is a syntactic unit containing a thought and consisting of one or more words. Using a sentence, you can express thoughts and feelings, an order, a request, etc. For example: Morning. The sun rises from the horizon. Open the window! What a wonderful morning!

The offer is minimum unit of utterance . In sentences, words are interconnected by syntactic connections. Therefore, sentences can be defined as chains of syntactically related words . Thanks to this, even in a text without punctuation marks (for example, in monuments of ancient Russian writing), you can guess where one sentence ends and another begins.

Distinctive features of the offer:

1. A sentence is a statement about something in the form of a message, a question or an incentive.
2. The sentence is the basic unit of communication.
3. The sentence has intonation and semantic completeness.
4. The sentence has a certain structure (structure). Its core is the grammatical basis.
5. The sentence has lexical and grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning sentences are its specific content. The winter turned out to be snowy and frosty.

Grammatical meaning sentences are the general meaning of sentences of the same structure, abstracted from their specific content. She went on an excursion (face and its action). The travelers are cold and tired (face and its condition).

In meaning and intonation there are offers narrative (contain a message), interrogative(contain a question) exclamation marks (pronounced with strong feeling, with an exclamation), incentive(encourage action), for example: Golden Moscow is the best. Do you find it funny? And what stars! Raise your sword higher! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the presence of minor members both one-part and two-part sentences can be undistributed (no minor members) and common (there are minor members), for example: I'm dozing (simple two-part unextended sentence). The ice has grown in lumps on the glass (simple two-part common sentence).

By the presence or partial absence of members of the sentence proposals may be complete and incomplete , For example: In the cold hall the Christmas tree mysteriously sleeps a (full sentence). Glass - penny (incomplete sentence, predicate released costs ). (According to I. Shmelev)

Grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence

Offers have grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate or one of them. For example: Freezing. White beauty birch. I'm scared. There is a rainbow over Moscow. (According to I. Shmelev)

The grammatical basis may include both both main members proposals and one of them- subject or predicate. The stars fade and go out. Night. Freezing. (I. Nikitin)

According to the structure of the grammatical basis simple sentences are divided into two-part (with two main terms) and one-piece (with one main member): The pipes are rattling in the hallway. It smells like polished floors, mastic, and a Christmas tree. It's frosty! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the number of grammatical bases proposals are divided into simple(one grammatical stem) and complex(two or more stems related to each other in meaning, intonation and using lexical means). For example: Our Christmas is coming from afar (simple sentence). The priests are singing under the icon, and the huge deacon screams so terribly that my chest trembles (complex sentence). (According to I. Shmelev)

Subject and predicate

Subject- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers questions in the nominative case Who? or What?

Ways to express the subject:

1. A noun in the nominative case or another part of speech used in the meaning of a noun. Meanwhile sky(noun) continued to clear. Our fallen(prior) - like sentries.
2. The pronoun is in the nominative case. You you bloom alone, and I won’t be able to return these golden dreams, this deep faith (A. Blok).
3. Infinitive. Work it was not difficult, and most importantly, it was fun (P. Pavlenko).
4. Phraseologisms. Skillful fingers visited this master (P. Bazhov).
5. Indivisible phrase. My friend and I We left before sunrise (M. Sholokhov).

Predicate- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?Dissuaded golden grove (S. Yesenin).

Grammar basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). That is, the grammatical basis of a sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: subject and predicate. See also introductory words..

Subject.

Remember!

Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:

1) numeral, adjective and participle in I.P. as a noun; Seven (num.)one is not expected. All the past (adj. as a noun)I was just dreaming.

2) designs: Numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.; The prince had gathered in the hut a lot of people. Several ladies walked quickly up and down the platform. Some, every, much / adjective + of + noun in R.P.; Best of Students quickly solved this problem. Someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun; Something so insignificant tied in a scarf. Noun / pronoun + s + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by a plural verb!). Vanya and Iwent along the forest road ( plural predicate.). Annashe entered the room with her daughter in her arms (predicate in singular).

3) an infinitive, which names an action that does not occur in time. Livein a lordly way - this is a noble affair

Predicate.

In the Russian language there are three types of predicates. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.

Distinguish!

If a sentence contains homogeneous predicates, then each of them should be considered separately.

Also watch the video presentation.

Clue.

1) Most often, the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word, raises doubts:

I I will take part in the exhibition.

In this example I will take part– a complex form of the future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination participate is a phraseological unity that can be replaced by the word I'm participating. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.

