Thesis plan for the biography of Fonvizin. Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin short biography - essays, abstracts, reports

Born on April 3 (14 NS) in Moscow into a wealthy noble family. He received an excellent education at home. In 1755 - 1760 he studied at the gymnasium at Moscow University, then for a year at the university's Faculty of Philosophy. During his student years, he began publishing in Moscow magazines, made his first translation of Moral Fables by the Danish educator L. Holberg, and began translating Voltaire's tragedy Alzira (from 1762). In 1762, Fonvizin moved to St. Petersburg and took the position of translator at the College of Foreign Affairs . In 1763 - 1769 he served as secretary of the cabinet minister I. Elagin, who was in charge of analyzing petitions to the highest name, and from 1766 - the imperial theaters. During these same years, Fonvizin became close to a circle of young freethinking officers, under their influence he created the satirical work "Message to to my servants..." (1769). Interest in theater was expressed in work on an original Russian satirical comedy (before that he had adapted foreign comedies "to Russian customs"). "The Brigadier", written in 1766 - 1769 and staged in 1770, was published only in 1792 - 1795. N. Novikov said about this comedy: "... it was composed exactly in our customs." In 1769, Fonvizin became the secretary of the head of the College of Foreign affairs - N. Panin, educator of the heir to the throne. They were brought together by their opposition to the government of Catherine II and the conviction that Russia needed “fundamental laws.” In 1777 - 1778, he traveled abroad, to France and Germany, which he later wrote about in “Notes of the First Traveler,” which played a crucial role in the formation of Russian prose. In the atmosphere of reaction that came after the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion, Fonvizin created his most significant work - the comedy "The Minor" (1781). It directly indicates the root of all Russia's troubles - serfdom and public ignorance, which, according to Fonvizin, can be overcome by reforms in the spirit of the Enlightenment. In March 1782, after Panin was removed from business, Fonvizin resigned, deciding to devote himself entirely to literary creativity. In 1783 he published a number of satirical works: “The Experience of a Russian Estatesman”, “Petition to the Russian Minerva from Russian Writers”, “The Narrative of an Imaginary Deaf and Mute”. In 1784 - 1785 Fonvizin visited Germany and Italy, anonymously published in French “The Life of a Count” Nikita Ivanovich Panin", painting the image of an ideal enlightened nobleman. Subsequently, Fonvizin was not allowed to appear in print; the five-volume collection of his works was not published. His articles were distributed only in lists. In the last years of his life, the writer was seriously ill, but did not give up his literary pursuits: he began the autobiographical story “A Sincere Confession of My Deeds and Thoughts” (it was not completed, but even in its unfinished form it is a wonderful example of Russian prose) December 1 (12 NS) 1792 Fonvizin died in St. Petersburg. He was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Fonvizin Denis Ivanovich was born on April 3, 1745. It is noteworthy that the writer’s surname comes from an ancient Livonian family. During the reign of John the Terrible, Peter Von Visin decided to leave his homeland, moved to Russia, and since then his last name has changed. Moreover, they began to write it together - Fonvizin.

In addition to himself, Denis Ivanovich had seven brothers and sisters in his family. Despite the fact that there were many children, the father of the future writer raised them independently, without the help of outsiders.

He not only instilled in them manners and taught them to behave correctly in society, but also taught them to read and write. This continued until the time when an educational institution for children of a noble family was opened in Moscow, where the future writer was born.

After finishing his studies at the noble school, Denis Ivanovich entered the gymnasium, which was located in St. Petersburg. Training was quite easy for him. He soon became one of the best high school students and received the honor of being presented to Queen Elizabeth.

This is interesting! Since other influential personalities were also present at the reception, the young man managed to make many useful contacts. Among his new acquaintances was a famous philanthropist of one of the Moscow institutes, Ivan Shuvalov.

Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin was a frequent guest at the palace; he also often attended the best performances and performances. The impression that the majestic city made on the young youth was indelible. The young man was simply fascinated by him. This inspired him to speak publicly. Moreover, he spoke in front of the public completely without fear. I read the reports in both Russian and German.

University years

In 1759, Denis Ivanovich graduated from high school and entered the Moscow Institute. An important feature of this educational institution was the presence of 3 faculties. Students could choose to study law, medicine or philosophy.

In addition, there was also a gymnasium at the institute, which consisted of two departments. At the first, only children of noble origin could be trained; at the second, commoners were trained.

And although in those years the institute, as Wikipedia says, was just beginning to develop, the student managed to gain a lot of useful knowledge. Denis mastered several foreign languages ​​and began translating famous works. Since in those years the magazine “Useful Entertainment” was actively published at the institute, many students turned out to be passionate about literature.

Fonvizin was among these students. This is partly why the young man began translating. Three years later, the institute was graduated. At that time, the young author was not yet 18 years old.

Career

The writer's short biography contains few details about his career development. Immediately after college, the young man entered military service. However, it cannot be said that the military position pleased him.

Over time, he found a new place for himself, took the position of translator at the College of Foreign Affairs and soon moved to St. Petersburg, where in a short time he made a dizzying career.

Although the young man was busy in the public service, he continued to be active in literary activities. Many interesting works have come from the pen of Denis Ivanovich. And some were written under the influence of reading the works of atheist philosophers from France.

Important! Reading philosophical works, the young man temporarily abandoned faith. However, over time, he reconsidered his views and realized that he did not agree with most of the statements of French philosophers. After that, he again became a deeply religious person.

The more works the author wrote, the more he changed. With age, he developed not only wit, but also the ability to use irony. He managed not only to notice all the shortcomings of society, but also to ridicule them. It is no coincidence that Vladimir Lukin became his enemy. At that time this gentleman held the office of Secretary to the Minister. Although Lukin did not deny that Fonvizin had a certain talent, the enmity between them continued for a long time.

Family

In 1774, Fonvizin tied the knot. His chosen one was Ekaterina Rogovikova (Khlopkova). The couple lived a long and happy life in mutual respect and trust. And since Fonvizin’s family lived amicably, it seemed that the husband was truly in love with his wife.

However, the writer’s friends knew very well that the only woman he really loved was Anna Priklonskaya. Denis Ivanovich met her at the age of 23. The girl struck the young man not with her external beauty, since she did not even possess it, but she was smart and educated.

It was with her that the writer dreamed of connecting his life. However, this was not destined to come true, since the girl was already married.

This is interesting! Fonvizin met his future wife at the trial. It so happened that he had to understand a complicated matter by order of the empress herself. It was necessary to defend the rights of the widow Ekaterina Khlopkova to inheritance.

During the trial, it became known that the girl was in love with the defender. The lawyer on the opposite side decided to take advantage of this and attempted to denigrate the woman, saying that Fonvizin was protecting the widow because she was his mistress. To save the lady's honor, Denis Ivanovich agrees to marry.

Disease

In 1782 Denis Fonvizin retired. The Empress granted him a lifelong pension and hoped that her faithful subordinate would take a break from matters of national importance. But in 1783 the writer begins to travel around Europe. The trip turns out to be very exhausting, so two years after the start of the journey, Fonvizin suffers from an apoplexy. Because of this, in 1787 the writer returned to his homeland again.

Soon he was struck by a serious illness - paralysis. But this did not stop me from continuing to study literature. Even the empress's ban was unable to prevent Denis Ivanovich from creating several good works.

He wrote such masterpieces as “The Tutor’s Choice”, “Conversation with Princess Khaldina”, and began writing an autobiography. I planned to present some facts from life that I had previously kept silent about, but I did not have time to finish it.

On December 1, 1792, the writer died. They buried his body at the Lazarevskoye cemetery in a remote area. After some time, it was decided to call this section the Fonvizinskaya path.

