Presentation on the history of Russia on the topic "Russian culture at the end of the 15th - 16th centuries." (6th grade). Presentation on history on the topic "Russian culture of the 16th century." Download presentation 16th century culture
Culture of Rus' of the 16th century
Development of Russian culture
The culture of this time is closely connected with historical events in the country. The 16th century for Rus' became the time of formation and centralization of power in the Moscow principality. Basically, this is where architecture begins to rapidly develop.
Architecture
The architecture of Rus' is based on the tent style. There is no exact information about the origin of the tents. They replaced cross-domed buildings and churches.
The largest buildings in the hipped style, built in the 16th century:
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. It is characterized by amazing architectural decoration and patterns.
St. Basil's Cathedral. It was built by the architect Barmoy.
Other famous buildings in Rus' of this time:
The Kremlin in Moscow. Of course, the Kremlin was built before the 16th century, but at that time it began to be rebuilt. The architects of the Kremlin were foreigners, so the style is a mixture of Western European and Russian styles.
The new Assumption Cathedral, built by the Italian Fioravanti. The architect took the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral as a basis.
Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. This building combines traditional forms and Venetian style.
Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This cathedral is a truly Russian building, with traditional features and features.
Painting.
As such, painting in the modern sense of the word did not exist. At that time, painting meant icon painting. The 16th century was marked by the spread of heresy and the persecution of icon painters. Because of this, artists began to depict the faces of saints on icons with shading.
In addition to icon painting, artists could paint images of temples, cathedrals and churches on their canvases. The most famous paintings of this time:
"Nativity Cathedral of the Ferapontov Monastery."
"Cathedral of the Virgin Mary"
"Protection of the Virgin Mary".
Literature
All the literature that existed at that time, for the most part, was written by hand. However, it was at this time that literature was transformed. In the 16th century new genres appeared:
Stories ("The Tale of Dracula")
Fiction (Alexandria about Alexander the Great)
Stories.
Also, in the 16th century. Printing began in Rus'.
Typography.
XVI century Characterized by the emergence of printing in Rus'. The first book to be printed is Apostle. It was printed by clerk Ivan Fedorovich. Basically, all printed books were of a liturgical nature. There was no talk of fiction in the 16th century.
Famous works published in the 16th century:
"Apostle"
"A Primer with Grammar"
Petitions to Ivan the Terrible from Ivan Peresvetov.
Domostroy, etc.
In the 16th century, a new singing technology was created - three-line singing. Development in the musical and singing direction occurred thanks to the creation of a singing choir of clerks in the Moscow Principality.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Slide description:
RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE 16TH CENTURY Development by history teacher Bukharina I.V. MAOU "Secondary school No. 18 with in-depth study of the English language" of the Vakhitovsky district of Kazan
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CONTENTS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY; NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE; SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE; 4. CONTROVERSY OF IVAN THE GROZNY AND ANDREY KURBSKY; "DOMOSTROY"; “GREAT CHILDREN-MINEI”; CONCEPT “MOSCOW – THE THIRD ROME”; CHURCH DISPUTES. THE NON-COVENANTS AND THE JOSITHILANES; CHURCH DISPUTES. HERESIES; TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE; ARCHITECTURE; ICONOPTION; CONCLUSIONS.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY: Formation of a unified Russian state, Liberation of the country from Tatar-Mongol domination, Completion of the formation of the Russian nationality. THEY NOT JUST HAVE AN IMPACT, BUT ALSO DETERMINED THE CONTENT AND DIRECTION OF THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PROCESS.
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NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE. BOOK PRINTING IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PHENOMENON OF THE CULTURE OF RUSSIA IN THE 16TH CENTURY “APOSTLE” 1564 IN 1564 THE “APOSTLE” WAS PRINTED BY THE DEACON OF ONE OF THE MOSCOW CHURCHES Ivan FYODOROV AND HIS ASSISTANT PETER MSTISLAVTS - THE FIRST RUSSIAN BOOK WITH IMPRINT DATA.
