Panchatantra. Collection of fables and parables of ancient India
Ancient India, a land of fairy tales and amazing wonders, gave the world priceless artistic treasures. Monuments of ancient Indian architecture, sculpture and painting are distinguished by such living power of influence and such original beauty that they cannot be confused with monuments of another country. Originating in times as distant as the culture of Western Asia and Egypt, Indian culture in ancient times followed the same path of development as these countries. But it developed under slightly different natural conditions, which left a special imprint on its formation. Belief in the miraculous power of nature became the basis of all Indian mythology and Indian culture. Indian mythology has provided enormous material for fine art. Inextricably intertwined with each other, architecture, sculpture and painting have conveyed to our time in earthly and beautiful, and sometimes frightening images of people, animals and demons that legendary-mythological sense of the world, which originated in the depths of Indian fantasy back in ancient times.
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India
“Religion of India” - There is no division of society into varnas (castes). Sikh. Presentation: Religions of India. Jiva is a living, spiritual principle, possessing an eternal soul and consciousness. Samaveda - sacrificial songs. Brahmanism. Atharva Veda - prayer chants and spells. Shudras are servants, dependents. "Untouchables" Rigveda is a collection of ancient hymns.
Defense of the history project
"INDIA is the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals."
We are students of grade 5 “B”, Anastasia Lozhechnikova and Daria Borodina. We present to your attention a history project: “India is the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals”
Project manager: Svetlana Ivanovna Repinskaya - history teacher
The OBJECT of our research is the country of India
The SUBJECT of the research is animal heroes of fairy tales and fables of India
We have put forward a hypothesis: The veneration of sacred animals in India is the reason that India is a country of many fairy tales and fables about animals
When preparing for the project, we set ourselves the following GOAL:
Find out what beliefs are associated with the fact that in ancient Indian literature the characters are often animals. We have set ourselves the following TASKS:
Get acquainted with Indian fairy tales and fables about animals
Find out which ones you liked best and why.
Find out what beliefs are associated with the fact that in ancient Indian literature the characters are often animals
Find interesting information in additional literature and the Internet about India, and what animals Indians consider sacred.
Research methods:
Reading literature
Observation
Poll - questionnaire
Analysis of results
India is an ancient country approximately 8 thousand years old. The amazing Indian people lived on its territory. Which were divided into several social castes. Where priests played an important role. Although historians do not know who ruled such an amazing state. The Indians had their own language and writing. Their letters cannot be deciphered by scientists to this day.
The ancient Indians gave humanity such agricultural crops as cotton and sugar cane. They made thin chintz fabric. They domesticated the largest animal in the world, the elephant.
They revered and believed in different gods. Animals were deified. Along with the gods, the Vedas, the Sanskrit language and the Brahmins were revered as guardians of culture and sacred knowledge. Brahmins were considered living gods.
This is a very interesting state and people.
ELEPHANTS
The elephant is the personification of wisdom, strength and prudence. The image of an elephant serves as an emblem of royal power, because this animal symbolizes all the qualities necessary for a good ruler: dignity, insight, intelligence, patience, peacefulness. In ancient India, the elephant was considered a symbol of sacred wisdom and invincible power. Due to its longevity, the elephant also symbolizes overcoming death.
MONKEY
According to Hinduism, the monkey is considered a sacred animal belonging to the god Hanuman and killing them is prohibited.
They are simultaneously revered as an incarnation of the Hindu god Hanuman and hated as aggressive barbarians.
SNAKES
Snakes are considered sacred and are treated with respect and care. Temples were erected in their honor; images of reptiles carved from stone are often found near roads, reservoirs and villages.
There are countless legends and tales about snakes in India, but the most unexpected signs are also associated with them. It is believed that the snake personifies eternal movement, acts as the embodiment of the soul of an ancestor and the guardian of the home. That is why Hindus put the snake sign on both sides of the front door.
COW
Why do Indians revere these animals so much? Firstly, cows here are equated to the status of a mother, because this animal is characterized by such maternal qualities as modesty, kindness, wisdom and calmness. In India, a cow is called “Gau Mata”, which literally translates as “MOTHER COW”.
Secondly, cow urine is widely consumed in India. In Ayurvedic medicine (Indian doctors), cow urine is considered a very powerful remedy for treating serious diseases, especially the liver. Ayurveda also recognizes human urine as a potent remedy for the treatment of many diseases.
