Structure of social protection of the population of the Russian Federation. Activities of the Department of Social Protection of the Population
Introduction
1.1 State chambers
1.2 Shelters for the poor, sick, lepers
Conclusion
Introduction
In modern works, little attention is paid to the history of the formation and development of social protection bodies in Russia, and, as a rule, they are of an “article” nature. There may be a prejudice that social protection bodies appeared only with the establishment of this specialty. Thus, in publications there is a statement that the initial milestone in its history should be considered the end of 1990, when the President of the International Association of Social Workers visited Russia.
But we cannot agree with this, because... The history of the origin of elements of social protection goes back to ancient times. The intellectual development of civilization, one way or another, was accompanied by the development of socio-economic relations. An example of this is the codes of justice developed in Babylon, China, Greece, England and France, which can be classified as elements of social policy. They called for loving your neighbor, caring for the poor and old; in fact, a classification of people in need of support was born, i.e. social protection. The transition from a slave-owning to a feudal system certainly increased the level of social security of a huge number of people - slaves. The development of the social sphere contains enormous creative potential, capable of even changing socio-economic formations.
Thus, the origins of the formation of social protection bodies should be sought in ancient times, when the prerequisites for the development of social work were just emerging. A person cannot live outside of society, therefore he has always encountered and is faced with various manifestations of social activity; with the development of society, qualitative changes occur in social work, its structure is improved, and its significance increases. One cannot underestimate the most important historical events that significantly influenced the development of certain forms of social assistance.
The normal “viability” of the state is possible only if society is socially stable. Therefore, the problems of social protection were relevant for all periods of social development. In my opinion, the history of the development and formation of social protection bodies has a unified development pattern for many countries. However, it should be noted that the system of state social support in each country was developed taking into account historical conditions and, despite the similarity and uniformity of the tasks being solved, it has differences in approaches, methods and organizational design.
Based on the foregoing, the relevance of the course work lies in expanding ideas about the place, role and significance of the history of the formation and development of social protection bodies in Russia in the formation of the principles of humanism, patriotism and citizenship.
The goal is to study and show in a generalized, chronological form the history of the formation and development of the system of social protection bodies in Russia, the most important elements of the historical experience of social protection, which were carried out by government bodies, private individuals, and church institutions in Russia.
social protection authority
1. Formation of social protection bodies in the pre-revolutionary period
.1 State chambers
State chambers were introduced into the system of local administration in accordance with the “Institutions for the management of provinces of the All-Russian Empire” of 1775, as part of an administrative reform aimed at unifying all government administration throughout the empire, which was simultaneously a direct development of the provisions of the provincial reform of Peter I. It was from this time, Russia finally becomes a unitary state, and its administration begins to build into a strict system.
According to the “Institutions”, in all matters relating to the multiplication of state revenues and the allocation of amounts, there were local Treasury Chambers. The Chamber was in charge of tax affairs, supervised the receipt of taxes, and exercised financial control. She was in charge of the sources of state revenue: state property (lands, waters, state-owned enterprises); state, palace, economic peasants; wine farming and contracts; sale of salt; was in charge of government buildings. The Treasury Chamber supervised private trade and industry, carried out accounting and statistical work on audits (censuses of the tax-paying population). The jurisdiction of the state chambers included customs and drinking business, and the audit of local accounts.
The treasury chamber was under the jurisdiction of the county treasuries, which were in charge of the reception and storage of monetary collections and issued sums of money to officials, i.e. were state cash registers. All remaining amounts were to go to the main treasury. The treasury staff had a county treasurer and four jurors - custodians of the cash treasury. The treasuries sold stamp paper, stamps, parcels, arshins, and they also issued trade and trade certificates, excise duty patents, travel documents and passports for the townspeople. At the same time, the treasury served as a “storage chamber”, accepting sums of money and other material assets from various institutions, officials and individuals.
The chairman of the treasury chamber itself was the vice-governor, the members were the director of economy, an adviser, two assessors and the provincial treasurer. This scheme of subordination was a direct implementation of the principle of one “master” in the province, which the governor was. In accordance with this principle, the central government tried to delegate most of the powers to local institutions, of course, reserving only the management of the military sphere and foreign affairs. Thus, most of the central departments were liquidated, and local organizations came under almost complete control of the governors. State chambers were no exception. However, already in the 80s of the 18th century, a new central department emerged - the State Revenue Expedition, a kind of prototype of the Ministry of Finance, which concentrated in its hands all issues of the financial sphere and directed the activities of the treasury chambers and county treasurers. This circumstance became, in fact, the cause of many conflicts between the provincial administration and local government chambers. On the other hand, the necessary measures have been taken to eliminate such disputes. They consisted not in the introduction of new rules for the relationship between the two branches of government, but in the actual replacement of the post of head of the Expedition by the Prosecutor General of the Senate. Since the governor was subordinate only to the Senate and the Empress, it was believed that such a measure completely eliminated all possible friction.
This system of subordination existed for quite a long time, although it was subject to partial restructuring on the part of the supreme power, expressed in the increasing centralization of all management, the removal of some functions from the governor and the reassignment of provincial institutions to the corresponding central departments. This trend continued and intensified even more at the beginning of the 19th century, when the collegium system had almost completely exhausted itself and needed to be replaced.
The most important step in reorganizing and streamlining government in the 19th century was the approval of the ministerial system, which influenced the entire administration of the empire.
According to the instructions of 1831, the State Chambers consisted of 6 departments: economic; treasury departments; forest; drinking fees; salt and control. In some provinces, the salt department business was conducted in the drinking department, and the forestry department in the economic department. The internal affairs of the chamber were entrusted to the office. In addition, it was through the office that the bulk of the cases in all treasuries passed. At the head of the audit, drinking collections and salt departments were advisers. The treasury and control departments were headed by the treasurer and the provincial controller, respectively. Thus, the presence of the chamber included the vice-governor as its chairman, councilors, the provincial treasurer, the provincial comptroller, and one or more assessors. The chairman was appointed and dismissed on the proposal of the Minister of Finance by imperial order. The management of the chamber was based on a collegial basis, and all major issues were resolved by general presence after discussion by a simple majority of votes. In addition to the departments at the treasury chamber, there was also an office and land surveyors. The instruction of 1831 determined the new structure of the state chambers
The treasury department included a county treasurer, a journalist, one or more accountants and a jury who received and issued money. Control over these institutions was entrusted to the provincial treasury, which essentially became the formative body of the treasury system itself.
