What branch of the economy is a librarian? Examples of professions related to different sectors of the economy

SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY, a set of enterprises, institutions, organizations that produce homogeneous products or services and satisfy homogeneous needs of people. The grouping of production units by industry is a classification of types of economic activity, reflecting the technical and economic aspects of reproduction.

The formation of modern industries is the result of a long historical process. From fishing, hunting and other activities associated with the development of natural resources at the beginning of the historical path of mankind, to modern agriculture and diversified industry, from the initial stages of the exchange of labor products to developed forms of trade, etc. In the conditions of technological progress, everything appears new areas of activity, which in the future may form into special industries (for example, computer science, biotechnology, etc.).

The classification of economic sectors used in the Russian Federation basically corresponds to the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Types of Economic Activities (ISIC) prepared by the UN. It was developed taking into account modern conditions of the country’s transition to market relations and the need to achieve comparability of indicators in the context of the development of integration processes with the international community.

All sectors of the economy are united into two large groups: industries producing goods and industries providing services. Industries producing goods (material goods) include industry, agriculture, forestry, construction and other activities in the sphere of material production. Moreover, each of the listed industries has several more stages of division.

Industry is the most important sector of the economy. It is a type of economic activity aimed at the extraction and processing of natural resources, processing of agricultural and forestry products.

The industry includes more than 15 consolidated sectors, including: electric power industry; fuel industry; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy; chemical and petrochemical industry; mechanical engineering and metalworking; forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries; construction materials industry; glass and porcelain industry; light industry; textile industry, etc.

Each of these industries is divided into smaller sub-industries. The main feature of the classification is the homogeneity of the manufactured products, in some cases - the homogeneity of the processed raw materials (for example, oil refining enterprises belong to the oil refining industry) and the homogeneity of the technological process (for example, chemical industry enterprises).

Branches of industry do not include divisions that are part of industrial enterprises and perform functions of a non-industrial nature (medical posts, organizations of cultural and public services, etc.), as well as government bodies (ministries, their departments, etc.).

Agriculture is an industry whose main function is the reproduction of plant products, breeding and raising livestock, poultry, fish, bees, and the production of raw livestock products. This industry also includes hunting and fish farming. Agricultural services (organizations providing services for land improvement, zootechnical and veterinary services, etc.) are separated into an independent industry in the service sector.

Forestry is an industry that includes forestry, collection of wild and non-timber forest products, forestry services (logging organizations are classified as industry).

Construction includes organizations and enterprises that carry out construction and installation work, major repairs of buildings and structures, drilling and design and survey work, as well as economic management of construction, through contract and economic methods.

Industries providing services include those of public administration and serving the public and personal needs of the population (housing and communal services, banking and pensions, scientific activities, public education, medical care, art, etc.). The service sector also includes transport, communications, logistics, procurement of agricultural products and a number of other industries.

Previously, in statistical practice in the USSR, freight transport, communications servicing production, as well as trade, material and technical supplies and procurement belonged to the sphere of material production on the basis that, although new material goods are not created in these industries, the production of already developed ones is completed material goods through their storage, transportation, packaging, etc., and thereby increases the cost of products produced in industry and agriculture. It was believed that in other sectors of the service sector only redistribution and final use of national income occur.

Now, in accordance with international practice, a broader interpretation of “economic production” (i.e. the area where GDP production and national income creation occurs) is applied, which covers the production of almost all goods and services, with the exception of services provided by households for the preparation of food , keeping the home clean, etc. (due to the difficulties of accounting for them). Therefore, transport and other industries noted above are entirely related to the service sector. V. M. Bredova.