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THE FONT AND SCREENSLARS OF THE “APOSTLE” WERE INCOMPATIBLE WITH WESTERN SAMPLES. LIKE ANY INNOVATION, BOOK PRINTING WAS MEETED IN MOSCOW WITH FEAR AND MISUNDERSTANDING. BOOK PRINTERS BEGAN TO BE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT. FYODOROV AND MSTISLAVETS WENT TO THE RECHI POSTPOLITAYA, WHERE THEY CONTINUED PRINTING RUSSIAN BOOKS IN LVIV. HERE WAS THE FIRST RUSSIAN GRAMMAR BOOK RELEASED. PRINTING HAS NOT FROZEN IN MOSCOW. NIKIFOR TARASIEV, ANDRONIK TIMOFEEV-NEVEZHA AND OTHERS WORKED AT THE PRINTING YARD. MONUMENT TO IVAN FYODOROV IN MOSCOW
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SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE THE 16TH CENTURY PROVIDED BRIGHT WORKS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT CONNECTED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRALIZED STATE, THE STRENGTHENING OF THE ROYAL POWER, THE FORMATION OF A NEW SOCIAL CLASS – THE NOBILITY. IN THE LATE 1540 – EARLY 1550s, IVAN PERESVETOV WRITES HIS PETILATIONS TO TSAR IVAN THE TERRIBLE. HE DEVELOPES IN THEM THE IDEA OF A STRONG ROYAL POWER, WHICH SHOULD RESIST THE “LAZY AND CARELESS” BOYARS, BASED ON RELIABLE “WARRIORS” - THE NOBLERY. NOT EVERYTHING IS CLEAR ABOUT IVAN PERESVETOV’S PERSONALITY. AT THE TIME IT WAS EVEN SUGGESTED THAT IVAN THE TERRIBLE HIMSELF STANDED BEHIND THIS NAME. THE STATEMENTS OF THIS PUBLICIST VERY EQUAL WITH THE IDEAS OF THE TSAR. IN HIS UNDERSTANDING, TO RULE “BY THE TRUTH” MEANS TO COMPARE THE “WARRIORS” AND CRUELLY PUNISH ALL THOSE WHO CROSS THE ROYAL WILL. SOME THOUGHTS OF IVAN PERESVETOV TURNED OUT TO BE CONSISTENT WITH THE PRACTICE OF OPRICHNA.
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IN THE 1560S, ISSUES OF THE GOVERNMENT OF Rus' ARE IN THE CENTER OF ATTENTION OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREI KURBSKY, WHO FLEED TO LITHUANIA. IN THEIR CORRESPONDENCE THEY PUT OUT 2 OPTIONS FOR THE DEVICE: CONTROVERSY OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREY KURBSKY IVAN THE TERRIBLE: THE IDEAL IS A DESPOTIC MONARCHY; THE KING IS ABSOLUTE POWER, SUBJECTS ARE UNCONDITIONAL SUBMISSION. PRINCE ANDREY KURBSKY: THE IDEAL IS A LEGAL STATE, A REPRESENTATIVE MONARCHY.
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“DOMOSTROY” A BRIGHT AND PECULIAR MONUMENT OF LITERATURE IS “DOMOSTORY”, WRITTEN BY A MEMBER OF THE ELECTED RADA SYLVESTER THIS BOOK, DEDICATED TO THE ART OF “KEEPING A HOME”, IN ADDITION TO THE RICH HOUSEHOLD MATERIAL, IS INTERESTING AND ITS BASIC THOUGHT: ORDER IN THE HOUSE, ACCORDING TO SYLVESTER, IS POSSIBLE ONLY WITH ABSOLUTE THE POWER OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY, WHO KEEPS OTHER HOUSEHOLDS IN FEAR AND TREMENDING. “LET THE WIFE FEAR HER HUSBAND...” “An unspoiled child is a poorly brought up child...” “HOW TO PRESERVE FUR...” “HOW TO SMOKE STURGER...” “THE WIPE DOESN’T TORTURE, BUT TEACHES...”