Let us bring to your attention interesting facts about Fonvizin, which most people do not even know about, because this man has always been very secretive.

Some interesting facts that the biography contains:

1. In 1760, the writer attended a theatrical performance for the first time. What he saw made a great impression on him. Fonvizin later admitted that it was the first production he saw that became the reason for his immense love for the theater. It was a production of the play Henry and Pernille. The author of the work was Holberg.
2. The premiere of the play, which was staged based on the work of the same name, produced by Fonvizin, was a stunning success. In those years, it was customary to shower the stage not with flowers, but with money. On the day of the premiere, the entire stage was completely littered with wallets, which indicated unconditional success.
3. Fonvizin was considered a real dandy; he not only loved to dress beautifully, but also believed that clothes must be decorated with fresh flowers.
4. The writer's favorite coat was considered to be the one made from sable fur.

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Let's sum it up

Some accused Fonvizin of marrying for convenience. Although the circumstances of the wedding were well known and many believed that Denis Ivanovich agreed to the marriage only to protect the honor of the girl, about whom evil tongues were spreading gossip. After all, Ekaterina Rogovikova was from a wealthy family. Her father was a famous rich man, engaged in trade and was known as a wise merchant. It was the wife’s well-being that gave rise to gossip. The message that Fonvizin was an ordinary hunter of wealth quickly spread around St. Petersburg. The writer did not make excuses because he believed that he should not explain to others the motives for his marriage.

Fonvizin Denis Ivanovich was born in April 1745 in Moscow. His parents were wealthy nobles who were able to provide him with a good education.

Young Denis studied first at the gymnasium formed at Moscow University, and after that at the Faculty of Philosophy at the university itself. Even during his student years, his short works began to be published in Moscow magazines. In addition, Fonvizin was engaged in translations of literary works of foreign writers.

After graduating from university, Fonvizin went to St. Petersburg, where he began working at the College of Foreign Affairs as a translator. During his work as a translator, the writer did not stop creating works, which were mainly written in the form of satirical comedies, since he was very interested in theater.

Towards the end of his life, the writer began to get seriously ill. However, regardless of health problems, he continued to create. At this time, Fonvizin began work on his autobiography. DI. Fonvizin passed away in 1792, leaving behind a legacy of Russian literature.

Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important.

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Date of birth: April 14, 1744.
Date of death: December 12, 1792.
Place of birth: Moscow.

Fonvizin D.I.- a great writer. Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin born April 14, 1744 in Moscow. The famous great writer, playwright and expert on Russian life, who managed to transfer it in a comedic form to the stage and into literature, died on December 1, 1792, having lived a long life and leaving Russia a huge cultural heritage that is difficult to overestimate.

Childhood:

Denis Ivanovich spent his childhood in a very patriarchal environment; his father, Ivan Andreevich, was a famous nobleman, close to many famous politicians, as well as a respected and responsible official of the revision board. The roots of his family go back to the distant past; back in the Middle Ages, his ancestors firmly settled at the court of Ivan the Terrible; they themselves came from Livonia.

This family was known in Rus' for excellent servants of the Russian state in a variety of managerial positions. The surname itself was distorted over time; initially it had the spelling vonWiesen and many researchers for a long time used a separate spelling or the spelling Von-Wiesin, but at the end of the 19th century, researcher N.S. Tikhonravov established the modern spelling of the writer’s surname.

Fonvizin’s education was comprehensive; already in his early childhood, his home education was of the highest class; he continued his studies at a noble gymnasium, from where he could eventually enter the philosophy department of the university, but in 1760 he and his brother went to St. Petersburg as the best students. During the same period, he actively participated in student life and even played in Kheraskov’s amateur theater. After graduating from high school, he became interested in literature and published in Moscow magazines.

Early life and years in St. Petersburg:

In 1762, Denis Ivanovich finally moved to St. Petersburg, where he worked as a translator at the College of Foreign Affairs. Until 1769, he served as secretary under I. Elagin, who was in charge of petitions to the emperor himself. The young official's passion for literature and charisma soon made him an active participant in the work of the imperial theaters, which Elagin was also in charge of.