Trap!

People often make the mistake of calling the following construction simple verbal predicates:

Everything in Moscow is imbued with poetry, punctuated with rhymes.

This error is due to two factors.

First, we must distinguish the short passive participle from the past tense verb form.

Remember!

Short participles have suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, soakedBut, puncturedTo- These are short passive participles.

Secondly, we have before us a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but what is it - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of a word with examples)? Try adding some time adverb to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, everything in Moscow was imbued with poetry and punctuated with rhymes.

A bunch appears was and the predicate clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a copula be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow There is imbued with poetry and rhymes There is pierced.

Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates, expressed short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.

Remember!

Words it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is necessary included in composite predicates.

To me need to get off at this stop.

Trap!

Be careful with your words to be, to appear, to appear, since by highlighting only them, you may miss another component of the predicate.

She seemed funny to me.Wrong!

If you only highlight words appeared, then the meaning of the sentence changes completely ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).

Right: She seemed funny to me

Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).

Right: The teacher was strict.

Trap!

This task offers quite complex sentences for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What “traps” can you expect here?

1) Proposals can be compiled according to different models:

• subject + predicate;
• only predicate or subject (one-part sentences);
• subject + homogeneous predicates;
• homogeneous subjects + predicate.

The answer option may omit a subject, a predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates.

Remember!

The grammatical basis includes ALL the main parts of the sentence; omitting one of them is a clear mistake.

2) The answer option can combine the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases.

3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. obviously incorrect (except for those cases when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).

4) The answer option may contain a participle or participial phrase, which are never included in the grammatical basis.

Distinguish!

Designs should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. And noun + passive participle.

The coordinates were calculated. ? The coordinates have been calculated.

IN first case coordinates is a noun in the accusative case that depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative case form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:

Calculated the coordinates. The coordinate has been calculated.

The subject and predicate always agree with each other, but the object remains unchanged.

5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences they are subjects.

[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks], (the kind that happen on windows when it rains). (what = droplets).

Analysis of the task.

1. Which combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the “TV version” of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired the unique ability to create ideal images of reality in his imagination, but they no longer seem to be a direct copy of a specific thing. (5) Thanks to the development of cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, abstracting from all other, unimportant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows him to see and recognize the common signs and qualities of various phenomena of reality.

1) perception is (sentence 2)

2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)

3) they do not appear to be a cast (sentence 4)

4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)

Option #1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the entire sentence (perception is = in the meaning “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the “Predicate” section.

Option No. 2 is also incorrect because it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4 the subject is the word Human.

Option #3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast is not in the I.P. form, but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the narrative is lost. They don’t introduce themselves = The images don’t give their names?!

Option No. 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have already said, can be subject. In the subordinate clause it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the sentence it is - allows you to see and recognize.

So way, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.

2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?

(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their ages are different, and their professions are very different, and their level of knowledge is completely different, but everyone tried to know more than they already know. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people who greedily absorbed all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).

1) books were needed, they were lost

2) they needed it, they were lost

3) books were needed, when they came here they got lost

4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean

The correct one is Option 1, since in other variants the second ones included minor members of the sentence in the base: in the second, the word is superfluous to them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is an adverbial phrase that is not part of the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is an adverbial phrase in the ocean.

3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?

(1)... (2) She will die of hunger if the gates are strong and no one opens them, but does not think of moving away from the gates and pulling them towards themselves. (3) Only a person understands that you have to be patient, work hard and do something you don’t want in order for what you want to happen. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, and this is taught to a person by his ability to think. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…

1) she will die (sentence 2)

2) what you want (sentence 3)

3) what is good and should be done (sentence 4)

4) teaches ability (sentence 4)

This is a task of increased difficulty.

Option #1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The sentence has a rather difficult structure to analyze. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include a predicate won’t think to step back and pull.

Option No. 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and there cannot be a subject with it.

Option #3 similar to the previous one. This sentence is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state that is used in sentences without a subject.

True is Option 4.

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of a sentence

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of a sentence. They are associated with the meanings of moods and tense of the predicate verb.

The troops are moving to the front.

(The action actually happens and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to see us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

You should talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but is desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of a sentence because all the minor members in a sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

Let us show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram.

Subject as a member of a sentence. Forms of subject expression

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in “unusual” forms. The following table will help you correctly determine the subject.

Basic ways of expressing the subject.

