All authors and their works list. Great Russian writers and poets: names, portraits, creativity
The jury of 'The Top Ten: Writers Pick Their Favorite Books', led by a New York Times columnist, included such famous writers as: Jonathan Franzen, recognized by Times magazine as the best American novelist, author of the novel “The Emperor's Children” Claire Mesud, Joyce Carol Oates, famous American novelist, and many others. The writers compiled lists of the top 10 novels and writers by looking at 544 titles. The novels were scored from 1 to 10.
The ten greatest writers of all time, according to total points:
1. Leo Tolstoy – 327
One of the most widely known Russian writers and thinkers, revered as one of the world's greatest writers. Participant in the defense of Sevastopol.
A writer recognized during his lifetime as the head of Russian literature, whose work marked a new stage in the development of Russian and world realism, becoming a kind of bridge between the traditions of the classic novel of the 19th century and the literature of the 20th century.
The most famous works of Tolstoy are the novels “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, “Resurrection”, the autobiographical trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”, the stories “Cossacks”, “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, “Kreutzerova” sonata”, “Hadji Murat”, a series of essays “Sevastopol Stories”, dramas “The Living Corpse” and “The Power of Darkness”, autobiographical religious and philosophical works “Confession” and “What is my faith?” and etc.
2. William Shakespeare – 293
English poet and playwright, often considered the greatest writer in the English language and one of the world's best playwrights. Often called the national poet of England. The surviving works, including some written jointly with other authors, consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 4 poems and 3 epitaphs. Shakespeare's plays have been translated into all major languages and are performed more often than the works of other playwrights.
Most of Shakespeare's works were written between 1589 and 1613. His early plays are mainly comedies and chronicles, in which Shakespeare excelled considerably. Then came a period of tragedy in his work, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth, which are considered among the best in the English language. At the end of his career, Shakespeare wrote several tragicomedies and also collaborated with other writers.
3. James Joyce – 194
An Irish writer and poet, a representative of modernism, Joyce significantly influenced world culture. He remains one of the most widely read English-language prose writers in our time. In 1998, Modern Library compiled a list of the Modern Library's 100 Best Novels, which included all three of James Joyce's novels: Ulysses (number 1 on the list), A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (number 3), and Finnegans Wake "(number 77). In 1999, Time magazine included the writer in its list of “100 Heroes and Idols of the 20th Century,” saying that Joyce carried out an entire revolution. Ulysses has been called "the demonstration and summing up of the entire modern movement [of modernism]."
4. Vladimir Nabokov – 190
Russian and American writer, poet, translator and entomologist.
Nabokov's works are characterized by complex literary technique, a deep analysis of the emotional state of the characters, combined with an unpredictable, sometimes almost thriller-like plot. Among the most famous examples of Nabokov’s creativity are the novels “Mashenka”, “The Defense of Luzhin”, “Invitation to Execution”, “The Gift”. The writer gained fame among the general public after the publication of the scandalous novel “Lolita,” which was subsequently adapted into several film adaptations (1962, 1997).
5. Fyodor Dostoevsky – 177
One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. Dostoevsky's work had a great influence on Russian and world culture. The writer's literary heritage is assessed differently both at home and abroad. In the West, where Dostoevsky's novels have been popular since the early twentieth century, his work has had a significant influence on such generally liberal-minded movements as existentialism, expressionism and surrealism. Many literary critics see it as the forerunner of existentialism. However, abroad Dostoevsky is usually assessed primarily as an outstanding writer and psychologist, while his ideology is ignored or almost completely rejected.
The current generation now sees everything clearly, marvels at the errors, laughs at the foolishness of its ancestors, it is not in vain that this chronicle is inscribed with heavenly fire, that every letter in it screams, that a piercing finger is directed from everywhere at it, at it, at the current generation; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new errors, which posterity will also laugh at later. "Dead Souls"
For what? It's like inspiration
Love the given subject!
Like a true poet
Sell your imagination!
I am a slave, a day laborer, I am a tradesman!
I owe you, sinner, for gold,
For your worthless piece of silver
Pay with divine payment!
"Improvisation I"
Literature is a language that expresses everything a country thinks, wants, knows, wants and needs to know.
In the hearts of simple people, the feeling of the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, a hundred times more vivid, than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper.
"Hero of our time"
And everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature
Whatever breathes love.
In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how can one not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
Poems in prose, "Russian language"
So, I complete my dissolute escape,
Prickly snow flies from the naked fields,
Driven by an early, violent snowstorm,
And, stopping in the wilderness of the forest,
Gathers in silver silence
A deep and cold bed.
Listen: shame on you!
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled,
Who is incorruptibly straight in heart,
Who has talent, strength, accuracy,
Tom shouldn't sleep now...
"Poet and Citizen"
Is it really possible that even here they will not and will not allow the Russian organism to develop nationally, with its own organic strength, and certainly impersonally, servilely imitating Europe? But what should one do with the Russian organism then? Do these gentlemen understand what an organism is? Separation, “detachment” from their country leads to hatred, these people hate Russia, so to speak, naturally, physically: for the climate, for the fields, for the forests, for the order, for the liberation of the peasant, for Russian history, in a word, for everything, They hate me for everything.
Spring! the first frame is exposed -
And noise burst into the room,
And the good news of the nearby temple,
And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel...
Well, what are you afraid of, pray tell! Now every grass, every flower is rejoicing, but we are hiding, afraid, as if some kind of misfortune is coming! The thunderstorm will kill! This is not a thunderstorm, but grace! Yes, grace! It's all stormy! The northern lights will light up, you should admire and marvel at the wisdom: “from the midnight lands the dawn rises”! And you are horrified and come up with ideas: this means war or pestilence. Is there a comet coming? I wouldn’t look away! Beauty! The stars have already taken a closer look, they are all the same, but this is a new thing; Well, I should have looked and admired it! And you are afraid to even look at the sky, you are trembling! Out of everything you have created a scare for yourself. Eh, people! "Storm"
There is no more enlightening, soul-cleansing feeling than that which a person feels when acquainted with a great work of art.
We know that loaded guns must be handled with care. But we don’t want to know that we must treat words in the same way. The word can kill and make evil worse than death.
There is a well-known trick of an American journalist who, in order to increase subscriptions to his magazine, began to publish in other publications the most harsh, arrogant attacks on himself from fictitious persons: some in print exposed him as a swindler and perjurer, others as a thief and murderer, and still others as a debauchee on a colossal scale. He didn’t skimp on paying for such friendly advertisements until everyone started thinking - it’s obvious he’s a curious and remarkable person when everyone is shouting about him like that! - and they began to buy up his own newspaper.
"Life in a Hundred Years"
I... think that I know the Russian person to his very depths, and I do not take any credit for this. I didn’t study the people from conversations with St. Petersburg cab drivers, but I grew up among the people, on the Gostomel pasture, with a cauldron in my hand, I slept with it on the dewy grass of the night, under a warm sheepskin coat, and on Panin’s fancy crowd behind the circles of dusty habits...
Between these two clashing titans - science and theology - there is a stunned public, quickly losing faith in the immortality of man and in any deity, quickly descending to the level of a purely animal existence. Such is the picture of the hour illuminated by the brilliant noonday sun of the Christian and scientific era!
"Isis Unveiled"
Sit down, I'm glad to see you. Throw away all fear
And you can keep yourself free
I give you permission. You know, the other day
I was elected king by everyone,
But it doesn't matter. They confuse my thoughts
All these honors, greetings, bows...
"Crazy"
- What do you want abroad? - I asked him while in his room, with the help of the servants, his things were being laid out and packed for sending to the Warsaw station.
- Yes, just... to feel it! - he said confusedly and with a kind of dull expression on his face.
"Letters from the Road"
Is the point to get through life in such a way as not to offend anyone? This is not happiness. Touch, break, break, so that life boils. I am not afraid of any accusations, but I am a hundred times more afraid of colorlessness than death.
Poetry is the same music, only combined with words, and it also requires a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.
You experience a strange feeling when, with a light pressure of your hand, you force such a mass to rise and fall at will. When such a mass obeys you, you feel the power of man...
"Meeting"
The feeling of the Motherland should be strict, restrained in words, not eloquent, not talkative, not “waving your arms” and not running forward (to appear). The feeling of the Motherland should be a great ardent silence.
"Secluded"
And what is the secret of beauty, what is the secret and charm of art: in the conscious, inspired victory over torment or in the unconscious melancholy of the human spirit, which does not see a way out of the circle of vulgarity, squalor or thoughtlessness and is tragically condemned to appear complacent or hopelessly false.
"Sentimental Memory"
Since birth I have lived in Moscow, but by God I don’t know where Moscow came from, what it is for, why, what it needs. In the Duma, at meetings, I, together with others, talk about the city economy, but I don’t know how many miles there are in Moscow, how many people there are, how many are born and die, how much we receive and spend, how much and with whom we trade... Which city is richer: Moscow or London? If London is richer, why? And the jester knows him! And when some issue is raised in the Duma, I shudder and be the first to start shouting: “Pass it over to the commission!” To the commission!
Everything new in an old way:
From a modern poet
In a metaphorical outfit
The speech is poetic.
But others are not an example to me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy,
Lightly dressed, barefoot.
1926
Under the influence of Dostoevsky, as well as foreign literature, Baudelaire and Edgar Poe, my fascination began not with decadence, but with symbolism (even then I already understood their difference). I entitled the collection of poems, published at the very beginning of the 90s, “Symbols”. It seems that I was the first to use this word in Russian literature.
The running of changeable phenomena,
Past the howling ones, speed up:
Merge the sunset of achievements into one
With the first shine of tender dawns.
From the lower reaches of life to the origins
In a moment, a single overview:
In one face with a smart eye
Collect your doubles.
Unchanging and wonderful
Gift of the Blessed Muse:
In the spirit the form of harmonious songs,
There is life and heat in the heart of the songs.
"Thoughts on Poetry"
I have a lot of news. And all are good. I'm lucky". It's written to me. I want to live, live, live forever. If you only knew how many new poems I wrote! More than a hundred. It was crazy, a fairy tale, new. I am publishing a new book, completely different from the previous ones. She will surprise many. I changed my understanding of the world. No matter how funny my phrase may sound, I will say: I understand the world. For many years, perhaps forever.
K. Balmont - L. Vilkina
Man - that's the truth! Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds... proud!
"At the bottom"
I feel sorry for creating something useless and no one needs right now. A collection, a book of poems at this time is the most useless, unnecessary thing... I do not want to say that poetry is not needed. On the contrary, I maintain that poetry is necessary, even necessary, natural and eternal. There was a time when everyone seemed to need entire books of poetry, when they were read in bulk, understood and accepted by everyone. This time is the past, not ours. The modern reader does not need a collection of poems!
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. That is why studying and preserving the Russian language is not an idle activity because there is nothing to do, but an urgent necessity.