The local government reform of 1837 (“General Order to Civil Governors”) significantly strengthened the power of governors, combining the functions of management and supervision in their person. All questions concerning his interaction with the treasury chambers and other financial and economic institutions were transferred to the department of the 4th department of the provincial government. Until 1837, the economic department in the treasury chamber was predominant. Therefore, after the reform of 1837, during which economic departments were transferred to the newly created chambers of state property, the competence of the state chambers decreased. But in 1837, the final approval of local bodies of the Ministry of Finance took place with the publication of an order to civil governors, according to which vice-governors were transferred to the provincial government, and a special chairman was appointed to the treasury chamber, who formally became the third most important person in the province. He sat on a number of provincial institutions: on the zemstvo duties committee, on the national food commission, on the provincial road commission, during the examination of the insane; he presides over the recruiting presence, etc. It turned out that, in essence, the state chambers were not so dependent on the provincial government.
They continued to be in charge of bookkeeping and reporting on the receipt and expenditure of amounts circulating in the provincial treasuries, organizing population censuses, recruitment, auctions of state property, regular receipt of taxes, etc. The treasuries subordinate to them exercised control over the receipt of arrears, received and stored state revenues, performed a number of duties related to the collection of indirect taxes, etc.
The Chamber enjoyed quite a lot of independence, since, being subordinated directly to the Ministry of Finance, it practically fell out of the jurisdiction of the governors and the entire provincial administration, which belonged to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. By his position, the chairman of the chamber was the third person in the province. He replaced the governor if the vice-governor could not assume this position.
In fact, the chairman of the treasury chamber becomes the second most important official in the province, because, unlike the vice-governor, he was subordinated more to his own department than to the governor, who could monitor his actions and bring information about violations and violations to the attention of the Minister of Finance. disorder, but in no case could he impose any penalties on the treasury chamber and its officials. Both the treasury chambers and the governors were responsible for organizing the collection of taxes and the collection of arrears, and the role of the latter was predominant. In addition, the chairman of the treasury chamber, as a rule, was higher in rank than the vice-governor. So, for example, on January 1, 1853, there were 53 chairmen of state chambers, of which 29 were actual state councilors (54.7%), state councilors - 22 (41.5%), and collegiate councilors - 1. The rank of one chairman is not specified. Thus, if 5 vice-governors held the rank of IV class, then more than half of the chairmen of the state chambers had the same rank. 21.1% of collegiate advisers were in the position of vice-governors, and 1.9% were chairmen of state chambers. Based on this, it is quite possible to conclude that there are inconsistencies in the provincial administration itself. And if the issue of proportionate rank production has been occupied by the government since the 30s of the 19th century, then the relations of governors with the state chambers at the turn of the 50s-60s of the same century were regulated by the “General Order to Civil Governors” of June 3, 1837. At the same time, repeated attempts were made to supplement this regulation with various kinds of orders. Let us consider the above aspects of interaction between the provincial administration and the state chambers in a little more detail.
Issues related to the activities of the entire system of treasury chambers were ordered to be resolved independently or submitted to the Ministry of Finance for consideration. The chairman of the chamber had to seek the consent of the governor only if it was necessary to take new, urgent measures. The Treasury Chamber communicated with the governor regarding matters relating to the transition of tax-paying persons to monks, the adoption of children taken into care by merchants, and the issuance or confirmation of recruitment receipts, while this communication was of an advisory nature.
At the same time, the governor had the right to make legal demands on the leadership of the state chambers, which they had to fulfill. In addition, at the end of each year, the chairmen provided statements of resolved and unresolved cases to the governors for review. If he noticed improper execution of cases, the governor reported this to the chairman of the treasury chamber to take action. The governor had to inform the Minister of Finance about all these actions. At the same time, they were categorically forbidden not only to order an investigation, but generally to impose any penalties on the chamber and its officials.
Governors had broader powers in relation to local treasuries. During the process of auditing the province, they had the right not only to inspect cash and government property in stores, but also to check documentation and, if violations were found, to impose an investigation.
In the process of collecting taxes, there is also no direct dependence of the chambers on the governors. The law did not provide for any coordination, much less control over each other. But the governor was still considered the main responsible person in this case. Twice a year, the chambers provided information on the progress of tax collection and arrears. The governor, along with this information, in his most loyal report, also expressed his opinion on the effectiveness of the chambers.
In the permanent functions of the chamber, the primacy of governors was retained only when conducting tenders and concluding contracts. All supplies and contracts worth from 5,000 rubles to 10,000 rubles were subject to approval by the governor. If this was not necessary, or the amount exceeded 10,000 rubles, the case was redirected to the ministry, depending on its specifics.
All penalties and awards to officials took place in the chamber, regardless of the governor’s consent, either through the chamber itself, or through its submissions to the Ministry of Finance. This deprived the governors of control over the personnel of the chamber and the provincial treasury.
The independence of the treasury department is explained by several reasons. Firstly, the legal status of the state chambers was formed before the famous “Nakaz” of 1837, which placed governors in the position of masters of the provinces, and therefore the text of the “Nakaz” automatically recorded the already existing provisions on their relationships. Secondly, state chambers, unlike other local institutions, performed more specific functions. Thirdly, the ruling circles recognized a more effective order in which the mutual antagonism of governors and treasury chambers and the desire to curry favor contributed to the successful collection of taxes. And, fourthly, the independence of the state chambers was facilitated by their control functions.
The abolition of serfdom in 1861 increased the volume of work of the state chambers. If previously salary sheets that recorded taxes were compiled once every three years, then since 1861 the chambers had to do this annually. In addition, due to the increasing frequency of peasants moving to other classes, the number of cases in the chambers regarding the registration and discharge of souls has also increased. The treasury chambers had to take upon themselves the supervision of the collection of redemption payments, limiting the actions of the Provincial Peasant Affairs Presences to the consideration and approval of the land redemption transactions themselves in 1864.
