Mikhail Khudyakov had folk roots. Mikhail Georgievich Khudyakov: biography

The book is dedicated to the history of the Kazan Khanate - the state of the Volga Tatars, which existed in the basins of the middle and lower reaches of the river. Volga from 1438 to 1552. The conquest of the Kazan Khanate by Tsar Ivan IV was the most important historical milestone in the formation of the Russian state. Author of the book, prof. M. Khudyakov traces in detail the periods of formation, development and fall of the Kazan Khanate, analyzes the causes and consequences of the fall. The book is supplemented with a bibliography of M. Khudyakov’s works. Recommended for a wide range of readers.

Mikhail Georgievich Khudyakov
Essays on the history of the KAZAN KHANATE

About Mikhail Khudyakov and his book

The history of the Kazan Khanate was unlucky. Both in the distant past and in our time.

In the past, the history of this state in Russian literature was covered, as a rule, only incidentally - in connection with the presentation of certain plots on the history of Rus' and Russia. Therefore, facts and events from the history of the Khanate were recorded selectively, as if “from the side.” The picture, in essence, has not changed in numerous “histories of the USSR”, in which a comprehensive coverage of the past of all the peoples of our multinational country was actually replaced by a presentation of the history of the formation and development of only one Russian state.

In modern times, coverage of the history of the Kazan Khanate, with which the past of a number of peoples of a multi-ethnic region is connected, did not go beyond the auxiliary chapters and paragraphs of the official history of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, according to the basic concept of which the “true history” of peoples began only... in 1917. The presentation of the history of an entire state, which existed for more than a hundred years and left an indelible mark on the destinies of a number of peoples, left much to be desired from the point of view of scientific understanding of real facts and complex phenomena.

Thus, a paradoxical situation has arisen. As is known, pre-revolutionary historiography, with rare exceptions, served the socio-political aspirations of the constantly warring and expanding feudal-landlord empire. But it is especially paradoxical that it was in the Soviet socialist state that this historiographic concept, having received a “second wind” during the cult of personality, began to function more sophisticated, purposeful, militant.

So the “bad luck” of the history of the Kazan Khanate, like numerous facts of poor development of a number of aspects of history peoples The USSR as a whole has a complex background...

Only once did a small breakthrough appear - an attempt appeared to present the history of this state from a scientific position, that is, from the position of a human researcher who sincerely wanted to understand the complex facts of the past, facts created by others like themselves ordinary by people, and not by those created only for one-sided condemnation.

Such an attempt was the book by Mikhail Georgievich Khudyakov “Essays on the History of the Kazan Khanate”, developed and published in the early years Soviet power. It was precisely in those years when the faith of honest people in the triumph of justice - both social and moral-ethical - was still sincere, and their minds and consciousness were not separated by the rusty fratricidal squabble of party bosses. It was precisely in those years when the beliefs and aspirations of people of science were not infected with the viruses of stupid arrogance, inhumane messianism, imperial ambition, disguised by demagogic declarations in the field of historical thought. It was precisely in those years when people had hope of destroying the “prison of nations” and building a truly equal society in all respects - “the most just, the most humane, the happiest,” and therefore the most honest. Finally, precisely in those years when people who sincerely believed in the victory of the socialist revolution could not imagine the possibility of bloody repressions of the 20-30s, the horrors of the Gulag, which surpassed the “prison of nations” a hundredfold, the so-called “flourishing of nations”, expressed in genocide in in relation to dozens of nationalities, including the Russians who found themselves on the verge of a cultural and spiritual catastrophe, on whose behalf the organizers of this “experiment” - the most anti-human Sabbath - liked to talk...

Among the “sincerely believing” people who lived and worked in those years, also included M. G. Khudyakov. He was born on September 3, 1894 in the city of Malmyzh, on Vyatka. He received his upbringing in a well-born and wealthy Russian merchant family. After graduating from the first Kazan gymnasium, he studied at the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan University (1913–1918). His work and scientific activities began within the walls of the Eastern Pedagogical Institute. In the 20s, he published a number of historical, ethnographic and archaeological studies on the history of the peoples of the region, both Turkic and Finno-Ugric. Among these works, a special place is occupied by the above-mentioned “Essays...”, published in 1923 .