What nationalists and patriots these internationalists become when they need it! And with what arrogance they mock the “frightened intellectuals” - as if there is absolutely no reason to be afraid - or at the “frightened ordinary people”, as if they have some great advantages over the “philistines”. And who, exactly, are these ordinary people, the “prosperous townsfolk”? And who and what do revolutionaries care about, in general, if they so despise the average person and his well-being?
"Cursed Days"
In the struggle for their ideal, which is “liberty, equality and fraternity,” citizens must use means that do not contradict this ideal.
"Governor"
“Let your soul be whole or split, let your worldview be mystical, realistic, skeptical, or even idealistic (if you are so unhappy), let creative techniques be impressionistic, realistic, naturalistic, let the content be lyrical or fabulistic, let there be a mood, an impression - whatever you want, but I beg you, be logical - may this cry of the heart be forgiven me! - are logical in concept, in the construction of the work, in syntax.”
Art is born in homelessness. I wrote letters and stories addressed to a distant, unknown friend, but when the friend came, art gave way to life. I'm talking, of course, not about home comfort, but about life, which means more than art.
"You and I. Love Diary"
An artist can do no more than open his soul to others. You cannot present him with pre-made rules. It is a still unknown world, where everything is new. We must forget what captivated others; here it is different. Otherwise, you will listen and not hear, you will look without understanding.
From Valery Bryusov's treatise "On Art"
Well, let her rest, she was exhausted - they tormented her, alarmed her. And as soon as it’s light, the shopkeeper gets up, starts folding her goods, grabs a blanket, goes and pulls out this soft bedding from under the old woman: wakes the old woman up, gets her on her feet: it’s not dawn, please get up. It's nothing you can do. In the meantime - grandmother, our Kostroma, our mother, Russia! "
"Whirlwind Rus'"
Art never addresses the crowd, the masses, it speaks to the individual, in the deep and hidden recesses of his soul.
Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange /.../ There are so many cheerful and cheerful books, so many brilliant and witty philosophical truths, but there is nothing more comforting than Ecclesiastes.
Babkin was brave, read Seneca
And, whistling carcasses,
Took it to the library
Noting in the margin: “Nonsense!”
Babkin, friend, is a harsh critic,
Have you ever thought
What a legless paralytic
A light chamois is not a decree?..
"Reader"
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The critic's word about the poet must be objectively concrete and creative; the critic, while remaining a scientist, is a poet.
"Poetry of the Word"
Only great things should be thought about, only great tasks should a writer set himself; put it boldly, without being embarrassed by your personal small strengths.
“It’s true that there are goblins and water creatures here,” I thought, looking in front of me, “and maybe some other spirit lives here... A powerful, northern spirit that enjoys this wildness; maybe real northern fauns and healthy, blond women wander in these forests, eat cloudberries and lingonberries, laugh and chase each other.”
"North"
You need to be able to close a boring book...leave a bad movie...and part with people who don't value you!
Out of modesty, I will be careful not to point out the fact that on my birthday the bells were rung and there was general popular rejoicing. Evil tongues connected this rejoicing with some great holiday that coincided with the day of my birth, but I still don’t understand what another holiday has to do with it?
That was the time when love, good and healthy feelings were considered vulgarity and a relic; no one loved, but everyone thirsted and, as if poisoned, fell for everything sharp, tearing apart the insides.
"The Road to Calvary"
“Well, what’s wrong,” I say to myself, “at least in a short word for now?” After all, exactly the same form of saying goodbye to friends exists in other languages, and there it does not shock anyone. The great poet Walt Whitman, shortly before his death, said goodbye to his readers with a touching poem “So long!”, which in English means “Bye!” The French a bientot has the same meaning. There is no rudeness here. On the contrary, this form is filled with the most gracious courtesy, because the following (approximately) meaning is compressed here: be prosperous and happy until we see each other again.
"Alive as Life"
Switzerland? This is a mountain pasture for tourists. I myself have traveled all over the world, but I hate these ruminant bipeds with Badaker for a tail. They devoured all the beauty of nature with their eyes.
"Island of Lost Ships"
Everything that I have written and will write, I consider only mental rubbish and I do not regard my merits as a writer as anything. I’m surprised and perplexed why apparently smart people find some meaning and value in my poems. Thousands of poems, whether mine or those of the poets I know in Russia, are not worth one singer from my bright mother.
I am afraid that Russian literature has only one future: its past.
Article "I'm afraid"
We have been looking for a long time for a task similar to a lentil, so that the united rays of the work of artists and the work of thinkers, directed by it to a common point, would meet in a common work and would be able to ignite and turn even the cold substance of ice into a fire. Now such a task - the lentil that guides together your stormy courage and the cold mind of thinkers - has been found. This goal is to create a common written language...
"Artists of the World"
He adored poetry and tried to be impartial in his judgments. He was surprisingly young at heart, and perhaps also in mind. He always seemed like a child to me. There was something childish in his buzz cut head, in his bearing, more like a gymnasium than a military one. He liked to pretend to be an adult, like all children. He loved to play “master”, the literary boss of his “gumilets,” that is, the little poets and poetesses who surrounded him. The poetic children loved him very much.
Khodasevich, "Necropolis"
Me, me, me. What a wild word!
Is that guy over there really me?
Did mom love someone like that?
Yellow-gray, half-gray
And all-knowing, like a snake?
You have lost your Russia.
Did you resist the elements?
Good elements of dark evil?
No? So shut up: you took me away
You are destined for a reason
To the edges of an unkind foreign land.
What's the use of moaning and groaning -
Russia must be earned!
"What you need to know"
I didn't stop writing poetry. For me, they contain my connection with time, with the new life of my people. When I wrote them, I lived by the rhythms that sounded in the heroic history of my country. I am happy that I lived during these years and saw events that had no equal.
All the people sent to us are our reflection. And they were sent so that we, looking at these people, correct our mistakes, and when we correct them, these people either change too or leave our lives.
In the wide field of Russian literature in the USSR, I was the only literary wolf. I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Whether a wolf is dyed or shorn, it still does not look like a poodle. They treated me like a wolf. And for several years they persecuted me according to the rules of a literary cage in a fenced yard. I have no malice, but I am very tired...
From a letter from M.A. Bulgakov to I.V. Stalin, May 30, 1931.
When I die, my descendants will ask my contemporaries: “Did you understand Mandelstam’s poems?” - “No, we didn’t understand his poems.” “Did you feed Mandelstam, did you give him shelter?” - “Yes, we fed Mandelstam, we gave him shelter.” - “Then you are forgiven.”
Maybe go to the House of Press - there is one sandwich with chum caviar and a debate - “about the proletarian choral reading”, or to the Polytechnic Museum - there are no sandwiches there, but twenty-six young poets read their poems about the “locomotive mass”. No, I will sit on the stairs, shiver from the cold and dream that all this is not in vain, that, sitting here on the step, I am preparing the distant sunrise of the Renaissance. I dreamed both simply and in verse, and the results turned out to be rather boring iambics.
"The Extraordinary Adventures of Julio Jurenito and His Students"
According to the UNESCO Index Translationum online database ranking, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov are the most frequently translated Russian writers in the world! These authors occupy second, third and fourth places in it, respectively. But Russian literature is also rich in other names that have made a huge contribution to the development of both Russian and world culture.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Not only a writer, but also a historian and playwright, Alexander Solzhenitsyn was a Russian writer who made his mark in the period after the death of Stalin and the debunking of the cult of personality.
In some ways, Solzhenitsyn is considered the successor of Leo Tolstoy, since he was also a great lover of truth and wrote large-scale works about people’s lives and social processes that took place in society. Solzhenitsyn's works were based on a combination of autobiographical and documentary.
His most famous works are “The Gulag Archipelago” and “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.” With the help of these works, Solzhenitsyn tried to draw the attention of readers to the horrors of totalitarianism, which modern writers have never written about so openly. Russian writers that period; I wanted to talk about the fate of thousands of people who were subjected to political repression, were sent to innocent camps and were forced to live there in conditions that can hardly be called human.
Ivan Turgenev
Turgenev's early work reveals the writer as a romantic who had a very subtle sense of nature. And the literary image of the “Turgenev girl,” which has long been presented as a romantic, bright and vulnerable image, is now something of a household name. At the first stage of his creativity, he wrote poems, poems, dramatic works and, of course, prose.
The second stage of Turgenev’s work brought the author the most fame - thanks to the creation of “Notes of a Hunter”. For the first time, he honestly portrayed landowners, revealed the theme of the peasantry, after which he was arrested by the authorities, who did not like such work, and sent into exile to the family estate.
Later, the writer’s work is filled with complex and multifaceted characters - the most mature period of the author’s work. Turgenev tried to reveal such philosophical themes as love, duty, death. At the same time, Turgenev wrote his most famous work both here and abroad, entitled “Fathers and Sons,” about the difficulties and problems of relations between different generations.
Vladimir Nabokov
Nabokov's work completely goes against the traditions of classical Russian literature. The most important thing for Nabokov was the play of imagination; his work became part of the transition from realism to modernism. In the author's works, one can identify a typical Nabokov hero type - a lonely, persecuted, suffering, misunderstood person with a touch of genius.
In Russian, Nabokov managed to write numerous stories, seven novels (“Mashenka”, “King, Queen, Jack”, “Despair” and others) and two plays before leaving for the USA. From that moment on, the birth of an English-language author took place; Nabokov completely abandoned the pseudonym Vladimir Sirin, with which he signed his Russian books. Nabokov will work with the Russian language only once more - when he translates his novel Lolita, which was originally written in English, for Russian-speaking readers.
It was this novel that became Nabokov’s most popular and even scandalous work - not too surprising, since it tells the story of the love of a mature forty-year-old man for a twelve-year-old teenage girl. The book is considered quite shocking even in our free-thinking age, but if there are still debates about the ethical side of the novel, then it is perhaps simply impossible to deny Nabokov’s verbal mastery.
Michael Bulgakov
Bulgakov's creative path was not at all easy. Having decided to become a writer, he abandons his career as a doctor. He writes his first works, “Fatal Eggs” and “Diaboliada”, getting a job as a journalist. The first story evokes quite resonant responses, since it resembled a mockery of the revolution. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog,” which denounced the authorities, was refused to be published at all and, moreover, the manuscript was taken away from the writer.
But Bulgakov continues to write - and creates the novel “The White Guard”, on which they stage a play called “Days of the Turbins”. The success did not last long - due to another scandal due to the works, all performances based on Bulgakov were withdrawn from showings. The same fate would later befall Bulgakov’s latest play, Batum.
The name of Mikhail Bulgakov is invariably associated with The Master and Margarita. Perhaps this particular novel became the work of his whole life, although it did not bring him recognition. But now, after the death of the writer, this work is also popular with foreign audiences.
This piece is like nothing else. We agreed to indicate that this is a novel, but what kind: satirical, fantastic, love-lyrical? The images presented in this work are striking and impressive in their uniqueness. A novel about good and evil, about hatred and love, about hypocrisy, money-grubbing, sin and holiness. At the same time, the work was not published during Bulgakov’s lifetime.