In 1862-1866, the chamber underwent a number of significant changes. In 1862, excise departments were formed on the basis of a department of drinking taxes separated from the chamber. Together with the liberation from control functions and the formation for this purpose of control chambers - bodies subordinate to State control, the unity of the cash register was introduced throughout the empire (1863-1865), this was expressed in the liquidation of all departmental cash registers and the transfer of their values to the provincial treasury, which significantly increased his role. A division of affairs occurred between the provincial and district treasuries: the provincial treasury turned into an expenditure fund, and the district treasury into a revenue fund. All these changes not only did not narrow the competence of the chamber, but, on the contrary, significantly complicated the current paperwork.
Significant changes in the competence of the chambers required clarification of their status, which was done in 1865. A corresponding instruction was issued, which established the status of the chamber as “the highest financial institution in the province for monitoring ... the receipt of state revenues and the production of expenses and for managing the cash desks of the Ministry of Finance, as a secondary manager of loans from the Ministry of Finance and ... an accounting institution”
In May 1866, the state chambers were reorganized: their responsibilities became more complicated. In connection with this, the structure of state chambers has changed. Now they consisted of 3 departments: the treasury, the audit department and the office.
In 1878, a more significant change occurred in the structure of the state chambers. Functions were redistributed between its three departments: in the first, administrative office work for cash management was concentrated, in the second - audit office work, in the third - accounting for state revenues and expenses transferred from the treasury. But the state chambers themselves did not introduce or collect any fees, nor could they cancel the established fees.
Over the next 20 years, the structure of the treasury chambers changed again, and their functions expanded: by 1894, the treasury chambers were headed by a manager (formerly the chairman), who alone decided all matters.
The general presence under the chairmanship consisted of his assistants and heads of departments, joined in some cases by representatives from the control chamber and the military department. The increase in the state budget and cash flows, the creation of new sources of income (state-owned railways, state-owned sales of wine) complicated bookkeeping and reporting.
An attempt was made to unite the treasury chambers with the excise departments, i.e. create general financial bodies, which led to the introduction of the position of tax inspector in the treasury chambers. He supervised the activities of non-financial institutions. Along with it, tax offices were created to establish fees from trade and industrial enterprises.
After 1863, the following functions were assigned to the provincial and district treasuries:
collection of government revenues, their storage, payments, movement of funds from one treasury to another or to a bank;
reception, storage and expenditure of special funds of government agencies (except the Synod);
issuance of certificates for the right to trade and crafts;
accounting for all expenses and income, reporting, etc.;
acceptance for temporary storage of amounts from public places, public institutions and officials.
The treasuries were subject to scheduled and surprise inspections, which were carried out by the general presence of the Treasury Chamber, the governor, and representatives of the Ministry of Finance.
In 1890, the treasury was assigned the responsibility of accepting and storing all zemstvo sums. According to the law of 1899, they were obliged to distribute incoming land taxes between the treasury and the zemstvo. In addition, since 1885, savings banks were opened at the treasuries, and the introduction in 1887-1888. banking operations (in cities where there were no offices and branches of the State Bank), as a result of which new forms of bookkeeping and reporting were introduced, complicated the activities of treasuries.
In connection with the expansion of functions, the treasury chambers and the treasury were divided: the chambers into 4, and the treasury into 7 categories, which were assigned at the discretion of the Ministry of Finance.
The state chambers were abolished after the revolution.
.2 Shelters for the poor, sick, lepers
The main form of charity for the poor, sick, and lepers in pre-revolutionary Russia was the establishment of almshouses and shelters.
In the old days, the word “charity” meant compassion for one’s neighbor, mercy. Its object is traditionally considered to be those suffering from serious illnesses, the sick, the crippled, the disabled, orphans, the elderly, the poor...
Various charitable institutions were built for those in need - hospitals, shelters, schools, colleges, almshouses. Charity was one of the main virtues of Christianity. In pre-revolutionary Russia, charity was usually not included in government programs to help the poor; it was carried out by private individuals and societies helping the needy. State aid was designated by the term “charity” (public charity). Charity was widespread in the state and public life of Russia. Even under Prince Vladimir, the poor and wretched could come to the prince’s court and receive there “all kinds of needs, drinks and food..”. This example was followed by Vladimir Monomakh, who outlined the prince’s duties towards the poor in the following words: “be fathers of orphans”; “do not leave the strong to destroy the weak”; "Don't leave the sick without help." Russian tsars and queens widely distributed alms during exits and trips, church holidays, and visits to prisons. Princely and royal charity was an example for the boyars.
The basis of charity in the pre-Petrine era were Orthodox churches and monasteries. Under the latter, almshouses were set up for the poor and elderly, and in lean years, food supplies were distributed from the monastery reserves to the hungry, and communal meals were organized for the poor. In the 18th century The scale of Russian charity has increased significantly.
In 1775, a special order for public charity appeared as part of the new provincial institutions. He was entrusted with the responsibility for education, treatment, the establishment of public schools, orphanages, shelters and almshouses for the elderly, workhouses and restraining houses. After 65 years (1840), there were already about 800 such institutions in the country. In 1860-1870. concern for public charity was transferred to zemstvos and cities. In Moscow in 1894, district trustees for the poor were established everywhere. Moscow occupied a special place in the history of Russian charity. Under Catherine, charity houses for the poor were created in Gatchina. Catherine II decreed that charity for the poor was the main thing for the Supreme Power. In each province, special Orders of public charity were created, which were supposed to deal with issues of helping the poor.
The rise and flourishing of charity in the second half of the 18th and first third of the 19th centuries. became a consequence of noble philanthropy (philanthropy). The construction of hospitals, shelters, almshouses for the poor population was a matter of honor and prestige. Rich noblemen Golitsyn D.M., Sheremetev N.P., Strekalov A.N. and others donated huge amounts of money for the establishment of various charitable institutions. The system of charity in old Russia was distinguished by a variety of forms of institutions and societies. The activities of the institutions of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria (1796), named after the wife of Emperor Paul I, were semi-governmental, semi-public in nature. By 1900, the Department of Maria consisted of more than 500 educational and charitable institutions, where tens of thousands of people lived, studied, and were treated. . The largest institutions of Mary's Office included the council of orphanages, ladies' guardianship for the poor, the so-called Mariinsky hospitals for the poor and others. In parallel with the Office of Mary in Russia, there was a Philanthropic (from 1816 Humane) Society created in 1802 on the initiative of Alexander I, the main goal of which was to provide voluntary, comprehensive assistance to the poor.