Part of speech in subject position
Noun in i. P.	Language reflects the soul of the people.
Pronoun in i. P.	He left. Who was there? This is right. This is my brother (for questions: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here, pay attention to the subject of the subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject of the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep.
Infinitive	Being honest is half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is harmful to health.
Combination of words (one of which is in i.p.)	He and I visited there often. Two clouds float across the sky.
A combination of words without and. P.	About an hour passed.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Types of predicate

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is connected with the subject by a special connection and has a meaning expressed in the questions what does the subject of speech do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian can be simple or compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the others carry the semantic load. In other words, in compound predicates, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was Colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, to the word work the semantic load of the predicate decreases.)

Among compound predicates, a distinction is made between compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed by the following verb forms:

Present and past tense forms of the verb.
Future tense form of the verb.
Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verbal predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb to wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnawing is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (must, glad, ready, obligated, etc.) and an auxiliary verb-linking be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense this linking is omitted).

(here the copula will be omitted).

So, let’s imagine the structure of a compound verbal predicate with the formula:

CONDITION VERB SKAZ. = AUXILIARY VERB + UNDEFINED FORM

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a copular verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the copular verb becomes, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the copular verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let's imagine the structure of a compound nominal predicate with the formula:

CONDITION NAME SKAZ. = CONNECTION. VERB + NAME PART

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, various forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the state category, verb in the indefinite form.

In the Russian language, at least four main types of one-part sentences can be distinguished.

Basic types of two-part sentences

Form of expression of subject and predicate	Examples
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a specific form of the verb.
The subject is expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - also by the indefinite form of the verb. Particles are possible between the subject and the predicate, this means.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by an adverb.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears in the predicate.

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical basics in them.

Basic types of one-part sentences

	Typical form and meaning
Nominative (nominative) sentences	These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a pronoun-noun in the form of the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicates that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (are) in the present.	Large area in the city. Here's a bench.
Definitely personal proposals	The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 1st or 2nd person form. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as subjects.
Vaguely personal proposals	The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the doer is either unknown or unimportant to the speaker, so there is no subject in them.
Impersonal offers	These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves,” without the participation of an active agent. According to their form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - a word of the state category. The verbal predicate can be expressed by a verb in the 3rd person singular form (in the present and future tense) or in the neuter singular form (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.	In order not to freeze, she captured jacket
	In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word No.	The owners are not at home.

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except the main ones, are called secondary.

The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but extend (explain) it. They can also explain other minor members.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, minor members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are recognized by questions.

Appreciated (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

Appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Supplement as part of a sentence. Types of add-ons

A complement is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions in indirect cases (i.e., all but the nominative) and denotes the subject. The object usually extends the predicate, although it can also extend other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is a fascinating activity. (Here the journals complement extends the subject.)

Objects are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of a verb and complete phrases.

During the campaign he shaved with (what?) a bayonet. (Here the complement bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) beauty. (Here the complement of beauty is expressed by an adjective in the role of a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the complement to remain is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.)

He read (what?) a lot of books. (Here the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions can be direct or indirect.

Direct objects belong to transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I’ll see my relatives now (v.p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (v.p.).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p.p.).

I put the bread on the table (v.p. with a preposition).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the infinitive form of the verb).

In a sentence, as a unit of connected speech, all words differ in function and are divided into primary and secondary. The main members express the key table of contents of the statement and are its grammatical basis. Without them, the proposal makes no sense and cannot exist.

Instructions

1. In order to highlight the grammatical basis all sorts of things offers, you need to discover and emphasize its main members. These include subject and predicate.

2. The subject is what is being said in the sentence. It invariably stands in the original form (nominative case or infinitive) and, as usual, answers the questions: “who?”, “what?”. The subject is expressed by approximately all parts of speech if they appear in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case. By the noun itself: “what?” the truth does not always lie on the surface. Pronoun: “who?” I am not a follower of drastic measures. Adjective or participle: “who?” the well-fed does not understand the hungry; "Who?" vacationers were waiting for the bus. Numeral: “who?” three were responsible for cleaning the area. Infinitive (indefinite form of the verb): singing is her passion. Any word that has the meaning of a noun in the nominative case: “what?” oohs and ahs came from the street. Phraseologism: “who?” from small to large went out into the field. Compound name: “what?” The Milky Way stretches out in a wide strip. A syntactically integral phrase: “who?” My grandmother and I went to our home.