Killing a cow is punishable by twenty years in prison.
We found and read fairy tales in additional literature: About a dog, a cat and a monkey. Golden fish. Cunning jackal. Golden antelope. Jackal and partridge and others.
Indian fables are collected in the collection “Panchatantra”
Tales about animals in India were common among forest tribes, whose life was closely connected with wild nature.
Most fairy tales have something in common with Russian ones.
“Make me laugh and make me cry, feed me and get me out of trouble,” demands the capricious jackal from his friend the partridge (“The Jackal and the Partridge”). But the same motifs are also combined in Russian fairy tales about a fox: a blackbird rescues it from a hole, feeds it and gives it water. Only he does this not out of friendship, but out of coercion.
Indian fairy tales and fables feature animals - jackal, tiger, monkey, crocodile, crab.
In many of these fables and tales it is easy to recognize people of different social status. These stories, fables and fairy tales are written in prose, and the teachings contained in them are usually written in verse. Some of them preserved satire on kings, nobles and brahmins, portrayed as unjust, greedy and hypocritical.
We conducted a SURVEY-questionnaire, in which 15 people took part, students of MKOU Secondary School No. 2
He's in front of you
1. What animals of India do you know about? Cow, elephants, cobras, monkeys, cats, dogs, fish, jackal, tigers.
2. What Indian fairy tales do you know? About the raj and the bird, about the dog, cat and monkey, the golden fish, the cunning jackal.
3.What have you heard about the animals of India? Some animals in India are sacred.
4. What sacred animals of India do you know? Elephant (12 people), cow (7 people), monkey (5 people)
Results of our research:
The Indians believed that animals, birds and insects thought, felt and talked to each other, just like people.
Therefore, they composed fairy tales and fables in which animals were the main characters.
Thus, as a result of our research, we confirmed the hypothesis: the veneration of sacred animals in India is the reason that India is a country of many fairy tales and fables about animals.
We found out that cows, elephants, monkeys, and snakes were and remain sacred animals in India.
Municipal state educational institution secondary school No. 2
History project 5th grade
"India is the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals"
Completed by students of class 5 “B” of MKOU secondary school No. 2
Lozhechnikova Anastasia
Borodina Daria
Project Manager:
Repinskaya Svetlana Ivanovna - history teacher
g Plast
year 2014
Content
The theme of the project is “India, the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals”
Object of study: India
Subject of research: Animals - heroes of fairy tales and fables about animals
Hypothesis
Objective of the project
Tasks
Research methods
Sacred animals
Survey
Conclusion
MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
KOMBAINOVSKAYA BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOL
NAMED AFGHAN WARRIOR ALEXEY DEMYANIK
Administrative
test
in history in 5th grade per course
"Ancient world history"
2015 – 2016 academic year
Information and creative projects.
Using additional literature and online resources, collect information on one of the topics you have chosen:
Inventions and discoveries of primitive people. What role did these discoveries play?inventions in the life of primitive people? Are they still in use today?
The most ancient types of writing. When, where and why did writing originate? How did ancient writing differ from our writing? What is the origin of our alphabet?
India – the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals. Get to know them. Which ones did you like best? How? What beliefs are associated with the fact that in ancient Indian literature the characters are often animals?
Ancient culture of China. What achievements of the ancient culture of China can living Chinese have the right to be proud of?
Religions of the world. Followers of which ancient religions worshiped many gods? What religions are characterized by monotheism (worship of a single god)? Do not forget that one of these religions arose later than the others, in that historical era called the Middle Ages.
The sages of ancient times about the rules of behavior. What do these rules have in common? Why are the instructions of the biblical sages, Buddha, Confucius, Socrates valuable for people of our time? What are the teachings of Jesus Christ?
The structure of ancient states. How did governance in Athens under Pericles and the Roman Republic differ from governance in Ancient Egypt, Persia, and China?
Patriotism of the Greeks in the wars with the Persians. Why did democracy foster love for one's fatherland? What battles with the Persians and why can serve as an example of Greek patriotism?
Spectacles that arose in ancient times. Which ones are still loved today? What spectacles were prohibited at the request of Christians? Why?