Church charity was widespread in Russia. Only in Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century. There were 69 church trusts for the poor. Moscow parish churches maintained more than 100 small almshouses. Estate institutions were of particular importance in the system of private charity. In Moscow, at the expense of nobles, merchants, and priests, educational institutions, shelters, and almshouses were organized, where representatives of this class studied or lived. Russian public and private charity since the second half of the 19th century. existed mainly on donations from merchants. The merits of this class are especially great for the development of charitable institutions in Moscow. Representatives of famous merchant dynasties: Alekseevs, Bakhrushins, Baevs, Boevs, Lyamins, Mazurins, Morozovs, Solodovnikovs, Khludovs, etc. - built dozens of charitable institutions and establishments at their own expense, and supplied them with modern medical equipment for those times. In total, in Moscow by the beginning of the 20th century. there were 628 charitable institutions: almshouses, shelters, temporary shelters and hostels, shelters, free and cheap canteens and teahouses, houses of industry, communities of sisters of mercy, outpatient clinics, etc. The forms of assistance they provided were also very diverse: the provision of housing, overnight accommodation, free meals, the issuance of one-time or permanent cash and in-kind benefits, medical care, and payment for medicines. Charity in other cities of the Russian Empire had approximately the same structure.
In Tsarist Russia, the fight against leprosy was essentially not adequately subsidized. The state did not allocate permanent funds for it.
Some enthusiastic doctors waged a heroic fight against leprosy and made useful contributions to science, acting at their own peril and risk, without sufficient support from the state and society. The placement of lepers in special shelter homes located outside populated areas began in Russia in the 18th century. By the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, leper colonies appeared located near Astrakhan, in the Terek region (since 1897) and in the region of the Kuban Cossack army (1901-1902), leper colonies arose in Estland and Livonia, the leper colony "Steep Streams" was created ", organized in 1894 with funds from zemstvos. The medical assistance they provided was scanty and imperfect.
2. Bodies of social protection of the population during the Soviet period
2.1 People's Commissariat for Social Security
After the October coup in Russia, a new structure was created, which began to abolish existing aid agencies with the redistribution of funds and property for the needs of the state. At first it became the Ministry, and over time - the People's Commissariat for State Guardianship (NKGO). Among the liquidated institutions were charities and societies for the disabled operating in the Russian Empire. They were canceled on November 19, 1917. And by the end of January 1918, the entire previous guardianship system was destroyed.
By March 1918, the main directions of activity in the field of state social security had been formed: issuing rations to the families of front-line soldiers, providing shelter for those crippled in the war and assigning them pensions; adjusting the activities of educational institutions of state care. To solve the then acute problem of financial and material support for social events, the NKGO resorted to a wide range of measures - from the targeted redistribution of material resources, the organization of charitable lotteries to the introduction of a tax on public spectacles and entertainment.
Since April 1918, targeted state support for needy citizens began to be implemented as a means of implementing social policy. At this time, the People's Commissariat for Social Security (NKSO) was formed. This body defined a new strategy for social assistance, based on the tasks of building a socialist society of the Bolshevik model. Then a class approach began to take shape in providing different types of assistance. According to the provisions on social security for workers, only persons whose sources of existence are their own work, without the exploitation of others, have the right to receive assistance from the state. The new legislation established the main types of social security that the working population could count on: medical care, assistance and pensions (in connection with old age, disability, pregnancy, birth of children).
By mid-1918, the NKSO developed its activities in the following areas: protection of mothers and infants; work in orphanages; activities to provide assistance to minors accused of illegal activities; distribution of food rations; providing for disabled soldiers; medical care.
Activities in the field of social protection during this period, including the issuance of various types of assistance, were carried out by different departments - the Commissariat of Work (provided assistance to the unemployed), the Work Exchange, the Commissariat of Agriculture, etc., which led to the duplication of certain functions. Therefore, in 1920, the functions and powers of different departments were demarcated. The functions of the People's Commissariat include establishing general standards for pensions and assistance. All medical institutions that previously belonged to the NKSO were transferred to the People's Commissariat of Health.
The social protection strategy was significantly changed by the New Economic Policy (NEP), introduced in the early 20s of the last century. The main activities of the NKSO at that time were: providing the peasantry and people with “independent work” in the order of mandatory mutual assistance; cooperation of disabled people; workers' social insurance; state support for the families of Red Army soldiers in cities. At the same time, the NKSO bodies were entrusted with the following types of work: providing “assistance to victims of counter-revolution” (victims of Soviet employees, political amnesties, political emigrants, political refugees, as well as families of a specified group of people), combating begging and prostitution, assistance during natural disasters , guardianship and care. According to the government decree, they were provided with work, clothing, housing, medical and financial assistance, pensions were issued to them, children were sent to orphanages, etc.
One of the important areas of activity of state bodies of social protection and welfare in the 20s was the fight against child homelessness. The problem of hundreds of thousands of street children was solved by opening orphanages, labor communes, and educational colonies. The search for ways of social education continued
An important area of social protection was support for the peasantry. In the mid-20s, it became the main object of activity of the NKSO, which assisted in the organization of peasant public mutual assistance (CPM). It was legalized in May 1921, and already in 1922 active work began to create peasant committees for public mutual assistance. They were entrusted with the functions of self-sufficiency and patronage of those in need.
In the 30s of the last century, the main tasks of social protection were proclaimed to be employment and training for people with disabilities; providing for the families of Red Army soldiers, providing pensions for war invalids, families whose members died in the war, and the disabled; organization of mutual aid funds on collective farms; providing assistance to the blind and deaf; assistance to cooperatives of disabled people. In 1931, a special Council for the Employment of Disabled Persons was created under the People's Commissariat of Social Security. By government decision, 2% of the total number of jobs was reserved for them at industrial enterprises.