3. The predicate denotes what exactly is being reported about the subject and answers the questions: “what does it do?”, “what is it like?”, “what happens to it?” etc. Depending on the method of expression, the predicate may be a simple verb; compound nominal; compound verb and difficult.

4. A primitive verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods: the letter “what did?” arrived on time. The combined nominal predicate consists of 2 parts (the connective and the nominal part): he “what did he do?” was a builder (“was a builder” is a predicate). A combined verb is made up of a connective and an infinitive: children “what did they do?” stopped quarreling. A difficult predicate is a combination of elements of a compound nominal and a compound verbal predicate: my brother invariably “what did he do?” I wanted to work as a lawyer. the last part offers(“I wanted to work as a lawyer”) is a difficult predicate, since only all the words as a whole provide the necessary information about the subject.

5. To determine the grammatical basis, read the entire sentence and determine whether it is primitive or difficult, consisting of 2 or more primitives. If a sentence belongs to the first type, then it will have one grammatical basis, and if it belongs to the second, then several. It depends on the number of primitives offers, included in the difficult. Let's say: we were late because it was pouring rain. “We were late” and “it was pouring rain” - grammatical bases of the complex offers .

6. Find the subject in the sentence. To do this, ask the questions “who?”, “what?” and identify the word or phrase that answers them. After this, from the discovered subject, ask questions “what does he do?”, “What is he like?” and discover the predicate.

7. If there is only one of the main members, then it is a one-part sentence. Please note that it does not require reference to context to understand and interpret it. In the Russian language, there are five types of one-part sentences: nominative (with a subject) “Hot July day”; definitely-proper, indefinite-proper, generalized-proper and impersonal (with a predicate). "Get busy." "They're asking you." “You can recognize a reasonable person right away.” "Darker."

8. During syntactic parsing, the subject is emphasized by one line, and the predicate by two.

In Russian language lessons, schoolchildren are required to master not only the skills of competent writing, but also the knowledge to see the structure of a sentence and identify its members. To do this, you need to learn to identify the main and minor members. How to find the subject in a sentence? What are its main signs?

Instructions

1. Before everyone else, you must know that all members of a sentence are divided into two groups: main and secondary. The main members are the subject and the predicate. They form the grammatical basis of a sentence. In order to find the subject, try asking a question about the word. It answers the question in the nominative case (“who?” or “what?”). For example, in the sentence “Spring will come soon” to the question “what?” The word “spring” answers. This is what the sentence is talking about. Remember that the subject is the main member of the sentence, the one that denotes who or what the sentence is talking about. These words are traditionally expressed in the nominative case form.

2. Subjects can be nouns (most often), pronouns, participles, numerals, and even an indefinite form of a verb. So, in the sentence “To live is to serve the homeland,” the subject will be the word “to live.” It is an indefinite form of the verb. Please note that in this sentence there is a dash between the main members. This happens, among other things, when the subject and predicate are expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. In the sentence “We had a great rest,” the main member of the sentence, answering the question “who?” is the pronoun “we”.

3. In a sentence that contains a verb, the subject is easier to detect. It is a word that denotes the one who does the action. Look at the sentence: “The children happily rushed to the river.” You see that it contains the verb “rushed.” Determine who is doing this action. This word will be the subject. Consequently, the word “children” answers the question of the nominative case, indicates the one who does the action and is the main member in this sentence, namely, the subject.

4. The subject can also be an indivisible combination of words. For example, in the sentence “A man and a child swam along the river,” the subject is the phrase “man and child.” Pay attention to the verb “swam.” It is used in the plural form. Consequently, the subject will be more than one word, but a phrase. This allows us to say that the action is performed not by one, but by two persons.

Video on the topic

From the school curriculum we know that impersonal sentences are one-part sentences that indicate an action or state that arises and exists independently from the bearer of the state or the producer of the action.