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“THE GREAT CHARTS-MINEA” “THE GREAT CHARTS-MINEA” WERE COMPILED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF METROPOLITAN MAKARIUS. THEY INCLUDE THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS, ORGANIZED BY MONTH IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DAY OF MEMORY OF EACH SAINT, AS WELL AS MANY FAMOUS “SOULFUL” WORKS, PROCESSED IN THE SPIRIT OF THE GLORIFICATION OF MOSCOW Rus' AS THE MAIN ORTHODOXY CENTER. THE TWELVE-VOLUME “MINEA CHARTS” WERE A SINGLE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHURCH LITERATURE OF THE 16TH CENTURY.
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“CHETI-MINEI” AND “HOUSE-STORY” WERE READ BY MAINLY WEALTHY COUNTRY AND SERVANT PEOPLE. BOYARS AND EDUCATED CHILDREN OF BOYARS, DECISERS WERE PASSIONATE IN GREEK, BYZANTINE AND OTHER TRANSLATED WORKS, THE WORKS OF MAXIMUS THE GREEK AND OTHER AUTHORS. MAXIM THE GREEK
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“MOSCOW – THE THIRD ROME” AT THE END OF THE 15th CENTURY, THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE RUSSIAN STATE BEGINS TO BE FORMED. IT WAS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF “MOSCOW – THE THIRD ROME”. ITS AUTHOR WAS THE PSKOV MONK PHILOPHEUS, WHO BELIEVED THAT THE FIRST ROME PERISHED UNDER THE BLASTS OF THE BARBARIANS BECAUSE OF THE PRESERVATION OF PAGANITY, THE SECOND ROME – CONSTANTINOPLE – FALLED UNDER THE BLOCKS OF THE MUSLIMS BECAUSE OF SINS AND DEVIATIONS FROM THE ORTHODOX FAITH MOSCOW, AFTER THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE BECAME THE THIRD ROME, AND THE FOURTH WILL NOT HAPPEN. MONK PHILOTHEY
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CHURCH DISPUTES. IN THE 16TH CENTURY, RUSSIAN THINKERS ENTERED THE AGE OF CHURCH AND PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS. In 1502 -1504 GG. THE STRUGGLE OF THE NON-COVENANTS AND THE JOSEPHLANES ARISED UP. THE IDEOLOGIST OF THE NON-COVENANTS WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE MONASTERY ON THE SORKA NILE RIVER (SORSKY), WHO BELIEVED THAT IT WAS NECESSARY TO INCREASE THE AUTHORIZATION OF THE CHURCH BY STRICTLY FOLLOWING THE RULES AND RITUALS AND ASCETIIC WAY OF LIFE. NEAL CONDEMNED THE CHURCH'S ACQUISITION OF WEALTH, INCLUDING THE OWNERSHIP OF LAND (SUPPORTERS OF SORSK WERE CALLED "NON-ACQUISITORS"). NEIL SORSKY
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THE NON-COVENANTS WERE RESISTED BY THE JOSEPHLANES - SUPPORTERS OF THE IGUMENE OF THE MOSCOW VOLOTSKY MONASTERY JOSEPH, WHO INSISTED ON THE NEED FOR THE CHURCH TO HAVE GREAT MATERIAL RESOURCES. IN 1503, AT THE CHURCH COUNTER ON THE INITIATIVE OF IVAN III, THE QUESTION OF THE CHURCH'S REFUSAL OF LAND OWNERSHIP WAS RAISED. AT THIS MOMENT, THE JOSEPHLANES SUPPORTED THE ARRANGE PRINCE IN THEIR STRUGGLE AGAINST THE GRAND DUKAL AUTHORITY, AND THIS BECAME FOR Ivan III ANOTHER REASON TO SUPPORT THE NON-COVENANTS. LATER, UNDER VASILI III, THE NON-COVENANTS RESISTED THE TSAR’S DIVORCE FROM SOLOMONIA SABUROVA AND SUBJECTED TO DISGRACE. THE GREAT DUKAL AUTHORITY TURNED FROM SUPPORTING THE NON-COVENANTS TO A POLICY OF GRANTING BROAD PRIVILEGES TO THE CHURCH. JOSEPH-VOLOTSKY MONASTERY OF JOSEPH OF VOLOTSKY
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THE VICTORY OF THE JOSEPHLANES IN MANY DETERMINED THE FURTHER POLICY OF THE CHURCH IN REGARD TO THE ROYAL POWER. THE CHURCH IS MORE AND MORE PERSISTENTLY SUPPORTING THE IDEA OF AUTOCRAP.