It is not easy to remember another author who could so deftly and accurately expose all the falsehood and dirt of the philistinism, the current government and the bureaucratic system. That is why Bulgakov was subjected to constant attacks, criticism and bans from the ruling circles.
Alexander Pushkin
Despite the fact that not all foreigners associate Pushkin with Russian literature, unlike most Russian readers, it is simply impossible to deny his legacy.
The talent of this poet and writer truly had no boundaries: Pushkin is famous for his amazing poems, but at the same time he wrote beautiful prose and plays. Pushkin’s work has received recognition not only now; his talent was recognized by others Russian writers and poets are his contemporaries.
The themes of Pushkin's work are directly related to his biography - the events and experiences that he went through during his life. Tsarskoe Selo, St. Petersburg, time in exile, Mikhailovskoe, Caucasus; ideals, disappointments, love and affection - everything is present in Pushkin’s works. And the most famous was the novel “Eugene Onegin”.
Ivan Bunin
Ivan Bunin is the first writer from Russia to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. The work of this author can be divided into two periods: before emigration and after.
Bunin was very close to the peasantry, the life of the common people, which had a great influence on the author’s work. Therefore, so-called village prose is distinguished among it, for example, “Sukhodol”, “Village”, which have become one of the most popular works.
Nature also plays a significant role in Bunin’s work, which inspired many great Russian writers. Bunin believed: she is the main source of strength and inspiration, spiritual harmony, that every person is inextricably linked with her, and in her lies the key to unraveling the mystery of existence. Nature and love became the main themes of the philosophical part of Bunin’s work, which is mainly represented by poetry, as well as novellas and short stories, for example, “Ida”, “Mitya’s Love”, “Late Hour” and others.
Nikolay Gogol
After graduating from the Nizhyn gymnasium, Nikolai Gogol’s first literary experience was the poem “Hans Küchelgarten,” which turned out to be not very successful. However, this did not bother the writer, and he soon began working on the play “Marriage,” which was published only ten years later. This witty, colorful and lively work shatters modern society, which has made prestige, money, power its main values, and left love somewhere in the background.
Gogol was left with an indelible impression by the death of Alexander Pushkin, which also affected others. Russian writers and artists. Shortly before this, Gogol showed Pushkin the plot of a new work called “Dead Souls,” so now he believed that this work was a “sacred testament” to the great Russian poet.
Dead Souls was a superb satire on Russian bureaucracy, serfdom and social rank, and is especially popular among readers abroad.
Anton Chekhov
Chekhov began his creative activity by writing short essays, but very vivid and expressive. Chekhov is best known for his humorous stories, although he wrote both tragicomic and dramatic works. And most often, foreigners read Chekhov’s play called “Uncle Vanya”, the stories “The Lady with the Dog” and “Kashtanka”.
Perhaps the most basic and famous hero of Chekhov’s works is the “little man,” whose figure is familiar to many readers even after “The Station Agent” by Alexander Pushkin. This is not a separate character, but rather a collective image.
Nevertheless, Chekhov’s little people are not the same: some want to sympathize with others, to laugh at others (“The Man in a Case”, “Death of an Official”, “Chameleon”, “The Weasel” and others). The main problem of this writer’s work is the problem of justice (“Name Day”, “Steppe”, “Leshy”).
Fedor Dostoevsky
Dostoevsky is best known for his works Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov. Each of these works is famous for its deep psychology - indeed, Dostoevsky is considered one of the best psychologists in the history of literature.
He analyzed the nature of human emotions, such as humiliation, self-destruction, murderous rage, as well as conditions leading to insanity, suicide, and murder. Psychology and philosophy are closely related to each other in Dostoevsky's portrayal of his characters, intellectuals who "feel ideas" in the depths of their souls.
Thus, “Crime and Punishment” reflects on freedom and inner strength, suffering and madness, illness and fate, the pressure of the modern urban world on the human soul, and raises the question of whether people can ignore their own moral code. Dostoevsky, along with Leo Tolstoy, are the most famous Russian writers around the world, and Crime and Punishment is the author's most popular work.
Lev Tolstoy
Who do foreigners associate with famous people? Russian writers, so this is with Leo Tolstoy. He is one of the undisputed titans of world fiction, a great artist and man. The name of Tolstoy is known all over the world.
There is something Homeric about the epic scope with which he wrote War and Peace, but unlike Homer, he portrayed war as a senseless massacre, the result of the vanity and stupidity of a nation's leaders. The work “War and Peace” seemed to be a kind of summation of everything that Russian society experienced during the 19th century.
But the most famous all over the world is Tolstoy's novel called Anna Karenina. It is eagerly read both here and abroad, and readers are invariably captivated by the story of the forbidden love of Anna and Count Vronsky, which leads to tragic consequences. Tolstoy dilutes the narrative with a second storyline - the story of Levin, who devotes his life to his marriage with Kitty, housekeeping and God. This is how the writer shows us the contrast between Anna’s sin and Levin’s virtue.
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Famous writers and poets
Abe Kobo(1924–1993) - Japanese writer, poet, screenwriter, director. Novels “The Woman in the Sands”, “Alien Face”, “The Burnt Map”, etc.
Amadou Jorge(1912–2001) - Brazilian writer, public and political figure. His novels (“Endless Lands”, “Gabriela, Cinnamon and Cloves”, “Shepherds of the Night”, “Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands”, “The Miracle Shop”, “Teresa Batista, Tired of War”, “Ambush”) have been translated almost into 50 languages of the world have been repeatedly filmed and formed the basis for theatrical and radio plays.
Andersen Hans Christian(1805–1875) - Danish writer and poet, author of world-famous fairy tales for children and adults: “The Ugly Duckling”, “The King’s New Clothes”, “The Shadow”, “The Princess and the Pea”, etc.
Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich(1871–1919) - Russian writer of the Silver Age. Stories (“Bergamot and Garaska”, etc.), dramas (“Anatema”, etc.). In the last years of his life he became close to the decadents.
Updike John(b. 1932) - American novelist, poet, essayist and literary critic. Updike's most famous work is a series of novels starring a character named Harry "Rabbit" Engstrom: "Rabbit, Run!" (1960), “Rabbit Healed” (1971), “Rabbit Got Rich” (1981).
Ariosto Ludovico(1474–1533) - humanist poet of the Italian Renaissance. His poem “Furious Roland” is imbued with subtle irony.
Aristophanes(c. 450 BC - between 387 and 380 BC) - ancient Greek playwright, “father of comedy,” the most famous representative of the so-called ancient Attic comedy.
Akhmatova Anna Andreevna (Gorenko)(1889–1966) - Russian poetess. In her youth she joined the Acmeists (collections “Evening”, “Rosary”). Characteristic features of Akhmatova’s work include fidelity to the moral foundations of existence, a subtle understanding of the psychology of feeling, comprehension of the national tragedies of the 20th century, coupled with personal experiences, and an affinity for the classical style of poetic language. The autobiographical cycle of poems “Requiem” is one of the first poetic works dedicated to the victims of repression of the 1930s.
Babel Isaac Emmanuilovich(1894–1941) - Russian Soviet writer. Stories about the Civil War in the collection "Cavalry", short stories ("Odessa Stories"), plays, etc.
Byron George Noel Gordon(1788–1824) - English romantic poet (poems “The Corsair”, “Manfred”, etc.).
Balzac Honore de(1799–1850) - French writer. He wrote a series of novels and short stories, “The Human Comedy,” consisting of 90 works, in which he showed the most diverse aspects of the life of his contemporary society.
Balmont Konstantin Dmitrievich (1867–1942) - Russian symbolist poet, essayist, one of the most prominent representatives of Russian poetry of the Silver Age.
Baratynsky Evgeniy Abramovich (1800–1844) - Russian romantic poet, author of many elegies and philosophical lyric poems.
Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787–1855) - Russian poet. He headed the anacreontic trend in Russian poetry, sang the fun and joy of life.
Begbede Frederic(R. 1965) - modern French prose writer, publicist, literary critic and editor.
Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich (1811–1848) - Russian literary critic, publicist.
Bely Andrey (Bugaev Boris Nikolaevich) (1880–1934)- Russian writer, poet, critic, one of the leading figures of Russian symbolism.
Belyaev Alexander Romanovich (1884–1942) - Soviet science fiction writer, one of the founders of Soviet science fiction literature. Among the famous works: “The Head of Professor Dowell”, “Amphibian Man”, “Ariel”, “KETS Star” (KETS are the initials of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky) and many others (in total more than 70 science fiction works, including 13 novels).
Beranger Pierre Jean (1780-1857) - French songwriter, satirist. His work is distinguished by humor, optimism, and rejection of hypocrisy. Beranger's songs gained wide popularity.
Burgess Anthony (1917-1993) - English novelist, essayist and translator, whose talent was most clearly demonstrated in his brilliant command of the language. Burgess's most famous work is A Clockwork Orange. (1962).
Bestuzhev-Marlinsky (Bestuzhev) Alexander Alexandrovich
(1797–1837) - Russian writer, Decembrist. One of the first novelists, founded the almanac "Polar Star".
Bianchi Vitaly Valentinovich(1894–1959) - Russian Soviet children's writer. He wrote popular books about nature (“Forest Newspaper”, etc.).
Bierce Ambrose Gwinnett(1842-?) American satirist writer. In his dark, so-called "scary" stories, he explored the dark sides of human character. At the end of 1913, the writer went to Mexico, gripped by revolutionary events, from where on December 26 he wrote his last letter to his daughter. The further fate of the writer is not known with certainty.
Beecher Stowe Harriet(1811–1896) - American writer. The novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" shows the horrors of slavery, imbued with compassion and mercy for black Americans.
Blok Alexander Alexandrovich(1880–1921) - Russian poet (“Poems about the Beautiful Lady”, poem “The Twelve”). His poetry is characterized by insight, awareness of the tragedy of modern man, and refinement of form.
Bo Ju Yi(772–846) - classic of Chinese poetry (“Qin Chant”). Bo Ju Yi's quatrains are marked by clarity and depth of thought.
Boccaccio Giovanni(1313–1375) - famous Italian writer and poet, an outstanding representative of the humanistic literature of the Renaissance. Author of poems based on ancient mythology, the psychological story “Fiammetta,” pastorals, and sonnets. The main work is “The Decameron” - a book of erotic, realistic short stories, imbued with humanistic ideas, the spirit of freethinking and anti-clericalism, rejection of ascetic morality, and cheerful humor.
Beaumarchais Pierre Aupostin Caron de(1732–1799) - French playwright, who became famous thanks to the play “The Barber of Seville”, the name of the hero Figaro became a household name.
Borges Jorge Luis(1889–1986) - Argentine writer, essayist, cultural critic, unsurpassed master of the short story.
Brecht Berthold(1898–1956) - German playwright, prose writer, poet, director (“The Threepenny Opera”, “The Threepenny Novel”, “The Life of Galileo”, “The Good Man from Szechwan”, etc.).
Brodsky Joseph Alexandrovich(1942–1996) - Russian Soviet and American poet, essayist, playwright, translator, winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature. His poems are distinguished by their depth of philosophical thought and perfect form.