Classifications of economic sectors are necessary for the distribution of enterprises or their parts (divisions).
Classifications of types of economic activity serve as the basis for the analysis of statistical data on production, production factors, etc.
There are close relationships between industrial classifications and product classifications. The International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC)* is a classification of economic activities with a hierarchical structure. It was developed at the UN; its 3rd edition was approved by the Statistical Commission and published in 1990. UN classifications generally form the basis for the development of European Union classifications, the use of which is prescribed to EU member countries by regulation. In this case, some modification is possible to take into account national characteristics.
ISIC has 17 sections, designated by capital letters of the Latin alphabet (Table 2.1). Some sections consist of one section, for example, construction, education, others - of several. In total, ISIC includes 159 groups, which form 290 classes.
Sections and groups are presented taking into account:
a) the nature of the goods and services produced (physical composition, stage of production);
b) destination of goods and services;
c) type of raw materials, processing and production technology.
Classes are established taking into account the main part of the output produced by the units included in this class.
Units of observation in ISIC are objects for which information is collected that are homogeneous in economic activity and location. The type of activity unit can be an enterprise or part of an enterprise (division).
From the table 2.1 shows that, for example, industrial activities include mining and quarrying, manufacturing and the supply of electricity, gas, steam and hot water (sections C, D and E).
Due to the variety of classification criteria used, explanatory notes should be used to interpret ISIC categories.
Table 2. ISIC structure
(3rd edition, 199O edition)

Sections	Number of groups
	Total	Including by level
		I (1st classification level)	II (section)	III (group)	IV (class)
Total A Agriculture, hunting and forestry In Fisheries C Mining and quarrying D Manufacturing industry E Electricity, gas and water supply F Construction G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of cars, motorcycles, household goods and personal items N Hotels and restaurants I Transport, warehousing and communications J Financial intermediation Real estate transactions, rental and commercial activities L Public administration and defense, compulsory social insurance M Education N Health and Social Services O Other communal, social and personal services P Private households with hired staff Q Extraterritorial organizations and bodies	18	12

The General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities within the EU (NACE), or NACE (Russian version), corresponds to ISIC, but is more detailed and has 833 headings (ISIC - 526).
The All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities, Products and Services (OKDP) was put into effect on January 1, 1994, its upper hierarchical levels coincide in types and number of groups with ISIC, but it has 6 (not 4, as in ISIC) classification levels : section, subsection, group, subgroup, class, subclass.
OKDP includes 55 thousand types of products and services in all sectors of the economy. The OKDP code in the reporting of organizations is assigned by the statistical authority based on an analysis of the submitted report. For example, financial intermediation as a type of economic activity is described in the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities in section J “Financial intermediation” in three subsections: 65, 66, 67.
Subsection 65 “Financial intermediation” (except for insurance and pensions) includes activities related to the receipt and redistribution of financial resources of the Bank of Russia and commercial banks.
Subsection 66 “Insurance and pensions” (except for compulsory social insurance) combines activities related to life, health and accident insurance services, property and vehicle insurance services, etc.
Subsection 67 “Activities ancillary to financial intermediation” includes financial advisory services, insurance brokerage and agent services.
In the existing first version of the OKDP, the initial basis for the classification of products and services was the full-scale classification of industrial and agricultural products (OKP), construction products (OKSP) and services to the population (OKUN).
As a result of working with the first version of OKDP, it was significantly improved. In 1996-1997 Work was carried out to create the second version of the OKDP, which was supposed to be developed in the form of two functionally related blocks that could be used separately:
OKDP. Types of economic activity (analogous to ISIC and NACE);
OKDP. Classes, subclasses and types of products and services:
Part I. Classes and subclasses of products and services (analogous to the Central Product Classification (CPG) and the Classification of Products and Services by Activities within the EU (CPA), Part II. Types of Products and Services (analogous to PRODCOM).
Of the 17 sections of the OKDP, 11 are devoted to services.
Code designations: four-digit, digital, decimal code for types of economic activities; seven-digit, digital, decimal code for grouping products and services. Thus, the structure of codes is XX + X + X- for types of economic activities; XX + X + X+ XX + X- for types of products and services.
A set of production units carrying out predominantly the same or similar type of production activity forms a sector of the economy. Each organization belongs to the industry that corresponds to its main activity. Based on the list of economic sectors, one can group, for example, industries that produce goods and industries that provide services. The list of industries is presented in table. 2.2.
Table 2. All-Russian classifier of sectors of the national economy
(OKONKH)

Code	Industry name
1	2
Industries producing goods 10000 Industry 29000 Agriculture 30000 Forestry 60000 Construction 87000 Other activities in the sphere of material production Industries providing services 22000 Agricultural services 51000 Transport 2000 Communication 70000 Trade and catering 80000 Logistics and sales 81000 Blanks 82000 Information and computing services 83000 Real estate transactions 84000 General commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market 85000 Geology and subsoil exploration, geodetic and hydrometeorological services 90100 Housing 90200 Utilities 90300 Non-production types of consumer services for the population 91000 Health, physical education and social security 92000 Public education 93000 Culture and art 95000 Science and scientific services 96000 Finance, credit, insurance, pensions 97000 Management 98000 Public associations