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CHURCH DISPUTES. HERESES DIRECTED AGAINST THE OFFICIAL CHURCH CONTINUED TO DEVELOP HERESES AMONG EDUCATED PEOPLE IN THE 16TH CENTURY. IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY, THE VIEWS OF THE SERVICE MAN MATVEY BASHKIN SPREAD IN MOSCOW. HE WAS DISGUSTED BY THE SERMON OF THE OFFICIAL CHURCH, WHICH JUSTIFIED THE MODERN ORDER AS GIVEN BY GOD. “CHRIST CALLS ALL BROTHERS,” MATTVEY NOTED, “AND WE KEEP SLAVES.” HE TORE UP THE BOND RECORDS AND LET HIS SLAVES FREE. BASHKIN CELEBRATES REASON AND BOOK TEACHING, CRITICALLY INTERPRETED BIBLE TEXTS, AND REJECTED ORTHODOX RITES AND SACRAMENTS. THE FUGITIVE SLAVE THEODOSIY OBOSY, WHO TOOK A MONK, WENT EVEN FURTHER, DECLARING THAT CHRISTIANS SHOULD NOT HAVE AUTHORITIES, AND THEREFORE CALLED NOT TO PAY TAXES AND NOT TO OBEY THE FEUDAL LORD.
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HAVING APPEARED BEFORE THE CHURCH COUNCIL IN 1553, MATVEY BASHKIN BRAVELY DEFENDED HIS “TRUE CHRISTIANITY.” AFTER THE TORTURE, HE REFUSED HIM, WAS ANATHEMATED AND EXPORTED TO JOSEPH-VOLKOLAMSK MONASTERY. THEODOSIY OBEY WAS TREATED TO THE CHURCH COURT, BUT MANAGED TO ESCAPE TO LITHUANIA. ALL THE HERESES OF THE 14th - 16th CENTURIES CAUSED FERMENT IN THE MINDS OF THE CITY, BUT THEY ALMOST DID NOT AFFECT THE MAIN RESIDENT OF RUSSIA - THE PEASANT, THEREFORE THEY DID NOT RESULT, AS IN EUROPE, INTO A WIDE REFORMATION MOVEMENT.
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TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE BY THE 15th – 16th CENTURIES IN RUSSIA THE LEVEL OF TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE INCREASED NOTICELY. RUSSIAN MASTERS MADE COPPER AND BRONZE GUNS, IRON TOOLS. MASTER ANDREY CHOKHOV (CHEKHOV) FROM 1568 TO 1632 MADE MANY CANnon WITH CALIBERS FROM 92 TO 470 MM, LENGTH UP TO 6 M, WEIGHTING FROM 1.2 TO 7.2 T. IN 1586 HE CASTED THE TSING CANNON FOR THE KREMLIN. LENGTH 5.34 M, CALIBER 890 MM, BARREL WEIGHT 40 T. TRUE, THIS GUN WAS NEVER FIRED. SINCE 1590, RUSSIAN MASTERS BEGAN TO MAKE CANnon ON CARRIAGES, WHICH INCREASED THEIR MOBILITY.
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ARCHITECTURE THE MOST BRIGHT STYLE OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THIS TIME IS THE TENT STYLE. IN IT, STONE CHURCHES ARE ENRICHED WITH ELEMENTS OF WOODEN STRUCTURES, IN PARTICULAR, WITH A PREVIOUSLY UNSEEN STRUCTURE OF THE TOP OF THE CHURCH IN THE FORM OF A TENT.
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THE CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN KOLOMENSKOYE A MASTERPIECE AND THE EARLIEST EXAMPLE OF THE TENT STYLE WAS THE CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN THE VILLAGE OF KOLOMENSKOYE NEAR MOSCOW..