Bradbury Ray Douglas(b. 1920) - American science fiction writer (“The Martian Chronicles”, “Dandelion Wine”, “Fahrenheit 451”, etc.).
Bryusov Valery Yakovlevich(1873–1924) - Russian poet, verse theorist (collections of poems “To the City and the World”, “Dali”, etc.).
Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich(1891–1940) - Russian writer and playwright. Author of novels, stories, collections of stories, feuilletons and about two dozen plays (novels “The White Guard”, “The Master and Margarita”, plays “Running”, etc.).
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich(1870–1953) - Russian poet, writer, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909), laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1933.
Vega Lope de(1562–1635) - Spanish playwright, founder of Spanish national drama.
Virgil(70–19 BC) - classical poet of Ancient Rome, author of the poem "Aeneid" about the legendary founder of Rome.
Verlaine Paul(1844–1896) - French poet, one of the founders of symbolism and decadence.
Verne Jules(1828–1905) - French science fiction writer who created more than 65 novels and other works that significantly contributed to the development of science fiction literature.
Villon Francois(b. between 1.4.1431 and 19.4.1432 -?), French poet. In 1463 he was convicted of brawling and sentenced to hang. While waiting for death, he wrote “The Ballad of the Hanged.” But the execution was canceled, and Villon was expelled from Paris. Villon later took part in poetry competitions at the court of Duke Charles of Orleans. Since 1464 his fate has been unknown.
Vizbor Yuri Iosifovich(1934–1984) - Russian poet, bard, film actor. Author of words and music of many songs.
Voznesensky Andrey Andreevich(b. 1933) - Russian Soviet poet, an architect by education. I searched and found new, modern poetic forms (collections “Antiworlds”, “Oza”, etc.).
Voynich Ethel Lilian(1864–1960) - English writer and composer. The pinnacle of creativity is the novel "Gadfly".
Voloshin (Kirienko-Voloshin) Maximilian Alexandrovich(1877–1932) - Russian decadent poet, distinguished by the originality of his form and the depth of his philosophical generalization (collections “Iverni”, “Deaf-Mute Demons”, etc.).
Voltaire (Marie Francois Arouet)(1694–1778) - French writer, educator and philosopher (“Candide”, etc.), fighter against religious intolerance and obscurantism.
Galich Alexander (Ginzburg Alexander Arkadievich) (1918–1977) - Russian poet, oppositional to the Soviet regime. His poems and songs were distributed throughout the country in tape recordings and samizdat.
Gamzatov Rasul Gamzatovich(b. 1923) - Avar Soviet poet, whose work is distinguished by high lyricism, folk color and humanism.
Hamsun (Pedersen) Knut(1859–1952) - Norwegian writer and playwright. Psychological novels (“Hunger”, “Pan”, etc., plays).
Garshin Vsevolod Mikhailovich(1855–1888) - Russian writer. His stories (“Four Days”, “Coward”, etc.) express a heightened sense of social injustice.
Hauff Wilhelm(1802–1827) - German writer and storyteller (“Little Muk”, etc.).
Hasek Yaroslav(1883–1923) - Czech satirist writer, author of the novel “The Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk” - one of the best satirical novels in the history of literature.
Heine Heinrich(1797–1856) - an outstanding lyric German poet (“Germany. The Winter's Tale”) and publicist.
Herzen Alexander Ivanovich(1812–1870) - Russian writer and publicist, emigrant, founder of the Free Russian Printing House in London, publisher of the Bell magazine, author of many stories and novels (The Past and Thoughts, etc.).
Hesse Hermann(1877–1962) - German writer, poet, critic, publicist. Nobel Prize Laureate.
Goethe Johann Wolfgang(1749–1832) - great German poet and thinker, founder of German literature of modern times.
Gogol Nikolay Vasilievich(1809–1852) - Russian writer and playwright, author of the plays “The Inspector General”, “Marriage”, the epic “Dead Souls”, etc. The head of the so-called “natural school”, satirist, philosopher. He had a tremendous influence on the development of Russian and Ukrainian literature.
Galsworthy John(1867–1933) - English writer, author of the trilogies “The Forsyte Saga”, “Modern Comedy”, “End of the Chapter”. Nobel laureate.
Homer(VIII–VII centuries BC) - legendary poet of Ancient Greece, author of the epic poems “Iliad” and “Odyssey”.
Goncourt brothers Edmond(1822–1896) and Jules(1830–1870) - classics of French literature. Novels from the life of various strata of French society (“Germinie Lacerte”, “René Mauprin”), memoirs. The story “The Zemgano Brothers”, written by Edmond after his brother’s death, became widely known. Founders of the Prix Goncourt.
Gonchar Oles (Alexander Terentievich)(1918–1995) - Ukrainian Soviet writer. Novels “Cathedral”, “Tronka” and others. Classics of modern Ukrainian literature.
Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich(1812–1891) - Russian writer. The novels “Ordinary History”, “Oblomov”, “Cliff”, the cycle of travel essays “Frigate Pallada with< » и др.
Horace (Quintus Horace Flaccus)(65-8 BC) - ancient Roman poet, author of satires, odes, epistles, which became an example of classicism.
Gorky Maxim (Peshkov Alexey Maximovich)(1868–1936) - Russian writer and playwright, public figure. In his works he reflected a broad picture of Russian life before the revolution.
Hoffmann Ernst Theodor Amadeus(1776–1822) - German writer, storyteller, composer and painter, who possessed subtle irony and whimsical imagination with a touch of mysticism.
Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich(1795–1829) - Russian writer, poet and diplomat, author of the rhyming play “Woe from Wit.”
Grimm, brothers Jacob(1785–1863) and William(1786–1859) - German scientists and writers, storytellers, philologists and folklorists.
Green Alexander (Grinevsky Alexander Stepanovich)(1880–1932) - Russian writer, romantic. He sang the high moral qualities of man. The extravaganza “Scarlet Sails”, the story “Running on the Waves”, etc.
Green Graham(1904–1991) - English writer, poet, playwright, publicist, film scriptwriter, critic. Master of political detective (“Istanbul Express”, “The Quiet American”, “Our Man in Havana”, etc.).
Gulak-Artemovsky Petr Petrovich(1790–1865) - prominent Ukrainian writer and fabulist. In the history of Ukrainian literature, the significance of Gulak-Artemovsky is determined by his position as the next poet after Kotlyarevsky, who, using the latter’s creative methods (burlesque, travesty), tried to introduce a number of new genres into Ukrainian literature (ballads: “Tvardovsky”, “Fisherman”).
Gumilev Nikolay Stepanovich(1886–1921) - Russian poet of the Silver Age, Acmeist, romantic. His poems are marked by sophistication of form, decorativeness, and brightness of poetic language.
Hugo Victor Marie(1802–1885) - French classic writer, author of the well-known novels “Notre Dame Cathedral”, “Toilers of the Sea”, “Les Miserables” and other plays.
Davydov Denis Vasilievich(1784–1839) - Russian poet, hussar, general, partisan hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, author of “hussar lyrics.”
Dal Vladimir Ivanovich(1801–1872) - Russian ethnographer and linguist, compiler of the famous four-volume “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.”
Dante Alighieri(1265–1321) - Italian poet, creator of the Italian literary language. The pinnacle of Dante's work is the poem "The Divine Comedy".
Darrell Gerald Malcolm(1925–1995) - English zoologist, writer and director, author of more than 30 books, which, thanks to his relaxed manner and unsurpassed humor, brought him worldwide fame.
Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich(1743–1816) - Russian poet of the Enlightenment, a representative of classicism, who significantly transformed it (“Felitsa”, “To Rulers and Judges”, etc.).
Defoe Daniel(1660–1731) - English writer, author of Robinson Crusoe. He spoke in defense of religious tolerance and freedom of speech.
Jalil Musa(1906–1944) - Tatar poet. He died in the dungeons of the Gestapo, from where, before his death, he handed over the cycle of poems “The Moabit Notebook.”
Jerome Klapka Jerome(1859–1927) - English humorist writer, author of the still popular story “Three in a Boat, Not Counting a Dog.”
Joyce James(1882–1941) - Irish writer, head of the “stream of consciousness” school. His novel Ulysses is considered by many critics to be the most innovative work of the 20th century.
Dickens Charles(1812–1870) - English writer, one of the greatest English-language prose writers of the 19th century, humanist, classic of world literature. Author of the novels “Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club”, “Dombey and Son”, “Bleak House”, “The Adventures of Oliver Twist”, etc.
Dovlatov Sergey Donatovich(1941–1990) - Russian writer, since 1978 in the USA. In autobiographical sketches, stories, novels, he ironically recreates the absurd Soviet reality and the life of the Russian emigration.
Daudet Alphonse(1840–1897) - French writer, author of the humorous trilogy “The Extraordinary Adventures of Tartarin of Tarasco” and others.
Dos Passos John(1896–1970) - American writer, representative of the "Lost Generation" in the First World War. Experimental in form, the epic trilogy “USA”, etc.
Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich(1821–1881) - an outstanding Russian writer. In the novels “Crime and Punishment”, “The Brothers Karamazov” and others, he passionately sought the causes of human vices, looked for ways to social and personal harmony.
Dreiser Theodor(1871–1945) - American writer (trilogy “Titan”, “Financier”, “Genius”).
Du Fu(712–770) - Chinese poet. His poetry is called “history in verse.”
Dumas Father Alexander(1802–1870) - French writer, whose adventure novels on a historical theme ("The Three Musketeers", "Twenty Years Later", etc.) made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world.
Dürrenmatt Friedrich(1921–1990) - Swiss playwright, philosopher, essayist (novel “The Judge and His Executioner”, plays “Crash”, “Physicists”, etc.).
Euripides(c. 480 BC - 406 BC) - ancient Greek playwright. From his works, 17 tragedies (out of 92) and one satyr drama (“Cyclops”) have survived to this day.
Ershov Petr Pavlovich(1815–1869) - Russian writer, author of the fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse.”
Yesenin Sergey Alexandrovich(1895–1925) - Russian poet, one of the most popular and famous poets of the 20th century.
Efremov Ivan Antonovich(1907–1972) - Russian Soviet science fiction writer, author of the novels “The Andromeda Nebula”, “The Hour of the Ox”, “The Razor’s Edge”, etc.
George Sand (Dupin Amanda Lucille)(1804–1876) - French writer, author of the novels “The Sin of Monsieur Antoine”, “Consuelo”, in which she defended the ideas of personal liberation.
Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich(1783–1852) - Russian poet and translator, friend of A. S. Pushkin, author of many ballads and songs. One of the creators of Russian romanticism.
Zola Emile(1840–1902) - French writer, one of the most significant representatives of realism of the second half of the 19th century. - leader and theorist of the so-called naturalistic movement.
Zoshchenko Mikhail Mikhailovich(1895–1958) - Russian Soviet writer, humorist and satirist. Numerous stories, philosophical essays "Blue Book".