In 1937, a new regulation was issued on the People's Commissariat for Social Security, according to which the range of tasks of the NKSO expanded. It covered state provision of work and other categories for disabled people; organization of material, everyday, cultural, medical, health, and sanatorium-resort services; management of the activities of social security institutions, the work of medical and labor examination (LTEK), training of social security workers; approval of laws for social security. During this period, the NKSO controlled the Council of Cooperation of the Disabled, the Union of Mutual Insurance and Mutual Aid Cooperation of the Disabled, the Society of the Blind, and the Society of the Deaf and Dumb.
The negative side of the social policy of the 30s is also recognized as the practice of solving social problems of some categories of people at the expense of the rights and freedoms of others, in particular, believers. Many church ministers found themselves expelled from their churches and left without a livelihood. Thus, the general state of social security in the 1930s was problematic.
With the outbreak of the Second World War, the entire life and activity of the multi-million population was directed towards military needs. The extreme situation required extraordinary measures from the NCSO. This affected both evacuation and the mobilization of labor and the distribution of material resources, including food. Industrial enterprises, qualified specialists, scientists and cultural figures were evacuated to the rear areas of the country. In total, about 25 million people were resettled to the cities and villages of the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, and the Central Asian republics. With the outbreak of the 1941-1945 war, a number of decrees were issued regarding social security for the families of front-line soldiers. It regulated the procedure for paying financial assistance to the families of front-line soldiers. The decree of 1942 introduced some clarifications to this procedure. In 1943, the Soviets adopted a resolution to the People's Commissar of the USSR "On benefits for the families of military personnel who died and disappeared without a trace on the fronts of the Patriotic War."
Another set of military problems is social assistance and social rehabilitation of the wounded. Millions of streams of wounded required emergency measures not only regarding their evacuation, but also regarding rehabilitation. In the fall of 1941, relief committees were created to serve sick and wounded soldiers of the Red Army. In 1942, the State Defense Committee organized homes for disabled people of the Great Patriotic War (later transformed into labor boarding schools). In them, crippled soldiers prepared for further work, received labor specialties, and underwent retraining.
At this time, the problems of child protection and care for orphans acquired new features and dimensions. The task was to evacuate children from orphanages deeper into the country and to open new institutions. The resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the placement of children left without parents" envisaged the creation of an additional network of orphanages, as well as the participation of citizens in the upbringing of children in the form of guardianship and patronage.
In 1949, the NKSO was renamed the Ministry of Social Security, and at the end of the 50s, a new stage in the development of social protection and the formation of its bodies in the USSR began.
2.2 Social security departments
By the end of 1918, the People's Commissariat for Social Security was a ramified systemic entity and was divided into seven departments. The presence of specialized structural units allowed the Commissariat to cover all the most significant segments of the population that needed help and protection, and to work consistently and systematically. The People's Commissariat for Social Security was divided into the following departments:
Department of Maternal and Infant Protection, which was in charge of obstetric institutions, shelters for mothers with children in the postpartum period, consultations on the care and feeding of children, etc.;
Department of Orphanages;
Department for the provision of minors accused of socially dangerous acts (Department of defective children);
Medical Department, in charge of sanatoriums and medical institutions for the general population;
Department of pensions and benefits and provision for disabled people, widows and old people, and this same department is entrusted with providing assistance to revolutionary fighters, amnestied, political and returning emigrants;
Soldering department. In charge of issuing food rations to families affected by the war;
Department of disabled soldiers, whose terms of reference included after-care, supply of prostheses, labor and professional assistance, shelters for military disabled and their pensions.
However, other commissariats continued to provide social protection to the population; a clear division of responsibilities occurred only in 1920.
2.3 Commissions for the assignment of pensions, Councils for employment
In accordance with Art. 100 of the USSR Law “On pension provision for citizens in the USSR” pensions are assigned by commissions for the assignment of pensions formed by district (city) or corresponding Councils of People's Deputies. The commission is formed with a composition determined by the Council of People's Deputies. Along with other members, the commission includes the head of the district (city) social security department.
With the authority of the commission for the assignment of pensions, pensions may be assigned on its behalf by a single member of the commission - the head of the district (city) social security department. However, in all cases, at the request of the person applying for a pension and other interested persons and organizations, the issue of assigning a pension is decided by the pension assignment commission.
The competence of commissions for the assignment of pensions formed in accordance with Art. 100 of the Law of the USSR “On pension provision for citizens in the USSR” includes: legal assessment of the content and proper execution of documents submitted to confirm work experience, and, if necessary, making decisions on conducting checks on the validity of their issuance; making, where necessary, decisions on counting or excluding certain periods of work from the calculation of length of service; establishing work experience based on witness testimony; establishing the time of care for individuals, as well as periods of residence in certain territories or stay in places of forced detention during the Great Patriotic War, to be included in the length of service.
On March 1931, the Council for the Employment of Disabled Persons was established under the People's Commissariat for Social Security of the RSFSR. Similar councils were created everywhere. There were planned indicators for the distribution of disabled people among enterprises. A new form of employment in the mid-30s was the organization of workers suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. Special workshops were created for them at enterprises and in the cooperation of disabled people. By government decision, 2% of the total number of jobs was reserved for them at industrial enterprises.
In the 30s of the last century, the main tasks of social protection were proclaimed to be employment and training for people with disabilities; providing for the families of Red Army soldiers, providing pensions for war invalids, families whose members died in the war, and the disabled; organization of mutual aid funds on collective farms; providing assistance to the blind and deaf; assistance to cooperatives of disabled people. During this period, various cooperatives and public organizations of people with disabilities developed: societies of the blind, associations of the deaf and dumb. These public organizations were engaged in the creation of artels and cooperatives, thus solving the issues of attracting people with disabilities to work. They assisted government agencies in carrying out therapeutic measures, prosthetics, training, retraining and job placement.
Some citizens especially need assistance in finding employment: people with disabilities; persons released from institutions executing a sentence of imprisonment; minors aged 14 to 18 years; persons of pre-retirement age (two years before the age entitling them to an old-age retirement pension); refugees and internally displaced persons; citizens discharged from military service and members of their families; single and large parents raising minors and disabled children; citizens exposed to radiation as a result of radiation accidents and disasters; graduates of primary and secondary vocational education institutions looking for work for the first time.