An industry is defined as a set of establishments, that is, enterprises or divisions of enterprises, which are located in one place, are engaged in one type of (non-auxiliary) production activity, or in which the main activity accounts for the majority of added value. Enterprises that are simultaneously engaged in several types of production activities are divided into establishments to be classified as relevant industries. In practice, such a division is carried out in cases where it is possible to obtain information about the volume of production and costs, the number of employees, etc. If it is impossible to single out any division of the enterprise as an establishment, its activities are taken into account together with the main activities. At the same time, the industry unites establishments engaged in the same type of production activity, regardless of whether they are market or non-market producers.
Industry
Industrial activity is a type of activity that is aimed at creating material wealth in the form of products and energy, i.e., at the extraction and processing of natural resources, processing of agricultural and forestry products.
Industry includes the following integrated sectors: electric power, fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, building materials industry, glass and porcelain-faience industries, light, food, microbiological industry, flour-grinding and feed industry, medical and other industrial production, such as: fishing, machine repair, laundries, dry cleaning, photo processing.
Industrial associations, trusts, combines and other economic management organizations that directly manage enterprises and organizations subordinate to them, the costs of maintaining which are included in the costs of the enterprises and organizations managed by them, are included in the industry.
The industry does not include units that are part of industrial enterprises and perform functions of a non-industrial nature (medical posts, cultural and consumer services organizations, research units). The activities of government bodies (ministries, committees and departments, as well as their headquarters, regardless of the sources of financing the costs of their maintenance) are not included in the industry.
In industry, sectors are divided according to the purpose of the product, the type of raw materials processed and the nature of the technological processes.
Agriculture
The industry includes enterprises of all forms of ownership engaged in the production of agricultural products, peasant (farm) holdings, and personal subsidiary plots of the population. Hunting, fur trapping and game farming are classified as agriculture, not farming. Agriculture also includes fish farming, and fishing and aerial fishing are included in the fishing industry. Agricultural services with its previous code are separated from agriculture into a separate industry in accordance with the principles of the system of national accounts.
Forestry
The industry includes forestry, collection of wild and non-timber forest products, and forestry services. Logging organizations belong to the forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries, and not to the glue industry.
Construction
Construction as a type of activity implies the implementation of new construction by contract and economic means, expansion, reconstruction, repair of buildings, structures and facilities for production and non-production purposes, technical re-equipment and support of the production capacities of existing enterprises.
In accordance with the classifier of economic sectors, construction covers general construction and specialized organizations of all forms of ownership that carry out construction, installation and other work in a contractual and economic way, organizations that carry out major repairs of buildings and structures, repair and construction of housing according to orders from the population, organizations that carry out production drilling , design, design and survey and survey organizations, economic management of construction.
Other types of activities in the sphere of material production The industry includes editorial offices, publishing houses, procurement offices for collecting scrap metal and scrap, private security, etc., including economic management of the listed types of activities.
Agriculture service
The industry includes organizations providing services for land improvement, soil chemicalization and other agrochemical work, zootechnical and veterinary services, operation of water management systems and structures, regulation of fish catch, fish protection and fish supervision.
Transport
Industry includes:
railway transport, including tram and metro;
highway transport, including automobile and highway transport, trolleybus transport;
pipeline transport;
water transport, including sea, inland and timber rafting;
air transport;
other types of transport.
The industry covers all types of activities related to the transportation of goods and passengers, performed by independent transport enterprises of all forms of ownership, auxiliary divisions of enterprises classified as other industries, and households in terms of paid services. Highway maintenance includes activities related to routine repairs and maintenance of highways (cleaning, marking, landscaping). Activities related to the construction and major repairs of roads belong to the Construction industry.
Connection
The industry includes postal, courier, electrical and radio communications.
Trade and catering
The industry includes domestic and foreign trade and rental. Domestic trade is wholesale and retail trade (including vegetable stores, rental of cultural, household and household items, intermediary services of exchanges, brokerage, brokerage, dealer offices, agencies, trading houses, commercial centers for the purchase and sale of consumer goods consumption and rental of cultural, household and household items). It covers the activities of state and non-state enterprises, as well as private individuals (street trading, intermediary services for the purchase and sale of consumer goods).
Logistics and sales
The industry includes supply, sales, economic management of supply and sales, rental (rental) of equipment and machinery for production and technical purposes by specialized enterprises, intermediary services of commodity, commodity and raw material exchanges, brokerage, brokerage; dealerships and agencies, trading houses, commercial centers for the purchase, sale and rental of equipment, machinery and other products for industrial and technical purposes.
Blanks
The industry includes activities for the procurement of agricultural products, which are carried out by procurement organizations, points and departments, sales and transshipment bases, elevators, seed cleaning and grain drying factories and points, offices for the procurement of crop and livestock products, commodity exchanges, brokerage houses and agencies , as well as private individuals providing intermediary services for the purchase and sale of agricultural products.