Ilf Ilya (Fainzilberg Ilya Arnoldovich)(1897–1937) - Russian Soviet satirist writer (together with E. Petrov - “The Twelve Chairs”, “The Golden Calf”).
Ionesco Eugene(1909–1994) - French playwright of Romanian origin, one of the founders of the aesthetic movement of absurdism (theater of the absurd).
Irving Washington(1783–1859) - American writer, one of the founders of classical American literature, the first American writer to achieve wide recognition in Europe.
Kaverin Veniamin Alexandrovich(1902–1982) - Russian Soviet writer, author of the novels “Two Captains”, “Open Book”, etc.
Camoes (Camoes) Luis de(1524–1580) - the largest Portuguese poet of the Renaissance, author of the epic poem “The Lusiads” about Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India.
Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich(1766–1826) - Russian sentimentalist writer, historian (“Poor Liza”, “History of the Russian State” in 12 volumes).
Kataev Valentin Petrovich(1897–1986) - Russian Soviet writer, author of the stories “The Lonely Sail Whitens”, “Son of the Regiment”, etc., memoirs about his contemporaries (“My Diamond Crown”).
Kafka Franz(1883–1924) - Austrian writer. Author of the novels “The Trial”, “Castle”, “America”, as well as a number of short stories. His works, combining elements of expressionism and surrealism, had a significant influence on the philosophy and culture of the 20th century.
Kvitka-Osnovyanenko (Kvitka) Grigory Fedorovich(1778–1843) - Ukrainian writer and playwright, representative of the “natural school”. He wrote comedies (“Shelmenko the Batman” and others), novels (“Pan Khalyavsky” and others).
Keezy Ken(1935–2001) - American writer who is considered one of the main writers of the beatnik and hippie generations, having a great influence on the formation of these movements and their culture. Kesey's most famous work is the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.
Kipling Joseph Rudyard(1865–1936) - English poet and writer (ballads, poems, stories about the life of a boy among animals “Mowgli”, etc.), the first Englishman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Kolas Yakub (Mitskevich Konstantin Mikhailovich)(1882–1956) - Belarusian Soviet poet and prose writer, one of the founders of modern Belarusian literature.
Conan Doyle Arthur(1859–1930) - English writer, classic of the detective genre. The most famous are his detective works about Sherlock Holmes, science fiction about Professor Challenger, humorous works about Brigadier Gerard, as well as historical novels.
Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich(1853–1921) - Russian writer (stories “The Blind Musician”, etc.). Democrat and humanist.
Cortazar Julio(1914–1984) - Argentine writer. Among the most famous works of Cortazar are the novels “The Hopscotch Game”, “62. Model for assembly”, “Book of Manuel”, collection of stories “Bestiary”, etc.
Coster Charles de(1827–1879) - an outstanding Belgian writer, author of the novel “The Legend of Ulenspiegel.”
Kotlyarevsky Ivan Petrovich(1769–1838) - an outstanding Ukrainian writer, playwright, the first classic of new Ukrainian literature, the first author to write in Ukrainian. One of the ideologists of the Enlightenment in Ukraine.
Kotsyubinsky Mikhail Mikhailovich(1864–1913) - Ukrainian writer, classic of Ukrainian literature (story “Fata morgana”, etc.).
Coelho Paolo(b. 1947) - Brazilian writer and poet. He published a total of about 150 books - novels, commentary anthologies, collections of short stories, parables and children's fairy tales.
Christy Agatha(1891–1976) - English writer, classic of the detective genre (85 novels, plays, stories).
Krylov Ivan Andreevich(1769–1844) - great Russian fabulist and playwright. Created more than 200 fables.
Kunanbaev Abay(1845–1904) - Kazakh poet, founder of new written Kazakh literature.
Kupala Yanka (Lutsevich Ivan Dominikovich)(1882–1942) - classic of Belarusian literature, poet, playwright, publicist.
Cooper James Fenimore(1789–1851) - famous American novelist, author of many adventure novels ("St. John's Wort", "Pathfinder", "The Last of the Mohicans", etc.).
Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich(1870–1938) - Russian humanist writer, author of many novels and stories (“Duel”, “The Pit”, “Garnet Bracelet”, etc.).
Carroll Lewis (Dodgson Charles Latwidge) (1832–1898)- English writer and mathematician, author of the story “Alice in Wonderland.”
Lagerlöf Selma (1858–1940)- Swedish writer, author of the children's book “The Wonderful Journey of Nils Holgersson” and others, the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Larni Martti Johannes (1909–1993) - Finnish writer, poet, journalist. Author of the novels “Dear Poor and Their Motley Company”, “Impatient Passion”, “Heaven Came to Earth”, “The Fourth Vertebrae, or the Reluctant Fraud”, “The Beautiful Pig Farm, or Memoirs of Economic Adviser Minna Karlsson-Kananen”, “About This Out Loud” do not speak".
Lafontaine Jean de (1621–1695) - French fabulist, playwright, writer, thinker and satirist.
Lem Stanislav(R. 1921) - Polish science fiction writer, whose works have been translated into more than 40 languages, philosopher, futurologist, author of “Star Diaries”, stories “Solaris”, “Return from the Stars”, etc.
Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich (1814–1841) - Russian poet, classic of Russian literature. His poems, poems, the story “Hero of Our Time,” along with the works of A. S. Pushkin, became textbooks (“On the Death of a Poet,” “Borodino,” poems “Mtsyri,” “Demon,” etc.).
Leskov Nikolai Semenovich (1831–1895) - Russian writer, author of many stories and tales from folk life, a great master of language.
Li Bo (711-762) - Chinese poet, one of the most revered poets in the history of Chinese literature. He left behind about 1,100 works.
Lindgren Astrid Anna Emilia (1907-2002) - Swedish writer, author of world-famous works for children “Pippi Longstocking”, “Carlson Who Lives on the Roof”, “Emil from Lenneberga”, etc.
Longfellow Henry Wadsworth (1807–1882) - American poet. Author of "The Song of Hiawatha" and other poems and poems.
London Jack (Griffith John)(1876–1916) - American writer. Stories about the life of the North, the utopian novel “The Iron Heel”, the novel “Martin Eden”, etc.
Lorca Federico Garcia(1898–1936) - an outstanding Spanish poet and playwright, author of many poems characterized by a fiery temperament and a premonition of a tragic end.
Lucian(c. 120–190) - ancient Greek writer. Lucian's work, which has not come down to us in the originals, is extensive and includes philosophical dialogues, satires, biographies and novels of adventure and travel (often openly parodic), related to the prehistory of science fiction.
Lucretius (Car Titus Lucretius)(c. 99–55 BC) - Roman poet and philosopher. In the poetic poem “On the Nature of Things” he systematically outlined the materialist philosophy of antiquity.
Mine Reed (Reed Thomas Mine)(1818–1883) - English writer, author of fascinating adventure novels (“The Headless Horseman”, etc.).
Mandelstam Osip Emilievich(1891–1938) - Russian poet, one of the creators of Acmeism, was distinguished by his vivid and imaginative perception of the world. Repressed, died in the camps (poetry collection “Stone”, cycle of poems “Voronezh Notebooks”, etc.)
Mann Thomas(1875–1955) - great German writer, essayist, master of the epic novel, Nobel Prize laureate in literature. The novel "Buddenbrooks" and others.
Marshak Samuil Yakovlevich(1887–1964) - Russian Soviet poet, translator, classic of literature for children.
Matsuo Basho (Munefusa)(1644–1694) - a great Japanese poet who played a major role in the development of the haikai (haiku) poetic genre.
Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich(1893–1930) - Russian Soviet poet, reformer of the poetic genre, author of numerous poems and poems (“Cloud in pants”, “About this”, “At the top of my voice”, etc.).
Melville Herman(1819–1891) - American writer. As a young man, Melville spent several years among a tribe of cannibals in the Marquesas Islands. The writer's most famous work is the novel "Moby Dick, or the White Whale" - a complex work full of monologues, philosophical digressions, stories about the life of whales (which at times look like pages from a biology textbook) and the intricacies of whaling.
Merimee Prosper(1803–1870) - French writer, master of short stories (including Carmen, which served as the basis for the opera by J. Wiese), as well as historical novels and plays.
Milne Allen Alexander(1882–1956) - English writer, author of poems and fairy tales for children (“Winnie the Pooh and all-all-all”, etc.).
Milton John(1608–1674) - English poet and publicist, author of poems (“Paradise Lost”, “Paradise Regained”, etc.).
Mishima Yukio (Hiraoka Kimitake)(1925–1970) - Japanese writer, playwright, theater and film director, actor. The author of 40 novels, 15 of which were filmed during his lifetime, as well as many plays, short stories, and several volumes of literary essays. On November 25, 1970, together with several comrades, he tried to seize a military base and call on fellow citizens to carry out a coup d'etat. After the failure of this attempt, he committed suicide by committing seppuku.
Mitchell Margaret Munerlyn(1900–1949) - American writer, known as the author of the novel Gone with the Wind (1936).
Mickiewicz Adam(1798–1855) - Polish poet, founder of romanticism, considered a national poet and one of the greatest representatives of Slavic literature.
Moliere (Poquelin Jean Baptiste)(1622–1673) - French playwright and actor. He created a new type of comedy, exposing social vices, the greatest comedian of France and new Europe, creator of classical comedy, actor by profession, theater director. Comedies “Don Juan”, “Tartuffe”, “The Misanthrope”, etc.
Maupassant Guy de(1850–1893) - French writer. He exposed the hypocrisy, spiritual squalor, and hypocrisy of his contemporary society (the novels “Life”, “Mont-Ariol”, “Dear Friend”, etc.).
Nabokov Vladimir(1899–1977) - Russian and American writer. He wrote in Russian, and since the 1940s - in English. Among the most famous examples of creativity are the novels “Mashenka”, “The Defense of Luzhin”, “Invitation to Execution”, “The Gift”. The writer gained fame among the general public after the publication of the scandalous novel “Lolita,” which was later adapted into several film adaptations.
Navoi Nizam-ad-din (Mir Alisher)(1441–1501) - Uzbek writer, poet, scientist. The pinnacle of creativity is the book “Five” (“Khamse”), which contains five poems, including the most famous “Leili and Majnun”.
Nekrasov Nikolay Alekseevich(1821–1878) - Russian poet. Many of his poems became textbooks, and those set to music became folk songs.
Neruda Pablo (Basualto Naftali Ricardo Reyes)(1904–1973) - Chilean poet (“General Song”, etc.), Nobel Prize laureate.
Nizami Ganjavi (Abu Muhammad Ilyas ibn Yusuf) (1141–1209) - Azerbaijani poet and thinker, author of many lyrical poems and poems, including “Seven Beauties” and others.
Ovid (Naso Publius Ovid) (43 BC e. - OK. 18 n. BC) - Roman poet, author of the mythological epic “Metamorphoses”, poems and poems about love.
Okudzhava Bulat Shalvovich(1924–1997) - Russian poet, bard, writer. His poems and historical stories are distinguished by deep lyricism and humanity.
