Purpose of the lesson: to get acquainted with the ideal of motherhood and sacrificial love for people. Lesson Plan: - Review
Option No. I
1. The first small female figurines of the “Paleolithic Venus” were:
a) graceful and slender;
b) primitive and rude.
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Match:
1 In Western Europe
A Madonnas
2 in Rus'
b Mother of God
4.Name the icon.
___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
6.What painting by A.G. Are we talking about Venetsianov?
A barefoot peasant woman in a long pink sundress and a scarlet kokoshnik leads by the bridles two horses harnessed to a harrow...
______________________________________________________________________
8. Match:
1 Our Lady of Oranthe
A
2 Our Lady Hodegetria
b
______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Answers.
b) primitive and rude.
1 In Western Europe
A Madonnas
2 in Rus'
b Mother of God
Our Lady of Vladimir
Madonna Litta, Leonardo da Vinci
On the arable land. Spring
1 Our Lady of Oranthe
A “praying” with hands raised to the sky
2 Our Lady Hodegetria
b "guide" pointing to baby Jesus sitting in her arms
A.A. Deineka, Mother
Test on the topic “The image of a woman-mother through the centuries”
Option No. II
1. What was given special attention to in the “Paleolithic Venus” figurines?
a) large breasts and hips;
b) expressive eyes;
c) women's hairstyle;
d) big nose.
2.Explain the meaning of the words “cult of women”:
3. Match:
1 Our Lady of Oranthe
A “praying” with hands raised to the sky
2 Our Lady Hodegetria
b "guide" pointing to baby Jesus sitting in her arms
4.Name the icon.
______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
6. What painting by A.G. Are we talking about Venetsianov?
In the center of the picture is a woman reaper holding a child in her arms. Having settled down to rest on a high platform, she tenderly hugs the baby, forgetting about fatigue...
7.Fill in the missing words.
Called portrait painter, academician of painting A.G. ____________ at the age of 44, felt dissatisfaction and the need to work differently, unexpectedly leaves _____________ and settles in Tver _____________.
8. Match: The image of the Mother of God is associated with the cult
1 In Western Europe
A Madonnas
2 in Rus'
b Mother of God
_______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Answers.
a) large breasts and hips; c) women's hairstyle
He embodied the idea of motherhood and procreation.
1 Our Lady of Oranthe
A “praying” with hands raised to the sky
2 Our Lady Hodegetria
b "guide" pointing to baby Jesus sitting in her arms
Our Lady of the Don
Raphael, Sistine Madonna
At the harvest. Summer.
Venetsianov, St. Petersburg, wilderness
1 In Western Europe
A Madonnas
2 in Rus'
b Mother of God
Petrograd Madonna, Petrov – Vodkin
The Motherland is calling, I.M. Toidze
The Sacred Ideal of Motherhood Madonna of the Titans of the Renaissance
The art of the High Renaissance brought a different understanding of female beauty than in other eras. Titans of the Renaissance Leonardo yes
Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Raphael Santi, Titian create the imagea perfect person, beautiful both physically and spiritually. The embodiment of such an ideal is
Madonna and Child Jesus is a sublime symbol of motherhood and sacrificial love for people.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
painter, sculptor, scientist architect, anatomist,
naturalist, inventor, writer, musician,
Madonna Benois, 1478 Hermitage
“Madonna Litta” is the pearl of the Hermitage collection. In the picture, young Maria carefully holds a baby in her arms. Her bowed profile
full of exceptional beauty and nobility. Downcast eyesand a barely noticeable smile give Madonna’s appearance an extraordinary expressive warmth, illuminating her
bright maternal feeling. The artist managed to convey his idea of happiness, earthly joy
existence and holiness of the mother’s feelings.
Madonna Litta, 1490, Hermitage
Madonna of the Rocks, 1483-1486, Louvre,
Paris
The Sistine Madonna brilliantly embodies the idea of motherhood, an earthly, realistic depiction of a woman as a mother. She just
took a step towards people. Her movement is calm and majestic, there is nothing in ithasty and fussy. She slightly attracts the baby to her, as if afraid to part with him, and at the same time
extends it to people. This contradictory gesture of the mother hides the deep tragedy of what is happening.