Information and computing services
The industry includes services for processing and providing information, consulting on software, creating databases, etc. These activities are carried out by computer centers, machine counting stations, centralized accounting departments, as well as individuals.
Real estate transactions
The industry includes the sale and rental by organizations (owners) of real estate for industrial, technical and non-productive purposes (except housing), intermediary services of exchanges, brokerage houses, agencies and individuals in the purchase and sale and rental of real estate.
General commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market
The industry includes intermediary services of universal commodity and stock exchanges and other exchanges, brokerage houses and agencies in the purchase and sale of goods, securities, currency and rental (lease, rental) without a pronounced specialization; intermediary services for the acquisition of know-how, patents, licenses, and other copyrights; acquisition and assignment of copyright for the performance of works of literature and art; advertising, representation services (organization of exhibitions, meetings, etc.), auditing activities, marketing research, consultations on commercial activities, financing and management.
Geology and subsoil exploration, geodetic and hydrometeorological services
The industry includes geological exploration of the subsoil, surveying the geological content of the earth's surface and deep study of the earth's crust, except for those classified as scientific research; search and exploration of mineral deposits and groundwater, hydrometeorological service services, economic management of geological exploration, geodetic and hydrometeorological organizations, as well as the activities of gold miners and other private individuals in the exploration and production of minerals.
Housing
The industry includes services for the maintenance of housing stock, including dormitories. These services can be provided by housing administrations, housing maintenance departments of enterprises and organizations, dacha and housing cooperatives, dormitories of educational institutions, housing departments of ministries and departments.
Utilities
The industry includes services for external improvement (sanitary cleaning, cleaning and landscaping of cities and towns, operation of outdoor lighting, gas, water and heat supply); services of hotels (excluding tourist ones), garages, special fleets (for cleaning areas); services for the operation of office buildings, fire protection, and utility management services.
Non-production types of consumer services for the population
The industry includes services from photo studios, bathhouses, shower pavilions, hairdressers, apartment cleaning organizations, issuing certificates, running errands, pawn shops, and funeral services.
Healthcare, physical education, social security
The industry includes the activities of hospitals, clinics, sanatoriums, holiday homes, tourist camps, stadiums, sports clubs, social security institutions, boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, and sanatoriums.
Public education
The industry includes the activities of educational academies, universities, institutes, technical schools, colleges, schools and other educational institutions for training personnel with higher and secondary specialized education, courses for training and advanced training, orphanages, preschool education, as well as services for individuals engaged in individual entrepreneurial activities. activities in this area.
Culture and art
The industry includes the activities of cinemas, theaters, clubs, libraries, museums, art galleries, radio and television broadcasting, circuses, zoos, botanical gardens, cultural and recreational parks. The “Culture and Art” industry includes, in accordance with the clarifications, OKONH film studios, recording studios and film distribution.
Science and scientific service
The industry includes the activities of institutions conducting scientific research, design and engineering organizations, pilot plants (which do not manufacture industrial products externally), innovation enterprises, and organizations serving scientific institutions.
Finance, credit, insurance, pensions
The industry includes banking, insurance, pensions, and financial intermediary activities. It has a code of 96000 with further detailing up to 10 groups, combined into four sub-sectors:
Code
Banking activities 96Central banks 96Commercial banks 96Savings banks 96Other financial and credit institutions 96Insurance 96State insurance 96Non-state insurance 96Pensions 96State pensions 96Non-state pensions 96Ancillary financial intermediary activities 96Non-state management of financial markets 96Exchange transactions with funds 96Auxiliary financial intermediary activities cover services of non-state management of financial markets (stock, currency, currency and stock exchanges), services for exchange transactions with stock values ​​of brokerage, brokerage, dealer firms and individuals carrying out transactions with securities and currency.
Insurance includes services for life insurance, property and other types of insurance provided to organizations of various forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms, including non-governmental medical organizations.
Control.
The industry includes the activities of government and administrative bodies, judicial and legal institutions, public security and defense agencies.
This industry also includes state extra-budgetary funds, which are a special form of organization, redistribution and use of financial resources attracted by the state to finance certain public needs, social funds administered by state authorities (except for the state social insurance fund and pension fund), mandatory funds health insurance, as well as economic and special funds.
Public associations
Industry includes:
political associations;
associations of directors, entrepreneurs, cooperatives, chamber of commerce and industry;
trade unions, trade union confederations;
creative, scientific, technical, cultural and educational public associations;
social protection associations (societies for the disabled, water rescue societies, etc.);
public funds (children's, peace, etc.);
charitable foundations;
religious organizations.
Cultural, educational, sports institutions, holiday homes, boarding houses, tourist centers owned by public associations are considered as their establishments and belong to the relevant industries.
The considered composition of industries is called economic sectors.
The quality of industrial classification depends on the extent to which it corresponds to the modern state of the division of labor, so the problem of improving it is always relevant. To analyze economic development, it is constantly necessary to make changes to classifications, delimitation of units of observation and detailing of groupings of published data. The listed sectors of the economy can be distinguished on the basis of OKDP, therefore OK.ONH has lost its significance.