Famous buildings and buildings of antiquity. What did they look like? Where and for what purposes were they created? Which of them have survived to this day?
Present the results of the project in the form of a presentation or prepare a detailed colorful message.
Interaction between teacher and students in the educational process
Stages
Teacher activities
Student activity
1. Development of design specifications
1.1 Selecting a project topic
The teacher selects possible topics and offers them to students
Students discuss and make a general decision on the topic
The teacher invites students to jointly select a project topic
A group of students, together with the teacher, selects topics and proposes them to the class for discussion.
The teacher participates in the discussion of topics proposed by students
Students independently select topics and propose them to the class for discussion.
1.2 Identification of subtopics in project topics
The teacher preliminarily identifies subtopics and offers students a choice
Each student chooses a subtopic or proposes a new subtopic
The teacher takes part in a discussion with students about the subtopics of the project
Students actively discuss and propose options for subtopics. Each student chooses one of them for himself (i.e., chooses a role for himself)
1.3 Formation of creative groups
The teacher carries out organizational work to unite students who have chosen specific subtopics and activities
Students have already defined their roles and are grouped according to them into small teams.
1.4. Preparation of materials for research
work
If the project is voluminous, then the teacher develops assignments, questions for search activities and literature in advance
Individual high school and middle school students take part in developing assignments.
Questions to find answers can be developed in teams followed by class discussion
1.5. Definition
forms of expression
results of the project
activities
The teacher takes part in the discussion
Students in groups and then in class discuss forms of presenting the results of research activities: video, album, natural objects, literary living room, etc.
2. Development
project
Students carry out search activities
3. Design
results
The teacher advises, coordinates the work of students, stimulates their activities
Students, first in groups, and then in interaction with other groups, formalize the results in accordance with accepted rules
4. Presentation
The teacher organizes an examination (for example, invites senior schoolchildren or a parallel class, parents, etc. as experts)
Report on the results of their work
5. Reflection
Evaluates his activities in the pedagogical management of children’s activities, takes into account their assessments
They reflect on the process, themselves in it, taking into account the assessment of others.
Group reflection is desirable
Project evaluation criteria are
Significance and relevance
Correctness of methods
Participants' activity
Depth of penetration into the problem
Evidence of conclusions
Registration of results
Project content:
title of the project topic;
relevance of the project, problem;
fundamental and problematic issues;
goals and objectives of the project;
problem solution hypothesis;
form for presenting the results of the project and materials prepared in accordance with it;
used literature and information resources;
problems that the authors encountered while working on the project, how they solved them, and what they learned.
Panchatantra (Sanskrit - “five books”, or according to another interpretation “five tricks”, more precisely - “the science of management called Panchatantra”) is a famous collection of fables and parables that arose in India around the 3rd century. n. e. and through the mediation of the Persians (Pahlavi translation of the 6th century) and Arabs (translation from the Pahlavi Ibn Moqaffa of the 8th century) became the property of world literature.
Like almost all the epic works of ancient India, the Panchatantra is built on the principle of framing in the form of five prose stories (“Separation of Friends”, “Gain of Friends”, “War of Crows and Owls”, “Loss of Gain” and “Reckless Deeds”, the heroes of the first story are jackal-ministers Karataka and Damanaka, after whom the collection in Arabic translation was named); These stories, in turn, are united by an introductory story about the sage Vishnusharman, who wrote the Panchatantra as an instruction for the royal sons, and are the frame for many inserted parables, fables and poetic sayings. In addition to independent versions of the Panchatantra, both in its entirety and in fragments, it is included in a number of other epic works of ancient India: in large poetic collections of tales of Somadeva and Kshemendra, in prose framed collections “Hitopadesha”, “Seventy Tales of a Parrot”, etc.
The content of the Panchatantra is a discussion in narrative form of difficult incidents presented to the ruler; its goal is to teach diplomacy and good Sanskrit to young men of noble families. Thus, Panchatantra is a kind of educational book, a didactic work. But Panchatantra didactics has very little to do with morality. It arose among sectarian city dwellers, equally opposed to both Brahmanism and Buddhism, expressing the interests of this environment and the demands it made on state power. Its goal is to show that moral laws are not absolute, that they recede into the background before the idea of the welfare of the state.