Raphael Santi (1483-1520)
painter, graphic artist and architect
"Sistine Madonna", 1515-1519,
Gallery of Old Masters, Dresden, Germany "Madonna del Granduca", ca. 1505,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy
“Madonna in an Armchair”, 1513-1514,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy
Raphael painted more than 20 Madonnas, but the earliest work is “Madonna Conestabile”. Against the background of a landscape, a young woman is depicted with
a child in his arms. A thoughtful, slightly sad face is turned to the book of the SacredScriptures. With an absent-minded gaze, she glances over the long-familiar lines. Meanwhile, a playful child
strives to turn the pages of the book. The young mother and child are surprisingly touching and heartfelt. Raphael
masterfully fits the figures of the Madonna and Child into a very complex tondo shape (Italian for “circle”). At the same time he
complies with all the laws of perspective without violating the natural forms of visual perception of the world.
Beautiful gardener
Madonna Conestabile. 15021503 Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Sacred Face of Our Lady
Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, XII century, unknownByzantine master.
Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi at the State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
Theophanes the Greek. Icon "Our Lady"
Donskaya", 14th century, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
The eyes of the Mother of God are full of feeling, which in the Middle Ages was defined as “the joy of holy sorrow.” Baby snuggles gently
with his face to his mother's cheek and wraps his arm around her neck.“Not on the throne, on her hand, with her right arm hugging her neck, looking into her eyes, cheek to cheek... No in
in the worlds more dazzling than a miracle, a revelation of pure beauty.”
In ancient Russian art, the image of the Virgin Mary is associated with the cult of Mother Earth. Both share common principles of holiness and motherhood.
“The incomparable, eternal song of motherhood,” Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar said about the icon “Our Lady of Vladimir.” In Old RussianIcon painting distinguishes 4 types of images of the Virgin Mary.
Our Lady of the Sign, signifying
Our Lady of Oranta praying with
birth of the Savior, incarnation
hands raised to the sky.
new life Our Lady of Eleusa, tenderness,
caressing and hugging her
Son.
Our Lady Hodegetria -
guidebook pointing to
Jesus Christ sitting in her arms.
Kuzma Sergeevich Petrov-Vodkin (1878-1939)
Self-portrait, 1918"Our Lady of Tenderness of Evil Hearts"
1914-1915
“1918 in Petrograd” (“Petrograd Madonna”), 1920. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
Young woman with a child onhands
depicted
on
background
revolutionary Petrograd. Somewhere
are in a hurry
passersby,
somebody
stops at the walls of the building.
To discuss the decrees of the new
authorities. But it's just random
temporary background. Not by chance
the woman stands with her back to the city.
The main thing for her is taking care of the child,
his present and future.
The theme of motherhood sounds differently in works created during the Great Patriotic War. Artists from the first days
wars refuted the saying of the ancient Romans: “When the guns roar,the muses are silent." In these harsh years, the maternal call for the defense of the Fatherland was heard more than ever. Impossible
forget the direct, open gaze of a woman, fixed on the viewer with strength and
mobilizing poster by Irakli Moiseevich Toidze “The Motherland is Calling!” "Native land in
danger! This is how this poster was perceived. The gesture of the raised hand recalled the famous image of the Mother of God
Oranta, praying for the salvation of humanity.
The woman, holding her child close to her, is ready with her breasts and her life to protect her daughter from the bloody bayonet of a fascist rifle. One of
the most emotionally powerful posters were published in 14 million copiescirculation. The front-line soldiers saw in this angry, disobedient woman their mother, wife, sister, and
to a frightened defenseless girl - a daughter, a sister, a Motherland drenched in blood, her future.
“Warrior of the Red Army, save!”, Victor
Koretsky, 1942
The birth of a new life is one of the greatest mysteries on earth, and therefore the name of the Mother is always surrounded by reverence.
The theme of motherhood is one of the oldest themes in world art. The first images of a mother with a child in her arms date back to predynastic times in Egypt.
Image - appearance, appearance. Madonna (my lady) is the name of a composition depicting the Virgin and Child. An archetype is a prototype, a model imprinted in the soul of a person, people, nation.
“Paleolithic Venus” is an image emphasizing the feminine principle, the maturation of a new life. The embodiment of the idea of motherhood and procreation.