Production forces tend to develop, which determines the further division of labor and the formation of sectors of the national economy and their groups. In the context of studying national economic processes, it is important to answer the question: “What is an industry?”

National economy of the country

The multi-structural nature of the national economy is explained by the presence of a large number of different production processes and methods of appropriating produced goods.

The entire system of subsystems and links is reflected by its structure. Its change may be caused by the introduction of scientific and technological progress in production processes, socio-economic changes in society and other global processes. New industries and sub-industries are emerging against the backdrop of the disappearance of old ones, and the range of products is changing. An industry is the average level of functioning of the macroeconomic category of the national economy. And its study will allow us to more clearly understand the complex processes occurring in the global economy.

Structure of the national economic complex

The structure of the national economy can be divided according to the following characteristics:

1. Sectoral (a sector is a separate direction in the economy): industry, transport, etc.
2. Functional (according to the functions performed): fuel and energy, construction, machine-building and other complexes.
3. Regional (according to the territorial location within a certain state).

What is an industry?

The study of the economic structure of a country is inextricably linked with the concept we are considering. Thus, all metal producers make up the metallurgical industry, all farmers make up the agricultural industry, etc. Thus, an industry is a set of producers of one good selling it on one market (in the global sense).

In practice, many manufacturers simultaneously produce several types of products, so the following definition would be more correct. An industry is a collection of subjects of economic relations, producers of goods of a certain kind, conducting their activities using one type of equipment. Products can be sold in different markets. To simplify economic analysis, it is generally accepted that each individual manufacturer produces one good, selling it on one market.

How to determine the consumer of a certain product? A synonym for the word “industry” is a branch, direction, therefore, the target audience will consume its products. If you produce a consumer good, the population of the country will buy it. The product in the form of an intermediate good is of interest to representatives of other areas of the economy. Thus, enterprises that process animal skins sell fully processed semi-finished leather products to, say, shoe factories. An important point in the functioning of a market economy is maintaining a balance of supply and demand in various industry markets.

Structure

An industry is an important economic concept, therefore the study of its structure, which means the composition, correlation and interrelationships of individual industries, is very important for understanding the essence of national economic processes.

The structure of a large industry is influenced by many factors, the most significant of which are:

• introduction of achievements of scientific and technological progress;
• growth of the cultural level and welfare of the population;
• cooperation, concentration and specialization of production processes;
• planned growth indicators for the industry and all its sub-sectors;
• division of labor;
• socio-political factors of the surrounding world;
• position of the state in world markets.