3. Formation of social protection bodies in the 90s
3.1 Creation of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation
The main principle of a democratic society is that every person is obliged to provide for himself. But everywhere there are people who, for certain reasons, cannot take care of themselves. This can happen due to their old age, weakness caused by illness, single women, large families, disabled people who need treatment and care. Society cannot abandon them to their fate, and therefore tries to help and provide them with certain material benefits. To accomplish these tasks, special state systems have been created and are operating, with their main task being to provide material and other social benefits to such citizens. Every person should not forget that someday he may also find himself in a difficult situation, the solution of which only public assistance can help.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains the main provisions of the institution of social assistance: Art. 7. 1. “The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people”; Art. 7. 2 “In the Russian Federation, the labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support is provided for the family, motherhood, paternity and childhood, the disabled and elderly citizens, a system of social services is developed, state pensions, benefits and other social guarantees are established. protection."
The Constitution, having established the basic provisions of this institution, does not provide a broader explanation of the existence, activities, and development of government structures that directly deal with issues of social protection of the population of our country.
The President of the Russian Federation continued the basis for building the institution in question. So in 1996, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Social Protection of the Russian Federation) was formed. But in the structure of the Government of the Russian Federation, approved in March 1997, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population is not listed. However, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development was created, to which the functions of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population were transferred. It's difficult to explain and even understand what's going on here. So, there probably would not have been a consensus on this institute if the Presidential Decree “On the structure of the Federal Executive Bodies”, which had not been repeatedly amended, would not have found its latest edition, where the modern name of the institute had already appeared and taken hold. So in accordance with Art. 112 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, no later than a week after appointment, submits to the President of the Russian Federation proposals on the structure of federal executive bodies) The President decided: to approve the attached structure of federal executive bodies. And in order to form this structure, create the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation on the basis of the abolished Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Federal Employment Service of Russia. The institution in question was created on a fairly large legislative basis, taking on the functions and powers of several ministries at once.
The Ministry of Labor and Social Development was created on a fairly large legislative basis, taking on the functions and powers of several ministries at once. The structure of the Ministry included 11 departments: comprehensive analysis and forecasting of social development; labor conditions and safety; on public service issues; on the settlement of collective labor disputes and the development of social partnership; population and employment policy; on pension issues; for family, women and children affairs; on social issues of citizens discharged from military service and members of their families; on issues of rehabilitation and social integration of disabled people; Veterans and Senior Affairs; employment of the population.
The main federal executive body pursuing state policy and management in the field of labor, employment and social protection of the population is the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation.
The Ministry in its activities is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 23, 97 No. 480, as amended and additions.
The Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation carries out its activities in cooperation with other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public and other associations, as well as other organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal form.
In accordance with the tasks assigned to the ministry, it builds its work in various directions and carries out its functions in the following areas: solving complex problems of social development; increasing the standard of living and income of the population; salary; labor conditions and safety; social partnership in labor relations; population; employment; development of human resources; social insurance; pension provision; social protection of the population; social services for the population; public service; legislation on labor, employment and social protection of the population; international partnership.
The Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation is headed by a minister, who is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation bears personal responsibility for the implementation of the tasks assigned to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development and the implementation of its functions.
In 2004, many social protection functions will be transferred to the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.
3.2 Creation of regional and local social protection bodies
The history of our state is rich in its own experience in the formation and development of all forms of public charity. The developed traditions have not lost their significance today, when the need for further improvement of both existing state charity structures and the creation of new ones that best meet modern requirements, as well as for the deployment of various forms of public and private charity, has become especially acute. These traditions, enriched by international experience in providing social services to the population, have become firmly established in our reality today: the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation coordinates and determines the development paths, an extensive network of regional (regional, territorial) departments of social protection of the population and territorial (municipal) social work, specialized and comprehensive social service institutions operate, various charitable societies and social support funds are created
The implementation of all government measures in the field of social protection of the population, starting from the 90s, was carried out by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Ministry). According to the decree of the Government of the RSFSR dated December 26, 1991, the Ministry was entrusted with not only the development of a state policy strategy in the field of protecting the disabled population, motherhood and childhood, but also the organization of pension provision for citizens, material and consumer services, the organization of prosthetic and orthopedic care, and medical care. -social expertise, implementation of foreign economic activities, etc.
The social service system consisted of state, municipal and non-state assistance institutions. The main forms of activity of these services were: material assistance; home help; hospital care; provision of temporary shelter; organization of day care in social service institutions; advisory assistance; social patronage; social rehabilitation and adaptation of those in need; social help.
In 1994, the Department of Social Protection was created within the Ministry of Social Protection by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation. He was involved in developing a federal pension strategy, organizing payments, recalculating and delivering state pensions, ensuring uniform application of federal law and other issues.
In different regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the social protection bodies of the region and region are called differently, for example, Departments, Directorates, Sections, Committees, Ministries, but the main tasks and functions of these bodies are the same. The department, its subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified regional state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, elderly citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, development of the social services system, implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.
Regional social programs allow you to concentrate funds primarily on protecting the most socially vulnerable groups of the population and supporting those who cannot take care of themselves, based on the most effective methods of providing social assistance and social services, developed and tested both in this and other countries. regions, without reducing funding and increasing the amount of social assistance to especially needy categories of the population.
Over the years of its existence, social protection bodies of the population of Russian regions have gone through a difficult path of formation, reorganization and renewal. Through the labor and efforts of several generations of social workers in the regions, a wide network of social institutions has been created, a significant human resources potential has been accumulated in the industry, thanks to which a range of various social services is provided to the population. At the same time, in practice, many of the areas of social programs cannot be implemented on time due to lack of funding from budgets at various levels.
The territorial assistance system, which is associated with the development of the institute of social work - the central aspect of the modern system of social protection of the population of Russia - consists of a set of various institutions that have different forms of ownership, systems of subordination, methods of work, as well as sources of financing and legal status. At the same time, the problems that exist at the regional level are reflected in the systems of city and regional assistance to those in need. Urban social assistance structures operate within the framework of federal, regional and regional social programs, however, the uniqueness of the region, socio-cultural traditions, and specific socio-economic problems suggest the need to create original models of urban management and assistance structures.