During these same years, M. G. Khudyakov took an active part in the organization of museums in Kazan, his native Malmyzh, in the activities of the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnography at Kazan University, and the scientific society of Tatar studies. In 1926–1929 he is studying in graduate school in Leningrad, after graduation he is assigned to work at the State Academy of the History of Material Culture, where he also continues to develop problems of the history and culture of the peoples of his native land - the Middle Volga region. In 1936, M. G. Khudyakov was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences. But on September 9 of the same 1936 he was arrested as an “enemy of the people”, accused of “Trotskyism”, and on December 19 he was sentenced to death, which was carried out on the same day...

From that time on, the name of the scientist was consigned to oblivion, his works were banned and removed from libraries.

Published during the author’s lifetime in small editions (the circulation of the first edition of “Essays” in 1923 was only 1000 copies), M. Khudyakov’s works, for the above reasons, became a bibliographic rarity. He was politically rehabilitated in 1957, but his works were not republished and, therefore, were inaccessible to modern readers until the present day. The first step in returning his works from obscurity was the publication in the Tatar language of some of his works ("Essays..." and individual articles) on the pages of the youth magazine "Idel" (1989, No. 1, 1990, No. 2 and on).

Naturally, while developing the history of the Kazan Khanate and the peoples of the region, M. G. Khudyakov did not illuminate and resolve all issues at the same level. As he himself has repeatedly pointed out, much remains unclear. This was due both to the level of historical knowledge of those times in general, and to the state of development of the source base of the problem, in particular. As the inquisitive reader will see, M. G. Khudyakov was no stranger to a certain naivety in the interpretation of some complex issues. Sometimes the simplified sociologism characteristic of the 1920s makes itself felt when approaching complex social problems, which arose under the influence of M. N. Pokrovsky. “Essays...” in some places are not without obvious miscalculations and ordinary typos. To comment on them, noting both the natural mistakes and the unconditional merits of the scientist’s observations and conclusions, and to carry out the academic publication of “Essays” and his other works is a matter for the future.

Birthday September 03, 1894

archaeologist, researcher of the history and culture of the peoples of the Volga region

Biography

Born in the small town of Malmyzh, in the Vyatka province, into a well-born and wealthy Russian merchant family. He graduated from the first Kazan gymnasium with a gold medal (1906-1913), studied at the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan University (1913-1918). In 1918-1924 he worked in Kazan: as a school teacher, librarian of the Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography at Kazan University, from 1919 - curator of the archaeological department, then head of the historical and archaeological department of the provincial museum, taught at the North-Eastern Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute. From 1920 he also worked in the museum department of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; one of the organizers and secretaries of the Scientific Society of Tatar Studies. Participated in the organization of a museum in his native Malmyzh. In the 1920s, he published a number of historical, ethnographic and archaeological works on the history of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples of the region. “Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate,” published in 1923, play a special role.

Khudyakov's work was one of the first works by Russian historians dedicated to the Kazan Khanate, the history of which in the works of outstanding historians of the previous generation was considered exclusively in the context of Russian history. His view differed from the works of previous authors in that the author sympathizes with the Tatar people and shows the policy of the Moscow state as aggressive and colonial. At the same time, he tries to maintain scientific objectivity. In his work, the author expressed gratitude to a number of orientalists who, apparently, to some extent shared his concepts: Gayaz Maksudov and G.S. Gubaidullin, N.N. Firsov, M.I. Lopatkin, S.G. Vakhidov.

In 1923, the prominent Bolshevik M. Kh. Sultan-Galiev was convicted on charges of nationalism and the government of the autonomy was dissolved, some members of which refused to condemn Sultan-Galiev. After these events, Khudyakov leaves Kazan. Since 1925, he lived and worked in Leningrad as a researcher at the State Public Library. In 1926-1929 he studied at the graduate school of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture (GAIMK). In 1927 he took part in the work of the Middle Volga expedition in Chuvashia. During the 1920s he recorded the Udmurt epic. From 1929 he taught at Leningrad University, and from 1931 he was an associate professor at LILI and the Leningrad Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History (LIFLI). In 1929-1933 he was a scientific secretary and research fellow of the Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the USSR at the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1931 he has been a 1st category research fellow at the State Institute of Intellectual Property Management (institute of pre-class society), and since 1933 he has been transferred to the sector of feudal formation. In 1930-32, critical accusations of “Sultangalievism” and “Turkic nationalism” were brought against him, which were limited to public “elaborations”. In 1931 he took part in the “criticism” of the arrested archaeologist S.I. Rudenko. He actively promoted Marrism, which enjoyed official support. In 1936, without defending a dissertation, he was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences and the title of full member of the Institute of Pre-Class Society of the GAIMK.