The industry structure is the most progressive if its operation ensures the use of scientific and technological progress, and also introduces effective methods and forms of production organization and the use of labor and material resources.

Grouping

The concept of industry is closely related to the processes of grouping and generalization. Various areas of the economy are combined into groups according to certain characteristics, which can be the properties of a resource/product or the similarity of a technological process. A group of industries is often called an industry.

Everyone involved in baking (buns, bread, bagels, etc.) should be grouped into the bakery industry. It would be advisable to unite producers of sweets (ice cream, sweets, cakes) into a confectionery shop. All “dairymen” (producers of milk, cottage cheese, sour cream) - to the Plant growers who are engaged in growing fruit trees (pears, plums, apple trees) - to the horticultural department.

For the purpose of greater generalization of economic processes, it is possible to unite all of the listed producers on the basis of food production into the food industry. It is by this principle that industries are grouped in the modern economy.

Sectors of the national economy

By acting in this way, it is possible to obtain several large unified economic directions. Understanding what an industry is in the economy will help by considering such enlarged entities. Thus, each of these sectors is formed on the basis of the common nature of production. Today the following main ones are distinguished:

1. Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing.
2. Extractive industry.
3. Construction.
4. Electricity, water supply and gas.
5. Trade: wholesale and retail.
6. Transport and logistic.
7. Medicine.
8. Education.
9. Hotels and restaurants.
10. Finance.
11. Public service.

It is economically feasible to combine these sectors into larger areas:

1. The material production sector - from agriculture to construction.
2. Segment of services (intangible relations) - from trade to civil service.

The unification of these two global sectors will make it possible to cover absolutely all production and economic processes occurring in the state.

Classification of industries by OKONH

The diversity of national economic enterprises creates the need for their classification and ordering. The all-Russian classifier “Branches of the National Economy” is a way of grouping activities into areas, taking into account the nature of their functions and structural features. This classification was abolished in 2003, but it is advisable to start studying the industry structure with it. The types of sectors of the national economy, according to OKONH grouping, were divided into two groups. Their composition is presented in the table.

Manufacturing sectors
	Industry
	Agriculture
	Forestry
	Transport and communications
	Construction
	Trade and catering
	Logistics and sales
	Blanks
	Information and computing services
	Real estate transactions
	General commercial activities to ensure the functioning of the market
	Geology and subsoil exploration, geodetic service
	Other areas of material production
Non-production sectors
	Department of Housing and Utilities
	Non-production types of consumer services for the population
	Health, physical education and social security
	Public education
	Culture and art
	Science and scientific service
	Finance, credit, insurance and pensions
	Control
	Public associations

Classification according to OKVED

Today in Russia, the classification of sectors of the national economy occurs by type of economic activity (OKVED), which involves division into the following groups:

Grouping of OKVED codes by sections
	Agriculture, hunting and forestry
	Fishing, fish farming
	Mining
	Manufacturing industries
	Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
	Construction
	Trade in motor vehicles and motorcycles, their maintenance and repair. Wholesale
	Wholesale trade (continued)
	Retail. Repair of household products and personal items
	Transport and communications
	Financial activities
	Real estate transactions, rental and provision of services
	Public administration and military security; compulsory social security
	Education
	Health and social service provision
	Provision of other utility, social and personal services
	Providing housekeeping services
	Activities of extraterritorial organizations

Employment structure

Any of the branches of the economy, their groups or sectors of the economy is characterized by the number of workers attracted to the industry (work in the mining industry, for example, is carried out by 5% of the total labor force of the economy). The ratio of employment in different sectors of the national economy is called the employment structure and depends on the productivity of workers and the demand for various goods.

So how does this system redistribute in national economies? The structure of employment is inextricably linked with changes in the national economy. It reflects economic, social, demographic and other features of the functioning of society.

The employment structure of the population includes several components:

1. Public-private:

• those employed in the public sector of the economy;
• employed in the private sector.

2. Social - is a reflection of the class structure of society, the ratio of the population with different standards of living.

3. Sectoral - reflects the degree of development of sectors of the national economy of the state.

4. Regional - affects the following indicators of the regional economy:

• degree of use of labor resources;
• level of development of natural resources of the territory;
• level of economic activity;
• share of the employed population.

5. Professional qualification - provides information about the quantity and professionalism of the region’s labor resources.