Conclusion
The result of the above is the current situation of social protection; as an example, let us cite the remark of S.V. Tetersky: “To some extent, we are returning to the pre-revolutionary mechanism of charity, while at the same time preserving the elements developed during the period of Soviet power.”
In order to avoid many mistakes in the further development of the system of social protection of the population, and in particular charity, it is necessary to study and summarize both foreign and existing historical experience. The study of which shows that assistance to the poor is more effective when it is decentralized with the involvement of the general public; with the interaction of all parties involved in the process - charitable, private, public organizations, the Church and the state - both in obtaining comprehensive information about those in need of help and in coordinating assistance to them. The state must create a unified system of laws, regulations, and incentives to provide assistance to those in need through a system of benefits and incentives. And also a necessary condition is to attract the attention of the public and the media to the problems of social protection.
Thus, drawing conclusions from the course work, we can say that in the 90s the profession of a social worker was established, the origins and traditions of which were laid in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. And:
the course work provides a chronological, systematic presentation of the stages of the origin and development of social protection bodies in Russia and shows the evolution of the views and approaches of scientists to the development of social protection in the past;
This work shows the dynamics of the formation and development of social protection bodies in Russia as a practical activity aimed at supporting a person in difficult life situations in different historical periods.
Social protection services are an integral part of the social policy of the modern Russian state. Their necessity is a question that does not require discussion, their effectiveness is the problem of modern Russia. There are such shortcomings of social services in Russia as:
focusing work only on “socially disadvantaged segments of the population,” while other large groups of people are left unattended;
lack of a unified social policy;
low (rather insufficient) qualifications of social workers;
a meager range of social services.
With a scientific approach and sober monitoring of the situation, implementation of all recommendations of theorists and practitioners of social work, and stable financing in Russia, a high level of social assistance to the population can be achieved.
Bibliography
1.Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) / R. December 25, 1993
2.USSR Law of May 15, 1990 "On pension provision for citizens in the USSR"
3.Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ "On the Fundamentals of Social Services in the Russian Federation"
4.Federal Law of July 17, 1999 No. 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance in the Russian Federation"
5.Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 24, 1996 No. 739 “On the provision of free social services”
6.Bolotina, T. N. Social services in Russia and their activities: history and modernity - M., 2001. - 108 p.
7.Vasilyeva, T.D. Activities of local authorities to optimize social protection of the population. - M. 1997
8.Guslyakova, L. G. Features of the formation of the system of social protection of the population // Culture and mentality of the population of Russia: Abstracts. report - St. Petersburg, 2003.
9.Guslyakova, L. G. Social work practice: problems, searches, solutions // Education and social development of the region. - Barnaul, - 2005. - No. 1. -
10.Zhukov, V.I., Zaimyshev, I.G., etc. Theory and methodology of social work. In 2 volumes. - M.: Soyuz, 1994. - 195 p.
11.Manzina, N.P. State social assistance. - M.: MarT, 2005. - 108 p.
12.Romanova, P.V. Need and order. History of social work in Russia, XX century. - M.: Scientific Book, 2005. - 464 p.
13.Dictionary-reference book for social work / Ed. Kholostovoy, E.I. - M.: Lawyer, 2000. - 424 p.
14.Social work: theory and practice: Proc. Benefit / Answer. ed. d.i. Sc., Prof. E.I. Kholostova, D.I. us. Sorvina. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004.
15.Svistova, E.B. Formation of the system of social protection of the population of Russia in the first half of the 90s of the twentieth century / E.B. Svistova // Russian civilization: past and present. Sat. scientific works Vol. 25/Ed. Gostev R.G. and Yaretsky Yu.L. - M.: Euroschool, 2005. - p. 170-174.
16.Tetersky, S.V. Introduction to social work: Proc. allowance. M.: Academician. Project, 2002. 496 p.
17.Tsvetkova, Social management at the municipal level // Economist. - 2009. - No. 7.
18.Firsov, M.V., Studenova, E.G. Theory of social work: Textbook. manual for university students. M: VLADOS, 2000. 432 p.
19.Kholostova, E.I. Social policy: Textbook. allowance. - M.: INFRA-M, 2001. - 284 p.
20.Yakushev, A.V. Social protection. Social work. Lecture notes. - M.: A-Prior, 2007. - 224 p.
Footnotes
Fundamentals of social work: Textbook / Rep. ed. Pavlenok, P.D. - M.: INFRA-M, 1999
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated August 14, 96 “On the structure of Federal executive authorities” No. 1177
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated August 17, 99 "On the structure of the Federal executive authorities"
Tetersky, S.V. Introduction to social work. - M., 2003
The most important component of social protection of the population is the institution of social work bodies. The purpose of their activities is to implement state policy aimed at establishing stable and orderly connections between various levels of the organizational system designed to form social relations in society, provide citizens with potential life benefits to meet their needs, and develop economic independence in management.
The objects of management in the system of social protection of the population are institutions and organizations, labor and educational groups of this system, as well as relationships between people. Subjects of management are bodies directly involved in the problems of social assistance to the population (ministries, committees, departments, administrations, departments of social protection of the population, labor collectives). The main function of bodies and institutions of social protection of the population is to improve the activities of its various structural elements, regulated by certain norms and controlled by social institutions to ensure the achievement of their goals.
Main levels of social work bodies:
Federal level (republic);
Labor collective;
Non-governmental (charitable) public organizations.
An important role in the system of social protection of the population is played by trade unions, administration and various forms of self-government in labor collectives.
The main functions of social protection bodies at the federal level:
1. organization of pension services and provision of benefits;
2. social services;
3. medical and social examination;
4. rehabilitation of disabled people and provision of prosthetic and orthopedic care;
5. social assistance to families and children;
6. preparation of legislation on social protection of the population;
7. foreign economic and international cooperation;
8. development of provisions on the basics of social policy;
9. analysis and forecast of living standards of various categories of the population;
11. development of social standards, etc. The functions of social protection bodies at the regional (local) level are regulated by higher authorities with a certain independence and include:
1. provision and solution of production and economic problems;
2. planning and financial and economic activities;
3. creation of various social assistance funds;
4. solving economic problems, etc.;
Functions of the workforce:
a) production and economic;
b) political;
c) managerial;
d) social;
e) educational;
Forms of social protection are “reflection in collective agreements of additional measures of social protection, support (payments, benefits, in-kind assistance, etc.) for workers and members of their families, as well as pensioners at the expense of relevant enterprise funds.”