On September 9, 1936 he was arrested by the NKVD Directorate of the Leningrad Region under Article 58-8, 11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR as “an active participant in the counter-revolutionary Trotskyist-Zinoviev terrorist organization”). On December 19, 1936, a visiting session of the Supreme Commissariat of the USSR Armed Forces sentenced him to capital punishment, with confiscation of all personal property. Shot on the same day in Leningrad.

The works of M. G. Khudyakov were banned and removed from libraries. He was rehabilitated in 1957, but his works were not republished. The first step in returning his works from obscurity was the publication in the Tatar language of some of his works (“Essays...” and individual articles) on the pages of the youth magazine “Idel” starting in 1989. A re-edition of the book was published in 1991.

In a well-born and wealthy Russian merchant family. He graduated from the 1st Kazan gymnasium with a gold medal (1906-1913), studied at the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan University (1913-1918). In 1918-1924 he worked in Kazan: as a school teacher, librarian of the Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography at Kazan University, from 1919 - curator of the archaeological department, then head of the historical and archaeological department of the provincial museum, taught at the North-Eastern Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute. From 1920 he also worked in the museum department of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; one of the organizers and secretaries of the Scientific Society of Tatar Studies. Participated in the organization of a museum in his native Malmyzh. In the 1920s, he published a number of historical, ethnographic and archaeological works on the history of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples of the region. “Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate,” published in 1923, play a special role.

In 1923, the prominent Bolshevik M. Kh. Sultan-Galiev was convicted on charges of nationalism and the government of the autonomy was dissolved, some members of which refused to condemn Sultan-Galiev. After these events, Khudyakov leaves Kazan. Since 1925, he lived and worked in Leningrad as a researcher at the State Public Library. In 1926-1929 he studied at the graduate school of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture (GAIMK). In 1927 he took part in the work of the Middle Volga expedition in Chuvashia. During the 1920s he recorded the Udmurt epic. Since 1929 he taught at Leningrad University, since 1931 associate professor at LILI and the Leningrad Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History (LIFLI). In 1929-1933 he was a scientific secretary and research fellow at the Commission for the Study of the Tribal Composition of the Population of the USSR at the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1931 he has been a 1st category research fellow at the GAIMK (Institute of Pre-Class Society), and since 1933 he has moved to the sector of the feudal formation. In 1930-32, critical accusations of “Sultangalievism” and “Turkic nationalism” were brought against him, which were limited to public “elaborations”. In 1931 he took part in the “criticism” of the arrested archaeologist S.I. Rudenko. He actively promoted Marrism, which enjoyed official support. In 1936, without defending a dissertation, he was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences and the title of full member of the Institute of Pre-Class Society of the GAIMK.