Impersonal offers very colorful, short. They have significant significance in the dialogues of works of art. Often used in colloquial speech. In texts this kind of thing is often offers We express the states of nature, the environment, a person’s well-being, his mental and physical state. Impersonal offers It is easier for us to formulate the impracticability, inevitability of actions, denial. Also, according to Dietmar Rosenthal, these syntactic constructions are characterized by a shade of inertia and passivity. According to another famous linguist, Alexander Peshkovsky, with the support of impersonal sentences it is possible to express: - ease of action. This construction helps the author show that the action occurs on its own, without human effort (“It was sown freely...”); - a state with which a person himself cannot cope (“She couldn’t sit still”); - suddenness of an act. When people do not expect such actions from themselves (“Here I am going to them...”, Brykin said naturally”); - the time when an action is performed on its own, against human freedom. Some reasons, sometimes unclear (here and an impersonal form of expression), stop him, force him to act differently (“What, you couldn’t say?” Tanya asked. “It didn’t have any effect,” he answered her"); - the work of memory, its clarification and other features of the body (“Suddenly my head began to work very clearly. I remembered: I was driving along a faded field.”); - cardiac processes associated with the activity of the imagination (“Now I’m dreaming: I wish I could get sick for weeks two, three"); - a person’s hope in something that has no basis. A person believes because wants this to happen (“For some reason I believed that spring would be early”); - a work of thought that occurs independently depending on whether a person wants to think about it or not (“And I also thought that now everything would go differently”) Thus, the universal meaning of impersonal sentences is a statement of an independent action (sign), not correlated with the agent.

Video on the topic

When parsing a sentence, you first need to discover it basis. In this way, the construction of the phrase becomes clear, and often also where and how punctuation marks should be placed. Consequently, any person who wants to write competently would like to be able to determine this basis .

Instructions

1. Determine what the grammatical basis is. More often than not, it is represented by a subject, expressing the object or subject of the action, and a predicate, describing the action. Such offers are called 2-combined. A base becomes one-component if it lacks one of the 2 elements.

2. Find the subject in the sentence. It must mean who or what we are talking about. It should also answer the question “who?” or “what?” The subject can be expressed by different parts of speech. More often than not, this is a noun in the nominative case. The subject may also be a pronoun, not only personal, but also indefinite, interrogative or negative. It must also be in the nominative case. If the intended subject is part of an inseparable phrase, say, “The Ural Mountains,” then each phrase becomes part of the stem of the sentence.

3. Select the predicate in the analyzed phrase. It must denote an action done by or on the subject. More often than not, this member of a sentence is expressed as a predicate, and verbal adjectives are also found in this role. The predicate must agree with the subject in person, number and gender.

4. When completing a written task, underline the subject with one and the predicate with two strokes.

5. When you find several subjects and predicates, analyze the construction of the sentence. If you see before you two or more semantically independent combinations of sentence members, then we are talking about a difficult sentence with a coordinating or subordinating connection. In the case when several predicates refer to one subject and vice versa, then you have a primitive sentence with an extended base. However, such repeated elements must still be connected by the conjunction “and” or separated by commas.

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The grammatical basis of a sentence is its most important structural part, which largely determines the meaning of each phrase. The grammatical basis in linguistics is often called the predicative core. The term “predicative basis” is also often used. This grammatical phenomenon exists in many languages.

Instructions

1. Determine whether the phrase you need to parse is truly a sentence. Some phrases in the Russian language are both sentences and statements, but there are also those that can only be classified into the 2nd category. In the first case, it is possible to highlight the members of a sentence in a phrase or determine their syntactic positions. As usual, statements consisting of several words are sentences.

2. Find the subject. This member of the sentence denotes an object whose action is described in the phrase itself. The subject is grammatically independent, it answers questions in the nominative case. However, the subject can also be expressed by another part of speech, which in this case will perform the functions of a noun. Consequently, determine the active object, even if it is expressed by a not entirely familiar part of speech or by a noun not in the nominative case. For example, in the sentence “VKontakte invites you to register,” the subject will be “VKontakte.” At the same time, in the sentence “The public network “VKontakte” invites you to register,” the subject will be the word “network.”

3. Define the predicate. It denotes the action of the subject and answers the questions of verbs. Remember that a predicate cannot always be expressed by a verb. The verb predicate can be simple or compound. In the second case, the grammatical basis includes both verbs, that is, standing in the individual form and in the infinitive. The combination of subject and predicate is the predicative core.

4. One of the main members of the sentence may be missing. In this case, the statement remains a sentence if it is possible to determine the position of the missing member of the sentence. Sometimes this can only be determined by context. For example, participants in a dialogue can discuss someone’s actions and answer each other’s questions in one word. It is clear to the interlocutors who or what we are talking about; they can only name the actions of the subject. In this case, there is a grammatical basis, but it consists of one member of the sentence. For example, if the interlocutors were previously talking about public networks, then one of them may ask which one is preferable. The result of "VKontakte" is a sentence, from the fact that there is a subject and the predicate is implied.

