trigger housing Sb 4-1;
71 - hook spring 4-13; 72 - shield limiter 4-20; 73 - rivet for the spring of the linings 1-39;
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