Essays

Chinese porcelain from excavations in 1914 in Bolgars. IOIAEKU. 1919. T. 30, issue. 1. pp. 117-120
Bulgarian. Exhibition of the culture of the peoples of the East. Kazan, 1920. P. 10-22 (together with Z. Z. Vinogradov)
Old is young. KMV. 1920. No. 1/2. pp. 24-28
On the history of Kazan architecture. KMV. No. 5/6. pp. 17-36
Muslim culture in the Middle Volga region. Kazan, 1922
Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate. Kazan, 1923
Tatar art. Messenger of knowledge. 1926. No. 2. P. 125-130
Stone Age in China. Science and technology. 1926. No. 5. P. 6-7
Brief report on excavations in the Vyatka province. GAIMK messages. 1929. T. 2. P. 198-201
On the issue of dating Bulgarian buildings. Materials on the protection, repair and restoration of monuments of the Tat ASSR. 1930. Issue. 4. pp. 36-48
Tatar Kazan in drawings of the 16th century. VNOT. 1930. No. 9/10. pp. 45-60
Critical study of Rudenkovism. SE. 1931. No. 1/2. P.167-169
On the issue of cromlechs. Messages from GAIMK (State Academy of the History of Material Culture). 1931. No. 7. P. 11-14
On the issue of the Perm animal style. Messages from GAIMK. 1931, no. 8. pp. 15-17
Finnish expansion in archaeological science. Communications of GAIMK, 1931, No. 11/12. P. 25-29
Kazan in the XV-XVI centuries. Materials on the history of the Tatar ASSR: (Scribe books of the city of Kazan in 1565-68 and 1646). L., 1932. pp. VII-XXV
Ethnography in the service of the class enemy. (GAIMK Library, 11). L., 1932 (together with S. N. Bykovsky and A. K. Supinsky)
Archeology in the Volga autonomous regions and republics for 15 years. PIMK. 1933. No. 1/2. pp. 15-22
Pre-revolutionary Russian archeology in the service of the exploiting classes. L., 1933
Horse cult in the Kama region. IGAIMK. 1933. Issue. 100. pp. 251-279
Pre-revolutionary Siberian regionalism and archeology. PIDO. 1934. No. 9/10. pp. 135-143
Cult-cosmic ideas in the Kama region during the era of the decomposition of tribal society: (“The Sun” and its varieties). PIDO. 1934. No. 11/12. pp. 76-97
Archaeologists in fiction. PIDO. 1935. No. 5/6. pp. 100-118
Graphic diagrams of the historical process in the works of N. Ya. Marr. SE. 1935. No. 1. P. 18-42
25th anniversary of the scientific activity of P. S. Rykov. SE. 1935. No. 2. P. 155-158
Essay on the history of primitive society on the territory of the Mari region: Introduction to the history of the Mari people. L., 1935 (IGAIMK. Issue 31)
Remnants of group marriage and matriarchy in the Volga region: (Among the Mari and Udmurts). Proceedings of the Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1936. T. 4. pp. 391-414
Song about the Udmurt batyrs: (From the folk epic of the Udmurts). Problems of the epic tradition of Udmurt folklore and literature. Ustinov, 1986. P. 97-132
Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate. M., 1991
Hockerbestattungen im Kasanischen Gebiet. Eurasia Septentrionalis antiqua. T. 1. Helsinki, 1927. S. 95-98.

Literature

Yashin D. A. Experience in creating the Udmurt epic: (About the manuscript of M. G. Khudyakov “From the folk epic of the Votyaks”) Problems of the epic tradition of Udmurt folklore and literature. Ustinov, 1986. P. 82-96;
Yashin D. A. The relationship between folklore and authorship in M. G. Khudyakov’s epic “Song of the Udmurt Batyrs” XVII All-Union Finno-Ugric Conference. Ustinov, 1987. Issue. 2. P. 290-292; RVost. No. 5. P. 104;
Bayramova F. Forgotten son of the peoples of the Volga region. Evening Kazan. 1990. November 20;
Usmanov M.A. About Mikhail Khudyakov and his book. Khudyakov M. G. Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate. M., 1991. P. 5-9;
Mukhamedyarov Sh. F. The Kazan Khanate in the light of M. G. Khudyakov. Right there. pp. 309-313;
Kuzminykh S.V., Starostin V.I. Leningrad years in the life and creative path of M.G. Khudyakov. St. Petersburg and domestic archeology. pp. 157-172;
Kornilov I. Mikhail Georgievich Khudyakov: Milestones of biography. Echo of centuries. 1995. No. 5. P. 211-214;

Notes

Links

People and destinies. Biobibliographic dictionary of orientalists - victims of political terror during the Soviet period (1917-1991). St. Petersburg: Petersburg Oriental Studies, 2003

Categories:

Personalities in alphabetical order
Born on September 3
Born in 1894
Born in Malmyzh
Died December 19
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Historians by alphabet
Graduates of the First Kazan Gymnasium
Historians of the USSR
Archaeologists of the USSR
Ethnographers of the USSR
Repressed in the USSR
Executed in the USSR
Doctor of Historical Sciences

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State Prize of Russia Mikhail Georgievich Khudyakov

Born in the small town of Malmyzh, in the Vyatka province, into a noble and wealthy Russian merchant family. He graduated from the 1st Kazan gymnasium with a gold medal (1906-1913), studied at the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan University (1913-1918). In 1918-1924 he worked in Kazan: as a school teacher, librarian of the Society of History, Archeology and Ethnography at Kazan University, from 1919 - curator of the archaeological department, then head of the historical and archaeological department of the provincial museum, taught at the North-Eastern Archaeological and Ethnographic Institute. From 1920 he also worked in the museum department of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; one of the organizers and secretaries of the Scientific Society of Tatar Studies. Participated in the organization of a museum in his native Malmyzh. In the 1920s, he published a number of historical, ethnographic and archaeological works on the history of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples of the region. “Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate,” published in 1923, play a special role.