The goddess has been associated with the Moon since ancient times. The moon has three phases: waxing, full and waning. They correspond to the three phases of any goddess: maiden, mother, crone. Each of them had a clearly defined purpose and value. n Virgo symbolized youth and energy. n The mother was the embodiment of female strength and fertility. n The old woman is life experience, compassion and, above all, n wisdom.
In the Christian cultural tradition, a special role was assigned to the Mother of God - the Virgin Mary, who gave birth and raised the Savior. Our Lady of Vladimir
Russian icon... This is a unique phenomenon in world art. Russian icon painting has great artistic significance. This is a source of light and joy, which gives the viewer a feeling of inner lightness, a sense of harmony. Icons heal, save...
Image of Madonna...My wishes came true. The Creator sent you to me, Madonna, the purest example of pure beauty... A. S. Pushkin
We have always been delighted and inspired by the artists of the 15th and 16th centuries, because they were distinguished by the fact that they had their own vision for painting Madonnas. They were distinguished by harmony, form, beauty of linear and color rhythm, and most importantly, by the depth of maternal, tender love, raised to the level of a high, beautiful ideal.
The Most Pure One is the standard of femininity, the concentration of benefactors, a role model... Her enchanting appearance is the pinnacle of perfection and harmony
A. G. Venetsianov The village suffering is in full swing, Your share! - Russian female share! It couldn't be more difficult to find...
Art of the 20th century K. S. Petrov - Vodkin Mother of God - tenderness of evil hearts, 1915
According to MHC
according to the textbook by G. Danilova “World artistic culture” 8th grade
Organizational information
Teacher's workstation (automated workstation), students' workstation (computer classroom for 12 seats).
Internet, local network.
Projector.
Interactive board.
Traditional board.
Handouts:
Assignments for groups (Appendix No. 1);
The “Key Words” table (Appendix No. 2) is used on the board, students draw and fill out the table in their notebooks;
Texts (Appendix No. 3);
A table for comparing pictures (Appendix No. 4) is used on the board, students draw in a notebook and fill out the table.
Template flowers
Hello guys!
We all remember the lines from the children's poem “We need different mothers. All kinds of mothers are important!” Indeed, this is an undeniable postulate.
The image of mother, mother, mommy is inexhaustible. It seems that no matter what side of life or being you touch, you will find its echo everywhere. “All the pride of the world comes from mothers,” said A.M. Gorky, “without the sun flowers do not bloom, without love there is no happiness, without a woman there is neither a poet nor a hero.”
It is no coincidence that these words of the mother sound like a hymn to life itself, and it is no coincidence that the image of the mother runs a bright line through world culture: so in the Renaissance - the Madonna with a baby in her arms, in Russian culture - deification in icons.
Mom is truly one of the most difficult professions on Earth; it is a test of Kindness and Generosity. It was she who taught us to walk, speak, and understand the language of the people. It was she who discovered the beauty of life. The whole world rests on mother's love.Guys, you see a diagram on the board - a sun. Let's write down the key words of our lesson instead of rays.
On the disk of the sun we will write down the purpose of our lesson.
Draw a diagram of the sun in your notebook.
Epigraph of our lesson words by M. Kuzmin; “After all, every mother is a Madonna, And every child is holy!” Why do I offer this epigraph? How do you understand it?
Teacher's conversation on the background of a slide show.
The mystery of female beauty has troubled humanity throughout the history of its existence. There is hardly an artist who would not try to comprehend this secret, but each one discovered it in his own way. The main and unchanged thing in this comprehension remained the ideal of motherhood, the sacred bonds of love between mother and child. From sculptures of the first artists of the earth, Madonnas of the Titans of the Renaissance, iconographic faces of the Virgin Mary, inspired musical hymns to the mother woman to the works of modern artists - this is the way to comprehend the ideal of female beauty and charm.
(G. Danilova World artistic culture. 7-8 grades. - M.: Bustard, 2006. - P. 83
Today, you and I will get acquainted with female images on our own.
The guys are divided into groups (according to the number of computers), they are given tasks, an execution algorithm, and laws of presentation (Appendix No. 1). When completing assignments, a textbook and electronic texts (scanned pages of a textbook or Internet sites) are used. You must find illustrative material yourself using Internet resources, or the pictures are placed in folders on your computer.
Guys, we are starting a presentation of our works.