6. Sex and age.

7. Family - characterized by the following features:

• displays the general economic condition of the country;
• Demographic indicators, namely mortality and fertility, directly depend on the level of family income;
• economic reform should take place in order to increase the economic level of working families.

8. National - analyzes the composition of labor resources on a national basis.

All links are closely interconnected in the national economy and cannot exist separately.

What is economics

Solve the crossword puzzle and you will find out what economics is

Use your textbook to complete the definition.

Economy- This is the economic activity of people. All components of the economy are interconnected.

Do you know the sectors of the economy? Label the pictures yourself or with the help of a textbook.

In addition to those listed in the textbook, there are other sectors of the economy. For example, forestry, communications, public catering, housing and communal services, banking sector, consumer services. Think about and explain what each of these industries does.
Forestry- a branch of the economy whose functions include: study and accounting of forests, their reproduction, protection from fires, pests and diseases, regulation of forest use, control over the use of forest resources.
Connection- Anyone who wants to use the services of telephony, television and radio broadcasting, and the Internet encounters the communications industry.
Postal services are engaged in the receipt, forwarding and delivery of postal items, namely: parcels, letters, parcels, transfers. Catering
is a branch of the national economy engaged in the production and sale of prepared food and semi-finished products. Department of Housing and Utilities
(housing and communal services) - includes about 30 types of activities. The sub-sectors are home maintenance; landscaping (road and bridge maintenance, landscaping, sanitation and waste disposal) Banking sector
- providing clients with a wide range of banking services.- part of the service sector, where non-productive and production services are provided to the population. (Hairdressing salon services, Dry cleaning of clothes, laundry services, Photography services. Bathhouse services. Professional cleaning services, Repair and maintenance services of household radio-electronic equipment, household machines and appliances. Sewing and repair of garments. Manufacturing and repair of furniture, etc. )

At home, find out from adults what sectors of the economy they work in. Write it down.

Mom and dad work in the consumer services sector. Mom works in a tailoring shop, and dad repairs household appliances and equipment.

Grandmother works in the education industry - she is a teacher, and grandfather works in the transport industry - he is a driver.

Using the book "Encyclopedia of Travel. Countries of the World" fill out the table (according to the sample given in the first line).

No modern state can exist without an economy. Only thanks to it is it possible to build and develop the country’s economy and ensure a decent standard of living for its citizens. Just like throughout the world, sectors of the Russian economy allow us to strengthen the country and expand its sphere of influence in the world market.

What are economic sectors

Economics is the art of housekeeping. Even in ancient times, our ancestors understood that farming had to be conducted according to certain rules and laws - only then would there be prosperity and stability.

For example, in a large family, someone is responsible for cleaning, someone for shopping, someone for cooking. In a family where everyone minds their own business and does it conscientiously, there will never be any problems. It’s the same with the state - for it to prosper, the economy must be distributed across sectors.

An economic sector is a collection of enterprises that produce similar products or provide similar services. The main industries include industry, agriculture, construction, transport, and trade.

Rice. 1. Industry.

All sectors of the economy are closely interconnected. For example, transport delivers materials produced at a factory to a construction site. Or transport transports agricultural products to a factory for processing, and then delivers the finished product to stores.

Sectors of the economy

Each industry is of great importance for the economy, and is in close interaction with other industries. All industries can be divided into two large groups: material production industries and service industries.who are reading along with this

The sectors of material production include:

• . This is a set of enterprises engaged in the extraction and processing of natural raw materials, the production of energy, tools, and various consumer goods.
• . This industry provides the population with food and valuable raw materials for various industries. Agriculture is well developed in almost all countries.

Rice. 2. Agriculture.

Service industries include:

• Construction . The main task of the industry is the construction of all kinds of buildings, structures and structures.
• Transport . One of the most important sectors of the economy, thanks to which cargo and passengers are transported both within the country and far beyond its borders.
• Trade . Carries out the purchase and sale, exchange of goods, as well as all related processes: customer service, delivery and storage of goods, preparing them for sale.

In addition to the listed main sectors of the economy, there are other areas: communications, housing and communal services, banking sector, catering, science and many others.

Rice. 3. Banking sector.

The tasks of forestry include the study and accounting of forests, their protection from fires, diseases and pests, control over their reproduction and use, and regulation of forest use.

Total ratings received: 213.