Khudyakov's work was one of the first works by Russian historians dedicated to the Kazan Khanate, the history of which in the works of outstanding historians of the previous generation was considered exclusively in the context of Russian history. His view differed from the works of previous authors in that the author sympathizes with the Tatar people and shows the policy of the Moscow state as aggressive and colonial. At the same time, he tries to maintain scientific objectivity. In his work, the author expressed gratitude to a number of orientalists who, apparently, to some extent shared his concepts: Gayaz Maksudov and G. S. Gubaidullin, N. N. Firsov, M. I. Lopatkin, S. G. Vakhidov.

Essays

Chinese porcelain from excavations in 1914 in Bolgars. IOIAEKU. 1919. T. 30, issue. 1. pp. 117-120
Bulgarian. Exhibition of the culture of the peoples of the East. Kazan, 1920. P. 10-22 (together with Z. Z. Vinogradov)
Old is young. KMV. 1920. No. 1/2. pp. 24-28
On the history of Kazan architecture. KMV. No. 5/6. pp. 17-36
Muslim culture in the Middle Volga region. Kazan, 1922
Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate. Kazan, 1923
Tatar art. Messenger of knowledge. 1926. No. 2. P. 125-130
Stone Age in China. Science and technology. 1926. No. 5. P. 6-7
Brief report on excavations in the Vyatka province. GAIMK messages. 1929. T. 2. P. 198-201
On the issue of dating Bulgarian buildings. Materials on the protection, repair and restoration of monuments of the Tat ASSR. 1930. Issue. 4. pp. 36-48
Tatar Kazan in drawings of the 16th century. VNOT. 1930. No. 9/10. pp. 45-60
Critical study of Rudenkovism. SE. 1931. No. 1/2. P.167-169
On the issue of cromlechs. Messages from GAIMK (State Academy of the History of Material Culture). 1931. No. 7. P. 11-14
On the issue of the Perm animal style. Messages from GAIMK. 1931, no. 8. pp. 15-17
Finnish expansion in archaeological science. Communications of GAIMK, 1931, No. 11/12. P. 25-29
Kazan in the XV-XVI centuries. Materials on the history of the Tatar ASSR: (Scribe books of the city of Kazan in 1565-68 and 1646). L., 1932. pp. VII-XXV
Ethnography in the service of the class enemy. (GAIMK Library, 11). L., 1932 (together with S. N. Bykovsky and A. K. Supinsky)
Archeology in the Volga autonomous regions and republics for 15 years. PIMK. 1933. No. 1/2. pp. 15-22
Pre-revolutionary Russian archeology in the service of the exploiting classes. L., 1933
Horse cult in the Kama region. IGAIMK. 1933. Issue. 100. pp. 251-279
Pre-revolutionary Siberian regionalism and archeology. PIDO. 1934. No. 9/10. pp. 135-143
Cult-cosmic ideas in the Kama region during the era of the decomposition of tribal society: (“The Sun” and its varieties). PIDO. 1934. No. 11/12. pp. 76-97
Archaeologists in fiction. PIDO. 1935. No. 5/6. pp. 100-118
Graphic diagrams of the historical process in the works of N. Ya. Marr. SE. 1935. No. 1. P. 18-42
25th anniversary of the scientific activity of P. S. Rykov. SE. 1935. No. 2. P. 155-158
Essay on the history of primitive society on the territory of the Mari region: Introduction to the history of the Mari people. L., 1935 (IGAIMK. Issue 31)
Remnants of group marriage and matriarchy in the Volga region: (Among the Mari and Udmurts). Proceedings of the Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1936. T. 4. pp. 391-414
Song about the Udmurt batyrs: (From the folk epic of the Udmurts). Problems of the epic tradition of Udmurt folklore and literature. Ustinov, 1986. P. 97-132
Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate. M., 1991
Hockerbestattungen im Kasanischen Gebiet. Eurasia Septentrionalis antiqua. T. 1. Helsinki, 1927. S. 95-98.