Note!
In some cases, syncrete members of the sentence are part of the grammatical core. They are grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate and can simultaneously be a subject and, say, a circumstance.

Helpful advice
Be extremely careful in cases where phraseological cycles occur in a sentence. The subject can be expressed in such a cycle, and then the grammatical basis will not be two words, but several, and dividing them is unthinkable.

A large amount of time is devoted to grammatical analysis of sentences in Russian language lessons; it is certainly included in the final control program. Schoolchildren need to be able to correctly determine the grammatical basis of a sentence; in case of an error, the entire task will be considered uncompleted.

You will need

• -offer;
• -ruler;
• -pencil.

Instructions

1. Study the offer carefully. Remember that determining the grammatical basis is the first stage from which its review begins. Every sentence has a basis! In most cases, it consists of a subject and a predicate, but can be represented by only one of them. Such sentences are called two-part and one-part, respectively. Difficult sentences often contain two grammatical stems or more.

2. Find the subject in the sentence you are comprehending and underline it. In order not to confuse the subject and the object, you should remember that the subject answers the questions “who?” What?". It can be expressed either by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, or by other parts of speech: an adjective, a numeral, a verb. If the pronoun in a sentence is in a different case, then with a high probability it will be an object. The subject may consist of one or several words and is emphasized during parsing with one horizontal line. He is hot. (There is no subject in this sentence, the predicate is hot). The walls were decorated with beautiful paintings. (Pictures - subject, decorated - predicate). The strongest of the children quickly ran to the finish line. (The strongest of the children is the subject; ran is the predicate).

3. Find the predicate and underline it. To do this, you need to ask questions from the subject “what is he doing?” what is he like? Most often, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but, as in the case of the subject, other parts of speech can be used: noun, adjective, adverb. The verb predicate can be represented by one or more words. When parsed, it is emphasized by two parallel horizontal lines. The students did not find the notebook. (Students - subject, did not find - predicate). The mental game is chess. (Chess is the subject, game is the predicate). It got dark. (The sentence consists of one predicate). I need to get off at the next stop. (Combined predicate - need to go out)

Tip 7: How to determine the grammatical basis of a sentence

In order to understand the grammatical structure of a sentence, you need to discover its basis before everyone else. To do this, use methods developed by linguists. When you understand the basis of a sentence, you will be able to, say, place punctuation marks correctly.

Instructions

1. Find out what the grammatical basis is. These are the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate, which traditionally constitute the core meaning of the sentence. In some cases, sentences may contain only a subject or only a predicate, as well as several words that perform identical functions of the main members of the sentence.

2. Find the subject. Most often it is expressed as a noun or pronoun. In this case, it is certainly in the nominative case and answers the question “who?” or “what?” In rare cases, the role of object or subject of action in a sentence is played by a numeral or even a whole phrase. If you see a proper name in the nominative case in a sentence, it is extremely likely that it will be the subject.

3. Determine the predicate in the sentence. It denotes the action of the subject, the one that is the subject. In most sentences, the predicate is a verb coordinated with the subject in number and gender. Also, this member of a sentence can be expressed by verbal phrases, verbal adjectives and even nouns. The verb should answer the question “who does?” or “what does it do?”, grammatically coordinated with the first part of the sentence stem.

4. Mark the found stem in the sentence. Underline the subject with one constant horizontal line, and the predicate with two.

5. If there are several subjects and predicates, clarify the grammatical structure of the sentence. If all subjects and predicates are consistent with each other grammatically and in meaning, then this indicates a primitive sentence. On the contrary, if they are independent and have an independent meaning, then you have sentences with two or more stems, between which there is a coordinating or subordinating connection.

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Note!
Be careful if the sentence contains the words “to be”, “to appear”, “to appear”. By emphasizing only them, it is easy to make a mistake and miss another part of the predicate.

Helpful advice
The words “allowed”, “necessary”, “impossible”, “necessary” are included in the combined predicate.

The main members of the proposal. Subject and predicate

The main members constitute the grammatical basis of the sentence, without which the sentence cannot exist. However, the grammatical basis can be made up of one main member of the sentence. Such sentences are called one-part sentences (that is, they contain only one main member - the subject or predicate).
In addition, sentences are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones have only one grammatical basis. Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, connected by conjunctions, allied words and (or) meaning, and therefore have more than one grammatical basis.

Subject – the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject and answering the questions WHO? WHAT?, an action, state or sign of which is usually revealed by the predicate.