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THE CATHEDRAL OF THE INTEGRATION ON THE MOAT THE TOP OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 16th CENTURY IS THE CATHEDRAL OF THE INTEGRATION ON THE MOAT, DEDICATED TO THE CAPTURE OF KAZAN (BETTER KNOWN AS THE TEMPLE OF BASILY THE BLESSED - IN HONOR OF THE FAMOUS MOSCOW FOOL, WHO ALWAYS SPENT THE NIGHT IN FROM ITS APARTMENTS). BUILT BY RUSSIAN MASTERS BARMA AND POSTNIK YAKOVLEV, THE CATHEDRAL CONSISTS OF 8 UNSYMMETRICAL PILLAR-SHAPED TEMPLES SURroundING THE CHURCH OF THE INTEGRATION OF THE VIRGIN IN THE CENTER WITH A HIGH TENT CAPED WITH A SMALL COY POPY. ITS COMPOSITION CONTAINS THE IMPORTANT IDEA OF UNITED DIFFERENT LANDS AROUND MOSCOW..
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The presentation on the topic “Culture and life in the 16th century” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 15 slide(s).
Presentation slides
Slide 1
Culture and life in the 16th century.
The history of homeland
Slide 2
Lesson Plan
1.The new look of the capital. 2.Fortress and church construction. 3.Painting. 4.Enlightenment. 5.Literature. 6. Social thought. 7.Gen.
Slide 3
Lesson assignment.
What new features appeared in the culture and life of the Russian people in the 16th century? What was this connected with?
Slide 4
1.The new look of the capital.
Culture always reacts sensitively to changes in the life of a country. The strengthening of the central government led to a new design of the capital. A city order and an order of stone affairs appeared, which were responsible for the development of the architectural appearance of Moscow. All estates were removed from the Kremlin, it became the administrative and cultural center of the country. Representative offices of foreign states and government institutions appeared here.
L.P.A.Bishbois. St. Basil's Cathedral. Ditograph 19th century.
Slide 5
The architecture of the 16th century was distinguished by a variety of styles, especially in church architecture. Classical cathedrals coexisted with tented cathedrals. In 1555-60, St. Basil's Cathedral was erected on Red Square, dedicated to the capture of Kazan by Russian troops. Russian masters Barma and Postnik realized in it the idea of unifying Russian lands around Moscow.
V. Vasnetsov. Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin.
Slide 6
2.Fortress and church construction.
Large-scale fortress construction began along the borders of the Russian state. Several powerful fortresses appeared in the Volga region, in the Central region and in Siberia. In Smolensk, under the leadership of F. Kon, walls 6.5 km long were built with 38 towers. In Kazan, Barma and Shiryai built a grand complex of the Kazan Kremlin. Foreigners considered Pskov, Smolensk, Astrakhan and Kazan impregnable.
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye.
Slide 7
3.Painting.
Russian painting developed within the framework of icon painting. The most famous icon painter was Dionysius, who painted part of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. His works are distinguished by festivity and bright joy. On his icons, saints are depicted framed by genre scenes describing episodes of their lives. During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, historical subjects began to be included in icons.
Dionysius. Metropolitan Alexy with his life.
Slide 8
In the middle of the 16th century. A huge, 4-meter-size icon-painting “The Church is Militant” was painted in Moscow. Vladimir I, Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy and others take part in the victorious procession of Russian soldiers. At the head of the army is the Archangel Michael. In the center is the figure of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine. They are greeted by the Virgin and Child. The icon symbolized the victory of Orthodoxy over the “infidel infidels.”
The Church is militant. Icon 16th century.
Slide 9
4.Enlightenment.
With the formation of a unified state, the need for literate people increased. By decision of the Stoglavy Assembly, schools for training priests were opened at churches and monasteries. Ordinary people were taught by special masters of “non-clerical” rank, who taught for 2 years for food and a small fee. The development of schools required the publication of textbooks.
B. Kustodiev. School in Ancient Rus'.
Slide 10
In 1564, with the support of Ivan the Terrible, in Moscow at the Printing Yard, I. Fedorov and P. Mstislavets printed the first book in Russian - “Apostle”. In 1565, the “Book of Hours” was published - the first book for teaching literacy . I. Fedorov was not only a publisher, but also a talented editor - he translated books, edited them, wrote “Introductions” and “Conclusions”.