Orwell George (Eric Arthur Blair)(1903–1950) - English writer and publicist, master of social dystopia exposing the totalitarian system (“Animal Farm”, “1984”).
Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich(1823–1886) - Russian playwright, recognized as the founder of the Russian movement in the history of world drama.
Pavic Milorad(b. 1929) - Serbian writer, poet, translator and literary historian. The novel “The Khazar Dictionary” brought Pavich worldwide fame.
Palahniuk (Palagniuk) Chuck(b. 1962) - contemporary American writer and journalist. He is best known as the author of the book “Fight Club,” which was adapted into a film of the same name in 1999.
Pasternak Boris Leonidovich(1890–1960) - Russian poet, prose writer, translator (“My Sister is Life”, “Doctor Zhivago”, etc.), who created works distinguished by the depth of thinking and the beauty of poetic language.
Paustovsky Konstantin Georgievich(1892–1968) - Russian Soviet writer, romanticist, master of lyrical prose (“Golden Rose”, etc.).
Perrault Charles(1628–1703) - French writer and storyteller (“Puss in Boots”, “Cinderella”, etc.).
Petofi Sandor(1823–1849) - Hungarian poet, revolutionary, national hero, author of poems (“Vityaz Janos”, etc.).
Petrarch Francesco(1304–1374) - Italian poet, head of the older generation of humanists, one of the greatest figures of the Italian Renaissance.
Petrov Evgeniy (Evgeniy Petrovich Kataev)(1903–1942) - Russian Soviet writer, author (together with I. Ilf) of the novels “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf”, many satirical stories and feuilletons.
Platonov Andrey Platonovich(1899–1951) - an outstanding Russian Soviet writer, whose works (“Chevengur”, “The Pit”, “The Juvenile Sea”, etc.) did not fit into the official literature.
By Edgar Allan(1809–1849) - one of the greatest writers of American literature, a poet who is considered a harbinger of symbolism.
Prus Boleslav (Alexander Glowacki)(1847–1912) - Polish writer. Stories about children (“Orphan’s Share”), stories “Return Wave”, “Outpost”, novels “Doll”, “Pharaoh”.
Proust Marcel(1871–1922) - French writer who sought to show the inner life of a person as a “stream of consciousness” (the cycle “In Search of Lost Time,” volumes I–XVI).
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich(1799–1837) - great Russian poet and writer. He created numerous works of different genres and great significance. Poems, poems, a novel in verse (“Eugene Onegin”), the cycle “Belkin’s Tales”, “Little Tragedies”, the tragedy “Boris Godunov”, historical works, etc.
Rabelais Francois(1494–1553) - French writer, humanist and satirist. The novel “Gargantua and Pantagruel” is a kind of encyclopedia of the culture of the French Renaissance.
Remarque Erich Maria(1898–1970) - one of the most famous and widely read German writers of the 20th century. The writer's most famous works are the novels All Quiet on the Western Front, Three Comrades, Arc de Triomphe, and Night in Lisbon.
Rimbaud Arthur (1854–1891) was a French symbolist poet who had a significant influence on later poetry.
Rodari Gianni(1920–1980) - Italian children's writer.
Rolland Romain(1866–1944) - an outstanding French writer and playwright, author of the story “Cola Brugnon”, the novel “Jean Christophe”, etc.
Rostand Edmond(1868–1918) - French poet and playwright. After the resounding triumph of the poetic play Cyrano de Bergerac, Rostand was recognized as one of the most famous European playwrights.
Rowling Joan(b. 1965) - English writer, author of the Harry Potter series of novels.
Rudaki Abu Abdallah Jafar(860–941) - Tajik and Persian poet, the founder of poetry in the Farsi language.
Rousseau Jean Jacques (1712–1778)- French philosopher, thinker, sentimentalist writer (novels “Julia, or New Heloise”, “Confession”, etc.).
Rustaveli Shota(XII century) - classic of Georgian literature, author of the poem “The Knight in the Tiger’s Skin.”
Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich(1795–1826) - Russian poet, romantic, Decembrist, creator of the almanac “Polar Star”.
Rylsky Maxim Faddeevich(1895–1964) - prominent Ukrainian lyricist (“Roses and Grapes”, etc.), translator, public figure.
Saadi Muslihiddin(c. 1203-c. 1291) - Persian lyric poet, thinker (poem “Bustan”, etc.).
Sagan Francoise (Couare Francoise)(1935–2004) - French writer and playwright. Sagan became famous for her novel Hello, Sadness, which was published when she was 19 years old.
Saltykov-Shchedrin (Saltykov Mikhail Evgrafovich)(1826–1889) - Russian satirist writer, master of the grotesque (“Gentlemen Golovlevs”, etc.).
Sappho (Sappho) (VII–VI centuries BC BC) - ancient Greek poetess, representative of melic (musical and song) lyrics, a native of the lesbian (on the island of Lesbos) city of Eres.
Swift Jonathan(1667–1745) - English satirist, author of the satirical novel Gulliver's Travels.
Severyanin Igor (Igor Vasilievich Lotarev)(1887–1941) - Russian poet (“Pineapples in Champagne”, etc.). His poems were distinguished by their sophistication of form and musicality.
Senkevich Henryk(1846–1916) - Polish writer (historical novels “With Fire and Sword”, “Without Dogma”, etc.).
Saint-Exupéry Antoine de(1900–1944) - French writer, pilot, died during World War II (“Land of Men”, “The Little Prince”, etc.).
Cervantes Saavedra Miguel de(1547–1616) - great Spanish writer (“The Cunning Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha”, etc.).
Simenon Georges(1903–1989) - French writer, classic of the detective genre.
Simonov Konstantin (Kirill) Mikhailovich(1915–1979) - Russian Soviet writer and poet (collections of poems “With You and Without You”, “Friends and Enemies”, trilogy “The Living and the Dead”, etc.).
Skovoroda Grigory Savvich(1722–1794) - an outstanding Ukrainian philosopher, poet and teacher, author of poems, fables in prose (“Kharkov Fables”, etc.).
Scott Walter(1771–1832) - English writer who is considered the founder of the historical novel genre, the author of many historical novels (Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Waverley, etc.) and romantic poems.
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich(b. 1918) - Russian writer and public figure, author of the novels “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Cancer Ward” and others. A Nobel laureate, he became widely known not only for his works, but also for his personal struggle against communist ideology and the Soviet regime.
Sophocles(c. 496–406 BC) - Athenian playwright, considered along with Aeschylus and Euripides one of the three greatest tragic poets of ancient Greece. The tragedies “Ajax”, “Antigone”, “Oedipus the King”, “Philoctetes”, “The Trachinian Women”, “Electra”, “Oedipus at Colonus” have survived to this day.
Steinbeck John Ernst(1902–1968) - classic of American literature (novels “The Winter of Our Trouble”, etc.). Nobel laureate.
Stendhal (Bayle Henri Marie)(1783–1842) - French writer, author of numerous novels, including “Red and Black”, “The Parma Monastery”, etc.
Stevenson Robert Lewis(1850–1894) - English writer, author of adventure (“Treasure Island”, etc.), historical (“Black Arrow”, etc.), psychological (“The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”) novels.
Strugatsky (Strugatsky brothers), Arkady Natanovich(1925–1991) and Boris Natanovich(1933) - Russian writers, screenwriters, classics of modern science and social fiction (novels “Predatory Things of the Century”, “Doomed City”, stories “Monday Begins on Saturday”, “A Billion Years Before the End of the World”, etc.).
Salinger Jerome David(b. 1919) - American writer. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye brought him enormous success. After 1965, Jerome Salinger did not publish any more works, turning into one of the most mysterious “hermits” and “silent people” in world literature.
Tagore Rabindranath(1861–1941) - Indian writer, poet, composer, artist, public figure (“The Mountain”, “Home and the World”, etc.). Nobel laureate.
Tvardovsky Alexander Trifonovich(1910–1971) - Russian Soviet poet, author of the poems “The Country of Ant”, “Vasily Terkin” and others.
Twain Mark (Samuel Clemens) (1835–1910) - prominent American writer, satirist, journalist and lecturer. At his peak, he was probably the most popular figure in the United States.
Thackeray William Makepeace(1811–1863) - English novelist (“Vanity Fair”, etc.).
Tolkien John Ronald Ruel(1892–1973) - English writer, linguist, philologist. Tolkien became famous worldwide for his novel The Hobbit, or There and Back Again and the Lord of the Rings trilogy.
Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich(1817–1875) - Russian poet, writer, satirist, one of the authors of K. Prutkov (poems, poems, novel “Prince Silver”, etc.).
Tolstoy Alexey Nikolaevich(1883–1945) - Russian Soviet writer (novels “Peter I”, trilogy “Walking in Torment”, story “Bread”, etc.).
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich(1828–1910) - Russian writer, publicist and religious thinker, ideologist of the Tolstoyan movement (short stories, novellas, epic novel “War and Peace”, novels “Anna Karenina”, “Resurrection”, etc.). Tolstoy had a huge influence on the evolution of European humanism and on the development of realistic traditions in world literature.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich(1818–1883) - Russian writer (“Notes of a Hunter”, “Fathers and Sons”, etc.). He brought out images of the new heroes of his era - commoners.
Tynyanov Yuri Nikolaevich(1894–1943) - Russian Soviet writer, literary critic, master of the historical novel (“Kyukhlya”, “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar”, etc.).
Tychina Pavlo (Pavel Grigorievich)(1891–1967) - Ukrainian Soviet poet and statesman, innovator of poetic form.
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich(1803–1873) - Russian poet, master of verse, soulful lyricist and thinker.
Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Flaherty Wheels(1854–1900) - English writer close to the Symbolists. He is best known for his numerous plays, catchphrases and aphorisms, as well as for his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891).
Williams Tennessee(1911–1983) - American playwright and novelist. Williams became famous for his play A Streetcar Named Desire. The playwright's plays have been filmed several times.
Whitman Walt(1819–1892) - American poet and philosopher (collection “Leaves of Grass”, etc.), reformer of American poetry.
Ukrainian Lesya (Kosach-Kvitka Larisa Petrovna)(1871–1913) - Ukrainian poetess (lyric poems, extravaganza “Forest Song”, etc.).
Wells Herbert George(1866–1946) - English writer, classic of science fiction literature (“The Invisible Man”, “War of the Worlds”, etc.).
Fowles John(1926–2005) - English writer and poet, one of the most significant English writers of the second half of the 20th century. Among the most famous works of John Fowles are the novels “The Collector”, “The French Lieutenant’s Girlfriend”, “The Worm”, etc.
Feuchtwanger Lyon(1884–1958) - German novelist and publicist (historical novels, including “False Nero”, “Success”, etc.).
Fet (Shenshin) Afanasy Afanasyevich(1820–1892) - Russian poet, adherent of “pure art”, subtle lyricist.
Ferdowsi Abulqasim(934-c. 1020) - Persian poet, author of the poem “Shahnameh”, which had a great influence on the literature of the East; the poem “Yusuf and Zuleikha” is also attributed to him.