The group introduces the topic. After each topic, the guys write down a key word and its explanation in their notebooks. At the same time, the key word and explanation are written in the table on the board (Appendix No. 2).
The guys presented two paintings on the interactive board. Let's get acquainted with the paintings using handouts (Appendix No. 3). Let's try to compare these paintings. We will use a red marker to connect the commonalities, and with a green marker we will connect the differences.
Now we will together fill out the table “Madonnas: moving towards” (see Appendix No. 4)
We can fill out the table. The guys offer conclusions that are recorded on the board. Then the notes are summarized by the teacher into one general conclusion, which is written down in the notebook.
Conclusion: Leonardo da Vinci and Petrov-Vodkin expressed the feeling of motherhood that penetrates into the depths of the soul and remains there forever.
At the beginning of the lesson, you and I filled out the diagram - the sun. We know that the sun promotes the growth of all life on earth. Let's imagine that our sun has grown flowers - knowledge. Look at your desks there are flower patterns. Write inside each flower what you learned from our lesson. Place flowers around our sun on the board.
Today we have learned a lot about the image of a woman in different centuries and in different countries. The teacher can read out the most interesting sentences from the template colors.
Guys, what other keywords can we add to our sun diagram?
Dear guys, our lesson is coming to an end. I thoroughly enjoyed our work together. I am very glad that you are so creative. But I hope that doing your homework will help you study more deeply the image of women in world artistic culture.
First option: Compare the images of Madonnas by Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci.
Second option: Compare the European image of the Madonna with the image of the Virgin Mary in Rus'.
Appendix No. 1
Group assignments
Themes:
"Venus" by the first artists of the Earth.
Sacred Face of Our Lady
Our Lady of Oranta
Our Lady Hodigtria
Our Lady of Eleusa
Russian icon painters: F. Greek, A. Rublev, Dionysius
Madonnas of the Titans of the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci
Madonnas of the Titans of the Renaissance: S. Raphael
The majestic Slavic woman in the works of A.G. Venetsianova
Woman-mother in the art of the 20th century.
Madonna K.S. Petrova-Vodkina
Exercise.
Fill out the presentation template 2 slides.
Select a texture (background) for a presentation on the topic.
Choose music to accompany.
Prepare a presentation. Distribute the text in the group so that all participants are involved.
Appendix No. 2
Word
Appendix No. 3
K. Petrov-Vodkin
Mother. 1915. H.M. 107x98.5. State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg
Motherhood, one of the artist’s favorite themes, is handled too much in the Russian style. The images of Russian women, whom the artist lovingly and carefully depicts, are colored not so much in national, but in social shades. They have spirituality and a combination of chastity and vitality.
In the 1910s, the master developed, as it were, two images, two types of peasant mother.
Associated with the idea of chaste austerity and purity is the feeling of deep blue. The beginning of full vitality is cast in a red color no less full. In “Mother” of 1913, this color turns, as it were, into the color of the mother’s womb; it is not for nothing that it so invariably covers the hips of Petrov-Vodkin’s women. And so, throughout the entire creative evolution of the master, the full-blooded female appearance took root and became increasingly concrete. He fully defined himself in the film “Mother” of 1915. A number of researchers of Petrov-Vodkin’s art express the opinion that this painting was finally rewritten by the artist no earlier than 1917. If this is so - and this seems plausible - then from this picture we could count the development of this vital maternal, or - more broadly - female type in the entire post-revolutionary work of the master. The mother in this painting by Petrov-Vodkin is a young woman with steep shoulders and a stately neck. Her red red skirt, which occupies the entire bottom of the picture, is flaming, loud and hot. The inclined lines of the wall, window and shrine - they will now become an invariable detail in many of the artist’s works - only enhance the almost statue-like density of her figure, the charm of her common people and at the same time almost “royal” posture. And most importantly, the very expression of the mother’s “face” has decisively changed. The slightly “lenten-humble” expression of the peasant mother of 1913, with her “sad and sleepy” look from under semicircular eyebrows, was replaced by a more open and bold expression. What is it worth just one turn of the head - so beautiful and free, as if freeing you from something burdensome or constraining!
Leonardo da Vinci
Madonna Litta
Madonna Litta 1478-1482
Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia
Names of paintings such as “Benoit” or “Litta” come from the names of the previous owners of the paintings.