"Apostle" is the first Russian book.
Slide 11
5.Literature.
In the 1st half of the 16th century. In the circle of Metropolitan Macarius, the “Cheti Menaion” was created - a church book in which church works were distributed by day for reading at the service. In the 16th century The famous “Domostroy” was written, containing instructions on housekeeping, education, norms of behavior, etc. The main idea of the book was the idea of subordination to the head of the family and the king.
Slide 12
6. Social thought.
In the 16th century The genre of journalism appears in literature. Ivan Peresvetov, in letters to Grozny, proposed a number of reform projects to the tsar. Correspondence between Grozny and Ivan Kurbsky examines the problems of the relationship between the state and society. Kurbsky proposed an estate-representative monarchy, and the tsar defended the idea of autocratic power . Archpriest Ermolai devoted his treatise to the peasant question.
“Monomakh’s Throne” of Ivan the Terrible in the Assumption Cathedral.
Slide 13
He argued that the wealth of the state is created by peasant labor, and that it is only thanks to the people that other classes can exist. In the 60s "The Tale of the Kingdom of Kazan" appears. The author describes how he converted to Islam in captivity and, upon returning from captivity, became Orthodox again, for which the king allocated him land. The book contains a large amount of information about the history of Kazan, based on various sources.
“The Bell Tower of Ivan the Great in Moscow.
Slide 14
Folk life in the 16th century retained its previous features. Russian people professed Christianity. The most revered holiday was Easter, dedicated to the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Along with church traditions, pagan traditions were also preserved - on Christmastide, people organized games and rituals. people changed clothes and went home singing and dancing. The Stoglavy Council tried to ban these festivities, but the ban was not implemented.
A. Korzukhin. Hen-party.
Slide 15
People tried to generalize their agricultural experience, as a result of which an agricultural calendar arose, compiled in accordance with local natural conditions. Foreign influence was felt in the cities - men appeared without beards, skull caps, etc. The Church fought against the new fashion and equated it with heretical views.
Features of the development of Russian culture in the 16th century. The development of Russian culture in the 16th century, as at all times, was not only determined by the social, economic, and political development of society, but was itself an essential component of historical development as a whole. Culture is not an isolated facet of social life, but one of its manifestations, closely connected with all others. The level and nature of the development of culture depends on the general level of socio-economic development of society, and to a certain extent on the previous traditions and accumulation of cultural heritage. The turn of the 15th - 16th centuries was a turning point in the historical development of Russian lands. The phenomena characteristic of this time had a direct impact on the spiritual life of Russia, on the development of its culture, and predetermined the nature and direction of the historical and cultural process.
Typography. Around 1553 - the first printing house in Russia, but the names of the printers are not known. - the clerk of one of the Kremlin churches, Ivan Fedorov, and his assistant Pyotr Mstislavets, printed the first book with imprint data (“Apostle”) at the Printing Yard. By the end of the 16th century. Printing houses worked not only on Nikolskaya Street (now 25 October), but also in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. But the printed book did not supplant the handwritten one, since mainly liturgical books were printed. Russian culture of the 16th century.