At the end of the 60s, Denis Ivanovich’s liberal views of the young writer brought him together with a small group of Kozlovsky’s officers; under the impression of new ideas, the first satirical poem “Message to My Servants...” was written, which was published in 1769 and quickly spread among young people .

His passion for theater did not leave him. He actively translated various foreign comedies for production in Russia during his student years, but now he tried to write on his own. In 1769, the small comedy “Brigadier” was released, which N. Novikov himself appreciated. It was shown in theaters in 1770, but only twenty-two years later it became available for printing. Unfortunately, the author himself never saw the printed edition of his first successful comedy.

In the year “Brigadier” was written, another significant event happened: N. Panin became the tutor of the heir to the throne and left his post as secretary of the head of the College of Foreign Affairs. There was no change in the liberal views of officials. The newly appointed Secretary Fonvizin also believed that the country needed immediate changes to the legal system at a fundamental level.

Work abroad:

In 1777-1778, Fonvizin traveled through Germany and France. His impressions from this trip were reflected in the “Notes of the First Traveler,” which became one of the cornerstones in the process of changing the appearance of Russian prose during this period. One of the reasons for this trip was the long-term illness of the writer’s wife.

In 1782, he received his resignation from his government post, and therefore could use his free time to further expand his cultural horizons. In 1784, he went to Italy and Germany; in Europe, his work “The Life of Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin” was published in French. However, the main reason for the trip was treatment for paralysis.

Creativity in recent years:

After the Pugachev uprising, liberal views throughout Russia were under severe pressure, and therefore it is surprising that, surrounded by police and censorship control, he managed to write his most famous work, “The Minor.” In March 1782, N. Panin was decisively removed from his post due to oppositional sentiments.

It was during this period that Fonvizin himself decided to resign in order to concentrate on his literary career. Impressed by Panin’s actions, he wrote his “Discourse on Indispensable State Laws,” which contained a huge amount of criticism of the autocracy and was later used by the Decembrists as propaganda for their own ideas.

The political confrontation between Princess Dashkova and the Empress became the reason for a huge number of publications by Fonvizin in the then popular liberal magazine “Interlocutor of the Russian Word”. Dashkova was not only the owner of the magazine, but also the editor-in-chief. It was in this magazine that Fonvizin’s satirical works, “The Experience of a Russian Estates Member”, “The Narrative of an Imaginary Deaf and Mute” and others were published.

The Empress reacted very harshly to this. Fonvizin was forbidden to publish, and his five-volume work with several dozen works was lost to subsequent generations, although it was almost ready for publication.

During that period, his works were distributed furtively, almost like revolutionary propaganda. In the late 80s, the famous writer was paralyzed; he was practically tied to his bed, but still actively worked. It was at this moment that he wrote the famous “Frank Confession of My Deeds and Thoughts,” which, unfortunately, he did not finish. He died on December 1, 1972 and rests in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

Important achievements of Denis Fonvizin:

Many researchers consider Fonvizin a fundamentalist of Russian everyday comedy
- Satirically depicted the morals of the contemporary nobility, describing in the comedy “Brigadier” the love for everything French
- Managed to vividly and humorously describe the negative aspects of serfdom, ridiculing the patriarchal system of noble education in “Nedorosl”
- Changed Russian prose by publishing “Notes of the First Traveler”

Major milestones in the life of Denis Fonvizin:

Born 1744
- Studied at the gymnasium at Moscow University from 1755 to 1760
- Final move to St. Petersburg in 1762
- Work as Elagin's secretary from 1763 to 1769
- Publication of the comedy "Corion" in 1764
- Completion of work on the comedy “The Brigadier” in 1769 and writing the famous poem “Message to My Servants...”
- Staging the play "The Brigadier" in theaters in 1770
- Travel through France and Germany in 1777-1778
- Staging the play "The Minor" in 1782
- Publications in Dashkova’s magazine in 1783
- Travel through Italy and Germany in 1784-1785
- Death in 1792 Currently watching: (module Currently watching:)

Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin is a Russian writer, playwright, translator, publicist, creator of the national everyday comedy, author of the famous comedy “The Minor.” Fonvizin was born in Moscow on April 14 (April 3, O.S.), 1745, and was the successor of a knightly family that was of Livonian origin and finally Russified. Denis received his primary education thanks to his father, who held an official position in the audit board; At home, a patriarchal atmosphere reigned.

Education was continued at the gymnasium at Moscow University, and then at the University itself: Fonvizin during 1759-1762. was a student at the Philosophical University. From 1756 to 1759 he was a member of the troupe of the amateur university theater of M. Kheraskov, and later he played in the professional Public Theater. During his student days, Fonvizin made his debut in the literary field - with translation work. He took up this closely upon his arrival in St. Petersburg in 1760: Fonvizin and his brother arrived in the capital as one of the best high school students.

Fulfilling an order from one of the booksellers, Fonvizin in 1761 translated into Russian the fables of Ludwig Holberg, who wrote in German. In total, he translated more than 200 fables, a novel by the Frenchman Terrason, Voltaire’s tragedy, Ovid’s “Metamorphoses”, etc. Fonvizin considered J.-J. to be his favorite writer. Rousseau. In parallel with his translation work, he began to write essays of a satirical nature.

After graduating from the university, D.I. Fonvizin became a translator in a foreign collegium, and from 1763 he was transferred to the service of the State Councilor of the Palace Chancellery I.P. Elagin. By the way, this appointment was facilitated by his pursuit of literature: his translation of Voltaire’s tragedy did not go unnoticed. While working under Elagin, Fonvizin did not give up his translation activities. Having become close to Kozlovsky’s literary circle, he created his debut independent work - “Message to my servants Shumilov, Vanka and Petrushka”; in 1764 his first comedy play, Corion, appeared. During 1766-1769. The comedy “The Brigadier” was written and published in 1786. She marked the beginning of the comedy of manners genre, because... The overwhelming majority of Russian authors created comedies of characters.

The biography period from 1769 to 1782 was associated with the service of Count N.I. Panina; Fonvizin worked as his secretary, and later became his confidant. While in this position, he found himself in the world of big politics and behind-the-scenes games. In 1777, Fonvizin left Russia and lived in France for quite some time, where he tried to understand the processes taking place in this state, while simultaneously thinking about the fate of his homeland, trying to see a path that would allow him to take socio-political life to a new level.

In 1782, Fonvizin had to resign due to the fact that Count Panin fell into disgrace. Based on his ideas, Fonvizin wrote “Discourse on Indispensable State Laws” (1782-1783). This work was intended for the count's pupil, who in the future was to become Emperor Paul, and is considered one of the best works of national journalism.

The peak of Denis Ivanovich’s creative achievements was the comedy “The Minor,” written in 1882 and published in 1883, which, like “The Brigadier,” caused a huge public outcry. Belinsky at one time noted that Russian comedy began only with Fonvizin, and his plays are one of the “remarkable phenomena” in the history of Russian literature.

After leaving public service, Fonvizin devoted himself to literature, although his health left much to be desired (the writer had partial paralysis). Catherine the Second in many ways prevented the implementation of his creative plans, in particular, by imposing a ban on the publication of the magazine “Friend of Honest People, or Starodum,” a collection of works in 5 volumes. During this period of creative activity, he created several dramatic works, magazine articles and an autobiography (remained unfinished). In 1784 and 1785, Fonvizin went to Italy for treatment, and in 1787 he recovered his noticeably deteriorating health in Vienna. The Fonvizin couple also experienced financial difficulties at this time. Literature classes were actually curtailed. The writer died on December 12 (December 1, O.S.), 1792; He was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.