The subject can be expressed by any part of speech.
1. Noun in the nominative case: Income from shares increased by five percent.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case: We came to the conference.
3. Substantivized adjective: Sick called the doctor.
4. Numeral: Seven one is not expected.
5. Infinitive of the verb: Study will always come in handy.

The subject can be expressed both by a phrase and a phraseological phrase: Pacific Ocean spread out before us; His long tongue always ruins things.
The phrase can have different meanings:

• quantitative: Thirty-four employees wrote a leave application; Both girlfriends laughed; Several people stopped; Crowd gathered in the square;


• selective: None of us did not agree to go;


• collective: Director with secretary attended the meeting;


• temporary: stood mid July.

Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and grammatically depends on it, denotes an action, state, sign inherent in the subject, answers the questions: WHAT DOES?, WHAT WILL IT DO?, WHAT? and etc.

The predicate is divided into simple and compound.
Simple predicate expressed by a verb in any form: There were folders on the table in the corner; If only you could come and talk to me; I will address these issues tomorrow.

Compound predicate in turn, it is divided into two more subtypes: compound verbal and compound nominal.

Compound verb predicate consists of two parts: an auxiliary verb in conjugated form, which expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate and connects it with the subject, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate.
The auxiliary ones are:

• verbs denoting the beginning, end and continuation of an action: I have already started to perform new task; Our department stops striking;


• modal verbs that denote desire, reluctance, possibility or impossibility of action: I I can do it your order; I want to learn your insight; I refuse to be errand boy!


• verbs expressing emotional state: All were afraid to object to the boss; He loves to work;


• phraseological combinations: our company has the honor to cooperate with such a famous concern.

Compound nominal predicate from a linking verb that expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses the basic lexical meaning of the predicate. Moreover, the link may be missed.
The links are:

• verbs TO BE, IS: I I was very pleased;


• verbs that do not express independent meaning: Alyosha seemed pale;


• verbs expressing the meaning of movement, state, activity: We are back home tired.

The nominal part can be:

• nouns in the nominative or instrumental case: Hard work There is The main thing condition success;


• adjectives: Clouds became more transparent;


• numerals: Us there were four;


• pronoun: Andrey Nikolaevich was Here his;


• participle: This meeting was unexpected ;


• an indecomposable phrase: Predicate is the main member of the sentence.

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition – a minor member of a sentence that answers the questions: WHAT?, WHOSE?, WHICH?, denotes a feature of an object.
The definition can be expressed:
1) an adjective, participle, pronoun and ordinal number, a phrase with the leading adjective or participle, then it is called agreed, because in this case it agrees with the noun in gender and case. Examples:

• They fell silent voiced bird voices;


• We noticed a broken headlight approaching cars;


• Under fourth the number was our company;


• Its the burden does not bear.

2) a noun, a comparative degree of an adjective, some possessive pronouns, an infinitive, a phrase, then it is called an inconsistent definition, because it is associated with the word being defined only by meaning. Examples:

• At the monument (which one? to whom?) Pushkin lovers still meet; On his desk was a magazine (which one?) with photos; Water (what kind?) from the spring was cold;


• Children (which ones?) older sent to the river for water;


• Eyes (whose?) his (her, their) were sad;


• The leader gave a sign (what?) shut up.

Addition - this is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions about the indirect cases of a noun, denotes the subject, object and instrument of action.
The addition can be expressed by any part of speech: Get (what?) book(n.) from the shelf; We were asked (about what?) keep quiet(inf. ch.); Invited (who?) her(local) for dinner and etc.
The addition can be direct or indirect.
The direct object is always used without a preposition and is expressed by the accusative and genitive case forms of the verb: The merchant accepted (what?) solution; Today you(who?) won't be there?
Indirect is used in the form of any indirect case with or without a preposition.

Circumstance - this is a minor member of a sentence that answers the questions: HOW?, WHEN?, WHERE?, WHERE?, WHY?, WHY?, TO WHAT DEGREE?, denotes the time, place, reason and method of action of the subject, i.e. circumstances , in which the action is performed.
A circumstance can be expressed by a noun, adverb, participle, infinitive, etc.: Will I read it (when?) after lunch; The boss said (how?) very fast; Hunched over, (how?) a tired clerk was sitting at the table.

In addition, there are parts of the sentence that are not members of the sentence. These are appeals, introductory words and constructions. They are separated by commas, but do not affect the connection of sentences in the text.