A work that emphasized the idea of succession of power of the Moscow sovereigns from the Byzantine emperors. Correspondence of Prince A.M. Kurbsky with Ivan the Terrible. Talented and political opponents - Kurbsky and Ivan IV - had a fierce debate about the ways and methods of centralization, about the relationship between the monarch and his subjects. Ivan IV received a message from Prince Kurbsky from abroad (Lithuania), accusing him of tyranny. Regulation of Russian life. “Domstroy” by priest Sylvester (a close associate of Ivan IV), which translated into modern Russian means “housekeeping”. This book contains both instructions of a church nature and advice on raising children and a wife. The Legend of the Princes of Vladimir" "
Throughout the century, the construction of Moscow fortifications continued. Under Glinskaya, the walls of Kitay-Gorod were built in Moscow, protecting the central part of the settlement. End of the 16th century - “city affairs master” Fyodor Savelyevich Kon erected a ring of fortifications of the “White City” about 9.5 km long with 27 towers (running along the line of the current boulevard ring). The horse also built the Kremlin in Smolensk, and the walls of the Simonov Monastery in Moscow and the Pafnutiev Monastery (in Borovsk) are attributed to him. The last years of the 16th century saw the creation of the last outer line of Moscow's fortifications - "Skorodoma" (a wooden wall along an earthen rampart). "Skorodom" passed along the line of the current Garden Ring. Second third of the 16th century. - the spherical style penetrates into stone architecture from wood. A masterpiece of this style is the Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye (within Moscow). - architect Postnik Yakovlev and Barma built the Cathedral of the Intercession on Red Square, which is on the moat, in honor of the capture of Kazan. 16th century architecture
At this time, the tradition of Andrei Rublev continued in painting. The frescoes of Dionysius especially stood out. His best paintings are preserved in the Ferapontov Monastery in the Belozersky region. Second half of the 16th century. - the emergence of portraitism and images with a feature of real similarity. Painting.
The least known and still largely mysterious page in the history of Russian medieval art. Not many icons have survived that come from Tver and its environs. They are quite diverse in style and relate mainly to the late period of independence of Tver culture. In addition, some icons of unknown origin can conceivably be attributed to the art of Tver based on their stylistic similarity to reliable Tver works. Therefore, now it is only possible to imagine in general terms the main stages in the development of Tver painting. Painting of ancient Tver
Slide 2
www.site
The culture of this time is closely connected with historical events in the country. The 16th century for Rus' became the time of formation and centralization of power in the Moscow principality. Basically, this is where architecture begins to rapidly develop.
Slide 3
Architecture
The architecture of Rus' is based on the tent style. There is no exact information about the origin of the tents. They replaced cross-domed buildings and churches.
Slide 4
- The largest buildings in the hipped style, built in the 16th century:
- Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. It is characterized by amazing architectural decoration and patterns.
- St. Basil's Cathedral. It was built by the architect Barmoy.
Slide 5
Other famous buildings in Rus' of this time:
- The Kremlin in Moscow. Of course, the Kremlin was built before the 16th century, but at that time it began to be rebuilt. The architects of the Kremlin were foreigners, so the style is a mixture of Western European and Russian styles.
- The new Assumption Cathedral, built by the Italian Fioravanti. The architect took the Vladimir Assumption Cathedral as a basis.
Slide 6
- Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. This building combines traditional forms and Venetian style.
- Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. This cathedral is a truly Russian building, with traditional features and features.
Slide 7
Painting
As such, painting in the modern sense of the word did not exist. At that time, painting meant icon painting. The 16th century was marked by the spread of heresy and the persecution of icon painters. Because of this, artists began to depict the faces of saints on icons with shading.
Slide 8
In addition to icon painting, artists could paint images of temples, cathedrals and churches on their canvases. The most famous paintings of this time:
- "Nativity Cathedral of Ferapontov Monastery"
- "Cathedral of the Virgin Mary"
- "Protection of the Virgin Mary".
Slide 9
Literature
All the literature that existed at that time, for the most part, was written by hand.
However, it was at this time that literature was transformed. In the 16th century new genres appeared:
Stories ("The Tale of Dracula")
Fiction (Alexandria about Alexander the Great)
Stories.
Also, in the 16th century. Printing began in Rus'.
Slide 10
Typography
- XVI century Characterized by the emergence of printing in Rus'. The first book printed was The Apostle.
- It was printed by clerk Ivan Fedorovich. Basically, all printed books were of a liturgical nature. There was no talk of fiction in the 16th century.
Slide 11
Famous works published in the 16th century:
- "Apostle"
- "A Primer with Grammar"
- Petitions to Ivan the Terrible from Ivan Peresvetov.
- Domostroy, etc.
Slide 12
Music
In the 16th century, a new singing technology was created - three-line singing. Development in the musical and singing direction occurred thanks to the creation of a singing choir of clerks in the Moscow Principality.
View all slides