"Madonna Litta" - completed several years later than "Madonna Benois". This time the artist chose a more austere type of the Madonna’s face, kept the painting in a different color palette, and even turned again to the tempera technique, introducing, however, a number of new techniques into it (Leonardo constantly carried out all kinds of experiments). But the main meaning, the ideological content of the work is the same as before: the same humanity, the same love for the genuine, living feelings of people permeates the entire work. The mother breastfeeds the child, fixing a thoughtful, tender gaze on him; a child, full of health and unconscious energy, moves in his mother’s arms, spins, and moves his legs. He looks like his mother: the same dark complexion, with the same golden stripes. She admires him, immersed in her thoughts, concentrating all the power of her feelings on the child. Even a cursory glance catches in “Madonna Litta” precisely this fullness of feelings and concentrated mood. But if we realize how Leonardo achieves this expressiveness, we will be convinced that the artist of the mature stage of the Renaissance uses a very generalized, very laconic method of depiction.
Completing the stage of long searches in the art of the Renaissance, the artist, on the basis of a confident and accurate embodiment of the visible, creates a poetic image in which the random and petty are discarded, and those features are selected that help create an exciting and sublime idea of \u200b\u200ba person. Leonardo da Vinci, as it were, brings together the disparate efforts of his contemporaries into one whole and, in many ways ahead of them, raises Italian art to a new level.
Berezina V.N., Livshits N.A. Art of Western Europe XII-XX centuries, Iz-vo Gos. Hermitage., L. 1963
Appendix No. 4
Madonnas: moving towards
Characteristics parameters
Aspect analysis of the lesson
"The image of a woman-mother through the centuries"
To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved:
Educational:
Introduce students to and show the variety of interpretations of female images.
Educational:
Create a group presentation on a topic.
Educational:
Respect for the masterpieces of world artistic culture.
The creative task required students not to reproduce information, but to create.
To effectively solve the problems of the lesson, elements of the health-saving education system were used.
Interdisciplinary connections with history, fine arts, culture, traditions of the Russian people, poetry, music.
Used during the lessonworking methods:
Methods of organizing and implementing educational and cognitive activities:
Verbal ( story) - to enhance the cognitive activity of students.
Visual ( demonstration , presentation, exhibition)
Practical work in groups
Reproductive
The students used the model (subsequence ) previously acquired knowledge
5. Partial search
The main stage of practical work was associated with independent search
6. Independent work
Independent study of material using ICT (information and communication technologies) contributes to the effective development of new information and its processing into new knowledge.
Methods used to stimulate and motivate learning:
Creating a situation of emotional experience (presentation + story + music)
Situation of surprise ( the use of poetry and music in the water part of the lesson, a story about the artist’s work)
Success Situations ( table reminders, encouragement during independent work)
Entertaining situations ( comparison)
Situations of novelty, relevance, (information about the popularity of these paintings)
The topic is designed for 2 lessons. All stages were logically interconnected and were aimed at implementing the main part.
1. Organizational - set the students up for work.
2. Introductory – interested and created intrigue
3. Story - helped create an artistic image
4.Working in a group allowed us to tune in, feeldraw your inspiration.
5. Practical work -functions of thinking and perceptionTia.
6 Reflection. Creation of the “Flower Garden of New Knowledge”. Summing up - evaluate the results, understand yourself.
At each stage of the lesson, meta-subject concepts were formed universal learning activities. Namely:
1. educational
2. figuratively - symbolic
3. regulatory
4. communicative
Metasubject the connection in the lesson can be traced and this is not just integration, the addition of one science to another, it is a kind of synthesis of knowledge, skills and abilities, it is the formation of a vision of the world, an understanding of the place and role of man in it.
Students, in the process of processing information on the topic and based on what they find, create a new group and collective information product;
They consolidate the ability to work with various sources of information, highlight main ideas, generalize, express their thoughts and defend their work.
Gain experience interacting in a group;
Consolidate the study of new terms, concepts, cultural phenomena;
Actualize and cultivate their aesthetic impressions
The lesson was aimed at :
Development of attention, imagination, memory of students.
Their awareness of the content of the lesson and the sequence of actions.
Formation of reflective, adequate self-esteem;
Formation of a holistic worldview that corresponds to the current level of development of science and society, taking into account the cultural diversity of the modern world.