It is clear that this worldview, this artistic method easily found an echo wherever the prerequisites for the isolation of the “urban class” already existed, where representatives of merchant capital began to feel constrained under the conditions of the feudal system. It is not for nothing that most of the Panchatantra plots were so easily adopted by the urban class of the medieval West and used by them to ridicule monks, priests and knights.
Read a book
INDIA - THE HOMELAND OF TALES ABOUT ANIMALS
India is the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals. Get to know them. Which ones did you like best? How? What beliefs are associated with the fact that in ancient Indian literature the characters are often animals?
India is the birthplace of many fables and tales about animals. This is largely due to the mythological and religious beliefs of the ancient Hindus. In Hindu beliefs, all living things in the world contain a divine spark, and in this respect, man differs from animals only in form. At the same time, a person, an animal, and even a plant is only one of the transitional forms into which the immortal soul is reincarnated on its path to perfection. Therefore, according to Hindu beliefs, every living creature contains a soul, perhaps even that of their ancestor.
The fauna of India is large and diverse. Since ancient times, Hindus have lived among numerous animals, which have become part of the life and beliefs of Hindus. Hindus worship some deities in the form of animals. Vishnu, for example, incarnated on earth as a fish, as a turtle, as a boar, in one of his incarnations he was half lion, half man. In addition, animals are vehicles and indispensable attributes of many Gods in Hinduism and Vedic mythology. Animals represent the energy of their gods and, like their owners themselves, are objects of worship.
For example, a cow represents abundance, purity, and holiness. Just like Mother Earth, the cow gives selfless sacrifice. It produces milk and other dairy products, which serve as the basis of a vegetarian diet. According to Hindu mythology, in order for a Hindu to reach heaven after death, he must swim across a river. This can only be done with the help of a cow, holding on to its tail. Today in India, pedestrians and motorists give way to these sacred animals without further ado. And if, God forbid, you run over a cow, you can get a serious fine or even life imprisonment. Once on one of the busy roads there was a traffic jam for almost a day, because one such sacred animal decided to lie down, right in the middle of the street.
Monkeys are considered sacred animals in India. According to an ancient legend, the monkey king Hanuman stole delicious mangoes from the garden of the mythical giant and gave them to people. Also in ancient Indian legends, the monkey Hanuman helps the hero Rama save the beautiful princess Sita.
The Indians were afraid of snakes and tried to appease them. They placed lumps of boiled rice around the house as a treat for the snakes in the hope that the snakes would not bite people. Snakes are crawling into Indian homes without permission. This happens especially often during the rainy season, when water floods their burrows. The spectacled cobra is considered sacred in Hinduism. On it rests the god Vishnu, the patron of goodness and law, in the waves of the world ocean. Cobras also wrap around the neck of the omnipotent Shiva. They wrap their rings around their hands and head. Buddha sat under the swollen hoods of a multi-headed cobra during his sermons, having previously turned her to the path of good, by the power of his teaching. In some provinces of India, the cult of cobra is widespread. One Indian woman even married a snake. For several years, the woman brought milk to her hole, which she accepted with gratitude. And she never even attempted to attack. At that time, the woman fascinated by the cobra was seriously ill, but she did not have the means to pay for treatment. The newlywed was sure that daily communication with the snake cured her illness. After the wedding, the new bride moved into a hut built next to the snake's hole.
Elephants enjoy special attention and respect among Indians. According to Hindu traditions, any person who harms an elephant incurs a curse. After all, the Earth rests on four elephants. So, one of the main gods was the wise god Ganesha with the head of an elephant. The Indians managed to tame the elephants, and they helped the Indians by dragging heavy logs or participating in battles.
We all remember the famous story about the brave mongoose Riki-Tiki-Tavi, the story about the cat who walked by itself, and the fairy tale about Mowgli from The Jungle Book, which became famous thanks to animated film adaptations. These stories were written by the English writer Rudyard Kipling, who was born in India and introduced Indian traditions of animal tales into his works. Indeed, India is home to numerous animal tales. In them, animals talk, feel, make friends, quarrel and make peace, show wisdom and ingenuity, betray each other and receive a well-deserved punishment for betrayal. Everything is like people. The same vices and worthy qualities. Using animals as an example, Indian fairy tales provide moral education for children, showing what is good and what is bad.