Flaubert Gustave(1821–1880) - French writer (novel “Madame Bovary”, etc.), successor to the traditions of O. Balzac.
Franko Ivan Yakovlevich(1856–1916) - an outstanding Ukrainian writer, poet, fiction writer, scientist, publicist and leader of the revolutionary movement in western Ukraine, a classic of Ukrainian literature (“Eternal Revolutionary”, “Zakhar Berkut”, etc.).
France Anatole (Thibault Anatole Francois)(1844–1924) - French writer (“Penguin Island”, etc.), publicist, satirist. Nobel laureate.
Khayyam Omar(1048-c. 1123) - great Persian poet and mathematician. Known for his quatrains - rubai full of humor and wisdom.
Heller Joseph(1923–1999) - American novelist. The author of the grotesque satirical novel “Amendment-22” (Catch-22, in some translations - “Catch-22”), which has become a classic of the “black comedy” genre.
Hemingway Ernest Miller(1899–1961) - American writer. Hemingway received wide recognition thanks to his novels and numerous stories, on the one hand, and his life full of adventures and surprises, on the other. His style, concise and intense, had a huge influence on world literature of the 20th century. (“Fiesta”, “A Farewell to Arms!”, “For Whom the Bell Tolls”, etc.).
Khlebnikov Velemir (Viktor Vladimirovich)(1885–1922) - Russian poet, innovator of words. He strove to create a “new mythology” and the language of the future free humanity.
Zweig Stefan(1881–1942) - Austrian writer, master of psychological short stories (“Amok”, “Confusion of Feelings”, etc.), novelized biographies of famous historical figures.
Tsvetaeva Marina Ivanovna(1892–1941) - Russian poetess, prose writer, translator, one of the most read and original Russian poetesses of the 20th century.
Cicero Marcus Tullius(106-43 BC) - ancient Roman orator and writer.
Capek Karel(1890–1938) - one of the most famous Czech writers of the 20th century, prose writer and playwright (“War with the Newts,” “White Disease,” etc.).
Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich(1828–1889) - Russian writer, philosopher and critic (novels “What is to be done?”, “Prologue”, etc., stories).
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich(1860–1904) - an outstanding Russian writer and playwright (“The Lady with the Dog”, “Three Sisters”, etc.). Chekhov's work had a huge influence on Russian and world literature.
Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich(1882–1969) - Russian poet, writer, translator, literary critic (monumental work “The Mastery of Nekrasov”, “High Art”, very popular children's fairy tales and poems - “Moidodyr”, “The Adventures of Aibolit”, etc.).
Shevchenko Taras Grigorievich(1814–1861) - great Ukrainian poet and writer, classic of Ukrainian literature, artist (book of poetic works “Kobzar”, poems “Katerina”, “Blind”, “Haydamaky”, etc.).
Shakespeare William(1564–1616) - great English playwright and poet (tragedies “King Lear”, “Macbeth”, “Hamlet”, “Othello”, etc., comedies “The Taming of the Shrew”, “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, etc., sonnets and etc.). Deep philosophical thought and a wealth of poetic and dramatic means made Shakespeare's work one of the pinnacles of world art.
Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft(1797–1851) - English writer, author of Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, wife of the romantic poet Percy Shelley.
Shelley Percy Bysshe(1792–1822) - one of the greatest English poets of the 19th century. (“Queen Mab”, “Prometheus Unbound”, etc.).
Schiller Johann Friedrich(1759–1805) - German poet and playwright (“Cunning and Love”, “The Maid of Orleans”, “William Tell”, etc.).
Sholom Aleichem (Rabinovich Sholom Nokhumovich)(1859–1916) - an outstanding Jewish writer and playwright (drama “Tevye the Milkman”, novel “Wandering Stars”, etc.).
Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich(1905–1984) - classic of Russian Soviet literature. Novels “Quiet Don”, “Virgin Soil Upturned”, etc. Nobel laureate.
Aesop (VI V. BC BC) is an ancient Greek fabulist, a legendary folk sage, to whom the plots of almost all fables known in antiquity were attributed.
Eco Umberto(b. 1932) - Italian prose writer, scientist, cultural critic, essayist. Novels “The Name of the Rose”, “Foucault’s Pendulum”, etc.
Aeschylus(525–456 BC), ancient Greek playwright. In antiquity, about 80 dramatic works of Aeschylus were known, of which only seven have survived: “The Persians”, “Seven Against Thebes”, the “Oresteia” trilogy (“Agamemnon”, “Choephori”, “Eumenides”); tragedies “The Petitioners, or the Prayers” and “Prometheus Bound”.
From the book In the beginning there was a word. Aphorisms author Dushenko Konstantin VasilievichPoets A poet is a light, winged and sacred creature. Plato (c. 427-c. 347 BC), ancient Greek philosopher. Whoever Jupiter wants to punish, he makes a poet. Heinrich Heine (1797–1856), German poet Anyone who cannot compose two lines is a dullard; and who composed as many as four -
From the book Famous Killers, Famous Victims author Mazurin OlegRussian poets about each other He is original with us - because he thinks. Alexander Pushkin about Evgeny Baratynsky Khlebnikov is not a poet for consumers. Khlebnikov - poet for the manufacturer Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893–1930), poet Great entertainer of the Russian land. Ilya Selvinsky about
From the book Crossword Guide author Kolosova SvetlanaProse writers and poets... So that a prose writer becomes a poet, and a poet becomes a demigod. Boris Pasternak (1890–1960), poet The speaker should not blindly imitate poets. Poetry can only be admired from afar. Quintilian (c. 35-c. 96), Roman teacher of eloquence Prose writer gets tired of writing
From the book Berlin. Guide by Bergmann JurgenCritics and Poets The job of critics is to follow the poet, but to follow the critics is not the job of the poet. William Gaslitt (1778–1830), English essayist Every good poet is also a critic; but not vice versa. William Shenstone (1714–1763), English poet It is hardly necessary to be
From the book The Complete Encyclopedia of Modern Educational Games for Children. From birth to 12 years author Voznyuk Natalia GrigorievnaOleg Mazurin FAMOUS KILLERS, FAMOUS VICTIMS Two killers are milling around the entrance, waiting for a client. One of them is visibly worried. Another, watching how nervous his partner is, asks him with a grin: “What are you, bro, are you worried?” - Yes, the client took a long time
From the book Catastrophes of Consciousness [Religious, ritual, everyday suicides, methods of suicide] author Revyako Tatyana IvanovnaPoets and writers of ancient Greece and Rome 4 Aesop - ancient Greek fabulist of the 6th century BC. e.5 Aeschylus - ancient Greek poet-playwright of the 5th century BC. e.6 Leonidas, Tarentum - ancient Greek poet of the late IV - early III centuries BC. e. Lucian - ancient Greek poet of the 2nd century BC. e. Sophocles
From the author's bookPoets of the 13th–16th centuries 4 Baif, Jean Antoine - French poet of the 16th century. Vega, Garcilaso de la - Spanish poet of the 16th century. Donne, John - English poet of the late 16th - early 17th centuries. Labe, Louise - French poetess of the 16th century. Leon , Luis de - Spanish poet of the 16th century. Lobo, Francisco Rodriguez -
From the author's bookWriters and poets of the 17th century 3 Vio, Théophile de - French poet.4 Vega, Carpio Lope de - Spanish playwright. Melo, Francisco Manuel de - Portuguese poet. Opitz, Martin - German poet.5 Barro, Jacques Vallee de - French poet. Boileau, Nicola - French poet. Bacon, Francis -
From the author's bookWriters and poets of the 18th century 4 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang - German writer. Defoe, Daniel - English writer. 5 Burns, Robert - Scottish poet. Diderot, Denis - French writer, philosopher. Laclau, Pierre de - French writer. Lesage, Alain Rene - French writer. Rousseau,
From the author's bookWriters and poets of the 19th century 2 Poe, Edgar - American writer.4 Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich - Russian poet. Verne, Jules - French writer. Hugo, Victor - French writer. Dumas, Alexander - French writer. Zola, Emile - French writer. Prus, Boleslav -
From the author's bookWriters and poets of the 20th century 3 Gide, Andre - French writer. Shaw, George Bernard - English writer. 4 Blaise, Cendrars - French writer. Green, Alexander Stepanovich - Russian writer. Green, Graham - English writer. Doyle, Arthur Conan - English writer. Ilf, Ilya
From the author's bookFamous hunters 3 Min - Russian hunter, writer.5 Lvov, L.A. - Russian hunter, author of books about hunting. Palen - Russian hunter, count. Urvan - Russian hunter.6 Paskin - Russian hunter.7 Lukashin - hunter from the Pskov province. Nazimov, A.V. – Tver hunter.8 Karpushka
From the author's bookFamous hippologists 4 Witt, V.O.5 Griso, F. Orlov-Chesmensky, A.G.6 James, F. Shishkin7 Kabanov Kuleshov8 Guerinier, F.R. Caprilli,
From the author's bookFAMOUS DESIGNERS Friedrichstadt Passages, block 206, Friedrichstr. 71, metro station Franzosische Straße on line U6 or Stadtmitte on line U2. Cerruti, Gucci, Moschino, Yves Saint Laurent, Strenesse, Rive Gauche, Louis Vuitton, Etro, La Perla are represented here. Many designers have their own boutiques on Kurfürstendamm, for example, Burberry, Chanel, Jil Sander,
From the author's book“Poets” The players take a large sheet of paper and write a poem on it. The idea is that everyone comes up with 2 lines that rhyme with each other and wraps the sheet so that the next player does not know what the previous one wrote about. Then the sheet is unfolded and read
From the author's bookPoets and Writers Suicide is popular among the creative elite around the world. So, in the 20th century. Russian poets V. Mayakovsky, S. Yesenin, M. Tsvetaeva, German poet and playwright Ernst Toller, writer S. Zweig (Austria), E. Hemingway (USA), Yu.
Mommy, I'm going to die soon...
- Why such thoughts... after all, you are young, strong...
- But Lermontov died at 26, Pushkin - at 37, Yesenin - at 30...
- But you’re not Pushkin or Yesenin!
- No, but still..
Vladimir Semenovich’s mother recalled that she had such a conversation with her son. For Vysotsky, early death was something of a test of the “realness” of the poet. However, I cannot be sure of this. I'll tell you about myself. Since childhood, I “knew for sure” that I would become a poet (of course, a great one) and die early. I won’t live to see thirty, or at least forty. Can a poet live longer?
In biographies of writers, I always paid attention to the years of life. I calculated at what age the person died. I tried to understand why this happened. I think a lot of people who write do this. I don’t hope to understand the causes of early deaths, but I will try to collect materials, collect existing theories and dream up - I’m hardly a scientist - my own.
First of all, I collected information about how Russian writers died. I entered the age at the time of death and the cause of death into the table. I tried not to analyze it, just enter the data into the necessary columns. I looked at the result - it was interesting. Prose writers of the 20th century, for example, often died from cancer (the leader was lung cancer). But in the world in general - according to WHO - among oncological diseases, lung cancer is the most common and the cause of death. So is there a connection?