Formation of a conscious, respectful attitude towards another person, his opinion, culture, traditions.
Through the development of the artistic heritage of the Russian people, the development of aesthetic consciousness and creative activity.
The use of electronic educational resources in the classroom increases the visibility and quality of the educational process.
The lesson goals were achieved, the lesson plan was completed, everyone received an assessment of their work, and the students learned the lesson material.
Literature and teaching aids:
Textbook G.I. Danilova. World Art. 7-9 grades. M., Bustard, 2005-2006
Educational publication World artistic culture. Optional course for grades 5-9 (10). Course for schools and classes in the humanities, grades 10-11 (11-12). Compiled by G. I. Danilova, Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, 2002.
Solodovnikov Yu.A. Textbook-reader “Man in world artistic culture”, grades 8-9, M. “Prosveshchenie”, 2008.
MHC in active teaching methods/ed.-comp. Yu.V.Gushcha. – Minsk: Krasiko-Print, 2008.
Use of media resources:
ESUN “History of Art”, “Cyril and Methodius”, 2003
Encyclopedia of Classical Music, Interactive World, 2002
Artistic encyclopedia of foreign classical art. "Cominfo", 1999.
Hermitage Museum. Art of Western Europe. Art encyclopedia. ZAO Intersoft, 1998.
Russian Museum.
Masterpieces of Russian painting
Own media resources.
The mystery of female beauty has troubled humanity throughout the history of its existence. There is hardly an artist or writer who would not try to comprehend this secret, but everyone discovered it in their own way. The main and unchanged thing in this comprehension remained the ideal of motherhood, the sacred bonds of love between mother and child. From sculptures of the first artists of the Earth, Madonnas of the Titans of the Renaissance, iconographic faces of the Virgin Mary, inspired musical and artistic hymns to the woman-mother to the works of modern artists - this is the way to comprehend the ideal of female beauty and charm.
The work contains 1 file
Introduction
The mystery of female beauty has troubled humanity throughout the history of its existence. There is hardly an artist or writer who would not try to comprehend this secret, but everyone discovered it in their own way. The main and unchanged thing in this comprehension remained the ideal of motherhood, the sacred bonds of love between mother and child. From sculptures of the first artists of the Earth, Madonnas of the Titans of the Renaissance, iconographic faces of the Virgin Mary, inspired musical and artistic hymns to the woman-mother to the works of modern artists - this is the way to comprehend the ideal of female beauty and charm.
The relevance of this topic is explained by the contradiction that arose at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries: on the one hand, the glorification of the image of a woman-mother for many centuries, and on the other, the demographic crisis. The work is based on an attempt to systematize and summarize the available information on this topic, as well as try to raise the significance of the image of a woman-mother.
Main part
The image of a woman-mother through the centuries
Having analyzed a large number of reproductions and images of sculptures, we noted a certain pattern: despite differences in the understanding of female beauty, artists and sculptors of different eras use similar images. These include:
1) the image of a nursing mother;
2) the image of a woman-mother with a child in her arms;
3) family portrait.
Image of a nursing mother
In the primitive era, a woman-mother was surrounded by a special aura of hopes and ideal thoughts. There was a cult of women in society, who embodied the idea of motherhood and procreation. The ideas of fertility and protecting the home were also associated with women.
During archaeological excavations in different countries of the world, more than 150 small female figurines were found - the so-called “Paleolithic Venuses” 1 . Some of the most famous are the images "Venus of Lossel", also called "Lady with a Horn", And "Lespug Venus"(No. 1, 1-2). Other figurines carved from soft stone or ivory were also discovered (No. 1, 3) 2 . We can also include a clay sculpture of a figurine of an ancestor, found in Turkey and dating back to the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. 3 (№1, 4).
Thus, we see that the first artists of the Earth did not glorify the grace and stateliness of the female body, but paid special attention to the depiction of everything that emphasizes the feminine principle: exorbitantly large breasts and hips, a huge convex belly, in which new life is maturing.
In the era of primitive society, sculptures depicting a woman breastfeeding her child also appeared (No. 2, 1). It is the image of a nursing mother that will become one of the most frequently used in sculpture and painting of subsequent centuries.
We can rightfully consider the ancient Egyptian statue depicting the goddess to be the herald of the image of the Madonna feeding her son. Isis(Isis), breastfeeding Gora(№2, 2)
4
.
The triptych dates back to the beginning of the Renaissance, to the Proto-Renaissance "Madonna del Latte" Italian artists Lorenzetti brothers(No. 2, 3). A few decades later, a Dutch painter Rogier van der Weyden the picture was painted "Evangelist Luke painting the Madonna"(No. 2, 4). Both mothers look at their babies with tenderness. These works contain the idea of motherhood and all-consuming love.
The art of the High Renaissance, which had defined its main features by the beginning of the 16th century, brought a different understanding of female beauty than that of previous artists. Titans of the High Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian– strived to create a generalized image of a perfect person, beautiful both physically and spiritually. The embodiment of this ideal was the Madonna, the Virgin Mary, with the baby Jesus Christ - a sublime symbol of motherhood and sacrificial love for people.
One of the best works on this topic was "Madonna Litta" by Leonardo da Vinci(No. 2, 5) - the pearl of the Hermitage collection. The painting depicts young Mary carefully holding a baby in her arms. Her bowed profile is full of exceptional beauty and nobility. Downcast eyes and a barely noticeable smile give the Madonna’s appearance extraordinary expressiveness and warmth, illuminating her with a bright maternal feeling. Her eyes are half-lowered and looking at the baby she is feeding. Little Jesus turned his eyes to the viewer and holds a small bird in his hand, symbolizing his future suffering. 1
At the beginning of the 19th century, portrait painter, academician of painting A. G. Venetsianov introduced the image of a majestic Slavic woman into Russian fine art. He began to paint simple Russian peasant women engaged in familiar and difficult work. Far from the noisy city life, the artist developed his own idea of the ideal of female beauty, which in many ways differed from generally accepted norms. He painted paintings where in the guise of a majestic Slavic woman he emphasized the spirituality and bright individuality. The choice of such a topic could be explained by the author’s desire to emphasize that it was the woman, despite all the hardships of life, who was and remains the keeper of the best traditions of peasant life, the mother ( “At the harvest. Summer" (№2, 6)).
At the end of the 19th century, the French sculptor Dalu Aimé Jules created a sculpture "Breton" 2 (No. 2, 7). It is based on the already familiar image of a nursing mother, but in
Unlike the titans of the Renaissance, his Madonna is a simple working woman. In a clear and energetic language of plastic art, the sculptor conveyed his idea of the ideals of female beauty and motherhood.
In 20th century painting we also find the image of a nursing mother.
This image found its most vivid artistic embodiment in the work of the painter K. S. Petrova-Vodkina. The master, without imitating the traditions of the Renaissance, ancient Russian painting and European art of the turn of the century, used them as an outstanding interpreter, expressing eternal concepts - beauty, harmony, purity. The artist reflected the ideal of motherhood in his paintings: "Mother», “1918 in Petrograd” (“Petrograd Madonna”, 1920)(№2, 8-9).
The image of the nursing Madonna did not disappear in the paintings of the war and post-war times. There was no higher feat in those years than the feat of motherhood. To nurture and preserve a generation barely entering life, despite the most incredible hardships and difficulties, then meant defeating fascism, which was trying to wipe out entire nations from the face of the earth. He dedicated his painting to the greatness of all-conquering maternal love, which defied death and won, to the richness of the soul of the Soviet woman, to her unbending moral strength "Guerrilla Madonna"(№2, 10) M.A. Savitsky.
The guns fell silent and the war ended. The military life was replaced by a peaceful life, happiness... Simple maternal happiness. The collective farmers look as if spellbound at their friend - a young mother feeding her child. The heroine of the picture V. Erofeeva “Happiness”(No. 2, 11) is truly happy and this makes everyone around her feel good. 1
From the above we can conclude that the image of a nursing mother originates in primitive society and passes through all subsequent eras.
Image of a woman mother holding a child in her arms
Another common image of a woman-mother is the image of a woman holding a child in her arms.
It is impossible to imagine medieval art in European countries today without the widely depicted image of the Mother of God associated with the cult of the Madonna.
In Rus' during the Middle Ages, the image of the Mother of God became widespread, who was perceived as the patroness and defender of her native land, the intercessor of people before God.