I can’t decide whether it’s necessary to look for “writing” diseases, but I feel that there is some sense in this search.
Russian prose writers of the 19th century
| Name | Years of life | Age at death | Cause of death |
Herzen Alexander Ivanovich |
March 25 (April 6), 1812 - January 9 (21), 1870 |
57 years old |
pneumonia |
Gogol Nikolay Vasilievich |
March 20 (April 1) 1809 - February 21(March 4) 1852 |
42 years |
acute cardiovascular failure (conditionally, because there is no consensus) |
Leskov Nikolay Semenovich |
4 (February 16) 1831 - February 21(March 5) 1895 |
64 years old |
asthma |
Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich |
6 (18) June 1812 - 15 (27) September 1891 |
79 years old |
pneumonia |
Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich |
October 30 (November 11) 1821 - January 28 (February 9) 1881 |
59 years old |
pulmonary artery rupture (progressive lung disease, throat bleeding) |
Pisemsky Alexey Feofilaktovich |
March 11 (23), 1821 - January 21 (February 2), 1881 |
59 years old |
|
Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Evgrafovich |
January 15 (27), 1826 - April 28 (May 10), 1889 |
63 years old |
cold |
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich |
August 28 (September 9), 1828 - November 7 (20), 1910 |
82 years old |
pneumonia |
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich |
October 28 (November 9) 1818 - August 22 (September 3) 1883 |
64 years old |
malignant tumor of the spine |
Odoevsky Vladimir Fedorovich |
1 (13) August 1804 - 27 February (11 March) 1869 |
64 years old |
|
Mamin-Sibiryak Dmitry Narkisovich |
October 25 (November 6), 1852 - November 2 (15), 1912 |
60 years |
pleurisy |
Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich |
July 12 (24), 1828 - October 17 (29), 1889 |
61 years old |
cerebral hemorrhage |
The average life expectancy of Russian people in the 19th century was about 34 years. But these data do not provide an idea of how long the average adult lived to live, since the statistics are heavily influenced by high infant mortality.
Russian poets of the 19th century
| Name | Years of life | Age at death | Cause of death |
Baratynsky Evgeniy Abramovich |
February 19 (March 2) or March 7 (March 19) 1800 - June 29 (July 11) 1844 |
44 years old |
fever |
Kuchelbecker Wilhelm Karlovich |
10 (21) June 1797 - 11 (23) August 1846 |
49 years old |
consumption |
Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich |
October 3 (October 15) 1814 - July 15 (July 27) 1841 |
26 years |
duel (shot in the chest) |
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich |
May 26 (June 6) 1799 - January 29 (February 10) 1837 |
37 years |
duel (stomach wound) |
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich |
November 23 (December 5), 1803 - July 15 (27), 1873 |
69 years old |
stroke |
Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich |
August 24 (September 5) 1817 - September 28 (October 10) 1875 |
58 years old |
overdose (injected a mistakenly large dose of morphine) |
Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich |
November 23 (December 5) 1820 - November 21 (December 3) 1892 |
71 years old |
heart attack (there is a version of suicide) |
Shevchenko Taras Grigorievich |
February 25 (March 9) 1814 - February 26 (March 10) 1861 |
47 years old |
dropsy (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity) |
In 19th-century Russia, poets died differently from prose writers. The latter often died from pneumonia, but among the former, no one died from this disease. Yes, poets have left before. Of the prose writers, only Gogol died at 42, the rest much later. And of the lyricists, it is rare who lived to be 50 (the longest-liver is Fet).
Russian prose writers of the 20th century
| Name | Years of life | Age at death | Cause of death |
Abramov Fedor Alexandrovich |
February 29, 1920 – May 14, 1983 |
63 years old |
heart failure (died in the recovery room) |
Averchenko Arkady Timofeevich |
March 18 (30), 1881 - March 12, 1925 |
43 years |
weakening of the heart muscle, enlargement of the aorta and renal sclerosis |
Aitmatov Chingiz Torekulovich |
December 12, 1928 - June 10, 2008 |
79 years old |
renal failure |
Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich |
9 (21) August 1871 - 12 September 1919 |
48 years old |
heart disease |
Babel Isaac Emmanuilovich |
June 30 (July 12) 1894 - January 27, 1940 |
45 years |
execution |
Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich |
May 3 (May 15) 1891 – March 10, 1940 |
48 years old |
nephrosclerosis hypertensive |
Bunin Ivan |
October 10 (22), 1870 - November 8, 1953 |
83 years old |
died in his sleep |
Kir Bulychev |
October 18, 1934 - September 5, 2003 |
68 years old |
oncology |
Bykov Vasil Vladimirovich |
June 19, 1924 - June 22, 2003 |
79 years old |
oncology |
Vorobyov Konstantin Dmitrievich |
September 24, 1919 - March 2, 1975) |
55 years |
oncology (brain tumor) |
Gazdanov Gaito |
November 23 (December 6) 1903 - December 5, 1971 |
67 years old |
oncology (lung cancer) |
Gaidar Arkady Petrovich |
January 9 (22), 1904 - October 26, 1941 |
37 years |
shot (killed during the war by machine gun fire) |
Maksim Gorky |
March 16 (28), 1868 - June 18, 1936 |
68 years old |
cold (there is a version of murder - poisoning) |
Zhitkov Boris Stepanovich |
August 30 (September 11) 1882 – October 19, 1938 |
56 years old |
oncology (lung cancer) |
Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich |
August 26 (September 7) 1870 – August 25, 1938 |
67 years old |
oncology (tongue cancer) |
Nabokov Vladimir Vladimirovich |
April 10 (22), 1899 - July 2, 1977 |
78 years old |
bronchial infection |
Nekrasov Viktor Platonovich |
4 (17) June 1911 - 3 September 1987 |
76 years old |
oncology (lung cancer) |
Pilnyak Boris Andreevich |
September 29 (October 11) 1894 – April 21, 1938 |
43 years |
execution |
Andrey Platonov |
September 1, 1899 – January 5, 1951 |
51 years old |
tuberculosis |
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich |
December 11, 1918 - August 3, 2008 |
89 years old |
acute heart failure |
Strugatsky Boris Natanovich |
April 15, 1933 - November 19, 2012 |
79 years old |
oncology (lymphoma) |
Strugatsky Arkady Natanovich |
August 28, 1925 – October 12, 1991 |
66 years old |
oncology (liver cancer) |
Tendryakov Vladimir Fedorovich |
December 5, 1923 - August 3, 1984 |
60 years |
stroke |
Fadeev Alexander Alexandrovich |
December 11 (24), 1901 - May 13, 1956 |
54 years old |
suicide (shot) |
Kharms Daniil Ivanovich |
December 30, 1905 – February 2, 1942 |
36 years |
exhaustion (during the siege of Leningrad; escaped execution) |
Shalamov Varlam Tikhonovich |
June 5 (June 18) 1907 - January 17, 1982 |
74 years old |
pneumonia |
Shmelev Ivan Sergeevich |
September 21 (October 3) 1873 – June 24, 1950 |
76 years old |
heart attack |
Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich |
May 11 (24), 1905 - February 21, 1984 |
78 years old |
oncology (larynx cancer) |
Shukshin Vasily Makarovich |
July 25, 1929 – October 2, 1974 |
45 years |
heart failure |
There are theories according to which diseases can be caused by psychological reasons (some esotericists believe that any disease is caused by spiritual or mental problems). This topic has not yet been sufficiently developed by science, but there are many books in stores like “All diseases come from nerves.” For lack of anything better, let's resort to popular psychology.
Russian poets of the 20th century
| Name | Years of life | Age at death | Cause of death |
Annensky Innokenty Fedorovich |
August 20 (September 1) 1855 - November 30 (December 13) 1909 |
54 years old |
heart attack |
Akhmatova Anna Andreevna |
June 11 (23), 1889 - March 5, 1966 |
76 years old |
[Anna Akhmatova was in the hospital for several months after a heart attack. After being discharged, she went to a sanatorium, where she died.] |
Andrey Bely |
October 14 (26), 1880 - January 8, 1934 |
53 years old |
stroke (after sunstroke) |
Bagritsky Eduard Georgievich |
October 22 (November 3) 1895 – February 16, 1934 |
38 years |
bronchial asthma |
Balmont Konstantin Dmitrievich |
June 3 (15), 1867 - December 23, 1942 |
75 years old |
pneumonia |
Brodsky Joseph Alexandrovich |
May 24, 1940 - January 28, 1996 |
55 years |
heart attack |
Bryusov Valery Yakovlevich |
December 1 (13), 1873 - October 9, 1924 |
50 years |
pneumonia |
Voznesensky Andrey Andreevich |
May 12, 1933 - June 1, 2010 |
77 years old |
stroke |
Yesenin Sergey Alexandrovich |
September 21 (October 3) 1895 – December 28, 1925 |
30 years |
suicide (hanging), there is a version of murder |
Ivanov Georgy Vladimirovich |
October 29 (November 10) 1894 – August 26, 1958 |
63 years old |
|
Gippius Zinaida Nikolaevna |
November 8 (20), 1869 - September 9, 1945 |
75 years old |
|
Blok Alexander Alexandrovich |
November 16 (28), 1880 - August 7, 1921 |
40 years |
inflammation of the heart valves |
Gumilev Nikolay Stepanovich |
April 3 (15), 1886 - August 26, 1921 |
35 years |
execution |
Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich |
July 7 (19), 1893 - April 14, 1930 |
36 years |
suicide (shot) |
Mandelstam Osip Emilievich |
January 3 (15), 1891 - December 27, 1938 |
47 years old |
typhus |
Merezhkovsky Dmitry Sergeevich |
August 2, 1865 (or August 14, 1866) - December 9, 1941 |
75 (76) years |
cerebral hemorrhage |
Pasternak Boris Leonidovich |
January 29 (February 10) 1890 – May 30, 1960 |
70 years old |
oncology (lung cancer) |
Slutsky Boris Abramovich |
May 7, 1919 – February 23, 1986 |
66 years old |
|
Tarkovsky Arseny Alexandrovich |
June 12 (25), 1907 - May 27, 1989 |
81 years old |
oncology |
Tsvetaeva Marina Ivanovna |
September 26 (October 8) 1892 - August 31, 1941 |
48 years old |
suicide (hanging) |
Khlebnikov Velimir |
October 28 (November 9) 1885 – June 28, 1922 |
36 years |
gangrene |
Cancer associated with a feeling of resentment, a deep mental wound, a feeling of the futility of one’s actions, one’s own uselessness. Lungs symbolize freedom, willingness and ability to accept and give. The twentieth century in Russia, many writers were “suffocating”, were forced to remain silent or not say everything they considered necessary. The cause of cancer is also called disappointment in life.
Heart diseases are caused by overwork, prolonged stress, and the belief in the need for tension.
A cold People who have too many events going on in their lives at the same time get sick. Pneumonia (pneumonia) - desperate.
Throat diseases - creative impotence, crisis. Also, the inability to stand up for oneself.