Old Russian icon painting has many images of the Mother of God, which can be divided into four types: 1) The Omen(signifying the birth of the Savior, the embodiment of new life); 2) Our Lady of Oranta(“praying” with her hands raised to the sky) (No. 3, 1); 3) Hodegetria(“a guide” pointing to the baby Jesus sitting in her arms); 4) Yelesua(“tenderness”, caressing and hugging her son) 1
Let us consider in more detail the third and fourth types of images of the Mother of God with her son in her arms.
The most popular among the people was "Hodegetria". The Mother of God is depicted frontally, in a solemn pose. The right hand of the Virgin Mary is raised low in a gesture of prayer addressed to her son. Sometimes "Our Lady Hodegetria" is called "Our Lady of Smolensk", since, according to chronicle legend, the oldest copy of the “Hodegetria” brought to Rus' was located in Smolensk.
The fourth type includes the following icons: "Our Lady of Vladimir" (№3, 2), "Our Lady of the Don", "Our Lady of Tolga"(No. 3, 3) and “Our Lady of Eleus-Kykkos” by Simon Ushakova(No. 3, 4). “Our Lady of Vladimir” is one of the best works of medieval art, which the artist I.E. Grabar rightly called it “the incomparable, wonderful, eternal song of motherhood.” 2
The eyes of the Mother of God are full of feeling, which in the Middle Ages was defined as “the joy of holy sorrow.” These words very accurately convey its main meaning. What will happen will happen
destined from above. The future is inevitable. The baby gently presses his face to his mother's cheek and wraps his arm around her neck. Children's eyes are directed to Mary, as if they are looking for protection from her. With her left hand, Maria holds the child, trying to timidly protect him from his fate. On her stern face, full of spiritual nobility and silent reproach, anxiety and sadness lurked. With all the maternal tenderness in her appearance, one can feel the consciousness of inevitable sacrifice.
The Madonna with Child in Her Arms is an integral image in Renaissance painting and sculpture. Dutch painter Robert one of the first to embody the artistic principles of the Early Renaissance in his canvases. His "Madonna and Child"
(№3, 5)
stands out for the democratic simplicity of its images and its penchant for everyday interpretation of plots. A young mother and child are placed in a cozy urban interior with reproduced furnishings.
Dutch artists influenced the work of the Italian artist of the Early Renaissance, master of the Umbrian school Perugino Pietro. His picture "Madonna and Child"(No. 3, 6) is distinguished by its smooth compositional rhythms and lyricism. Clear balance of spatial structures, harmony, soft grace, poetic and contemplative tonality are characteristic of this canvas. The lyrically penetrating unique type of Madonna he created had a significant impact on his student Raphael.
Raphael's Florentine Madonnas are beautiful, pretty, touching and grieving young mothers 1 .
Madonnas created in Rome are no longer just mothers, but mistresses, goddesses of goodness and beauty, powerful in their femininity, ennobling the world, softening human hearts. "Madonna in the Chair" (№3, 7), "Madonna del Impannata", "Madonna of Divine Love", "Madonna del Foligno" and other world-famous Madonnas mark Raphael’s new quest, his path to perfection in the embodiment of the ideal image of the Mother of God.
An important place in the art of this great artist is occupied by "Sistine Madonna"(No. 3, 8). Mary walks on the clouds carrying her child. Her glory is not emphasized by anything. Feet are bare. But as a mistress she is greeted by saints and angels.
She goes to people, young and majestic, hiding something alarming in her soul; the wind shakes the child's hair, and his eyes look at us, at the world with such great power and with such illumination, as if he sees his fate and the fate of the entire human race 2 .
When depicting the Madonna and Child, artists rarely denied themselves the pleasure of adding a bird, or a vase of flowers, or some sparkling glass ball on the armrest of a chair. For example, "Madonna and Child" Memling Hans, "Madonna with
baby" G. Bellini (№3, 9), "Madonna and Child under the Apple Tree" by Lucas Cranach (№3, 10), "Madonna with the Cat" by Giulio Romano, "Madonna with the White Rabbit" by Titian, "Madonna Conestabile" And "Madonna with the Goldfinch" Rafael Santi.
Such paintings include the painting Leonardo da Vinci "Madonna of the Flower", or "Madonna Benoit"(No. 3, 11). This is chronologically the first Madonna, whose image is internally devoid of any holiness. Before us is a young mother playing with her child. A young playful mother, almost a child,