The social functions of the workforce are:
1. improving the material and cultural living conditions of people;
2. development of the social structure of the team;
3. improving relationships within the team;
4. improvement of social security, healthcare;
5. organization of assistance in family life and leisure activities;
6. compliance with the principle of social justice.
Certain functions are performed by various charitable organizations and social assistance funds for the population:
a) social and medical assistance to the lonely, elderly, and infirm;
b) social rehabilitation of disabled people;
c) legal assistance to socially needy categories of the population, etc. Social Encyclopedia / Ed. count A.P. Gorkin, G.N. Karelova, E.D., Katulsky and others - M: Bolyi. Ross. Enz-ya, 2000. p. 255.
Social security and social insurance system in the Russian Federation
In modern conditions, social protection is becoming the most important function of society, all its government bodies and social institutions. Forms of social protection and private ones are also appearing - pensions, health insurance, social services. This indicates that a multi-structured organizational structure of the social protection system is emerging in our country.
The leading forms of social protection of the population at present are pension provision, provision of social benefits, benefits for especially needy categories of the population, state social insurance, and social services. Let's take a closer look at them.
Pension provision is a state regular cash payment, a pension, which is paid in accordance with the established procedure to certain categories of persons from social funds and other sources intended for these purposes.
Pensions are paid upon reaching a certain age, the onset of disability, the death of the breadwinner, or long-term performance of a certain professional activity - length of service.
The main types of pensions are labor and social. Labor pensions include old-age pension, disability pension, survivor's pension, long-service pension. If citizens for some reason do not have the right to an ore pension, a social pension is established for them.
Women have the right to a pension on a general basis upon reaching 55 years of age with a total work experience of at least 20 years, and men upon reaching 60 years of age with a total work experience of at least 25 years.
The payment of pensions is financed by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation through insurance contributions from employers and citizens, as well as from the federal budget of Russia. All pensions are indexed in accordance with the established procedure in connection with the increase in the cost of living. When the minimum pension amounts are increased, all pensions increase in proportion to the increase in their minimum amounts. Social protection of the population: experience of organizational and administrative work / Ed. V.V. Kukushina. - Ed. 4th, revised and additional - Moscow: ICC “Mart”, Rostov-on-Don: Publishing Center “Mart”, 2004.- p. 371.
Another form of social protection of the population is the provision of social benefits and benefits to especially needy categories of citizens.
In modern conditions, the number of social payments and benefits is over 1000, they are established for more than 200 categories of citizens, the number of people applying for them reaches almost 10 million people. With the help of social benefits and benefits, the implementation of social guarantees of citizens is ensured, individual situations and the presence of such circumstances as poverty, orphanhood, unprotected motherhood, unemployment, long-term illness, etc. are more fully taken into account.
Compulsory state social insurance is a means of compensation for social risk and a means of social redistribution, taking into account the principle of social justice. This is one of the types of state material support for the population in the event of disability due to illness and in other cases provided for by law.
State social insurance is carried out through special funds formed through special contributions from employers and employees, as well as subsidies from the federal budget for material support of employees and members of their families.
State social insurance provision is divided into cash payments, material benefits and services. In modern conditions, the need to reform the entire system of state social insurance, to make fuller use of principles tested in different countries of the world has become obvious: guaranteed assistance to the insured and the mandatory nature of conditions and norms; payment; solidarity; automation of financing based on the accumulation of insurance premiums; strictly targeted nature of the funds and their repayment; determination of the insurance space in combination with the distinction between different types of insurance, etc. Improving social insurance involves:
Exemption of state social extra-budgetary funds from payments unusual for them, separation of insurance payments from taxes;
Introduction of differentiated amounts of insurance contributions for state social insurance depending on the degree of danger, harmfulness, severity of work and the state of working conditions;
Strengthening the personal participation of citizens in the financing and management of the social insurance system;
Development of voluntary forms of social insurance at the expense of citizens and enterprise income.
This will make it possible to turn social insurance into an important reliable component of the social protection system.
Social services represent a wide range of socio-economic, medical-social, psychological-pedagogical, social-legal, social-household and other social services and material assistance, adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations. Kholostova E.I. Social work: Textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2005. p. 375.
System of measures carried out by the state. and public organizations to ensure guaranteed minimum sufficient living conditions, maintaining the life and active existence of a person. Sometimes social protection is interpreted more narrowly: as ensuring a certain level of income for those segments of the population who, for some reason, cannot provide for their own existence: the unemployed, the disabled, the sick, orphans, the elderly, single mothers, large families. Basic principles of social protection: humanity; targeting; complexity; ensuring individual rights and freedoms.
Types of social protection. State forms: affordable healthcare; privileges; accessible education; pension; social system services and provision of social services. services; social measures support. Non-state forms: voluntary social insurance; charity; private healthcare systems, etc.
Social system protection- this is a set of legislative acts, measures, as well as organizations that ensure the implementation of social measures. protection of the population, support for socially vulnerable segments of the population.
It includes:
1. Social security- creation of state systems of material support and services for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. In addition to pensions (old age, disability, etc.) to social security. provision includes benefits for temporary disability and childbirth, child care under 3 years of age, assistance to families in maintaining and raising children, family benefits, maintenance of the disabled in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or preferential prosthetic care , providing disabled people with means of transportation, vocational training for disabled people, various benefits for families of disabled people.
2. Social guarantees - provision of social benefits and services to citizens without taking into account labor contribution and means testing based on the principle of distributing these benefits according to the needs of available public resources. In our country, to social guarantees include: guaranteed free honey. service; accessibility and free education; minimum wage; minimum pension, scholarship; social pensions (disabled since childhood; disabled children; disabled people without work experience; etc.); benefits for the birth of a child; ritual benefit for burial and some others.
A type of social guarantees are social. privileges. They represent a system of public guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, war veterans, labor veterans, etc.).
Social insurance - protection of the economically active population from social risks based on collective solidarity in compensation for damage. The main social risks associated with loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income are illness, old age, unemployment, motherhood, accident, work injury, professional. illness, death of the breadwinner. There are 2 forms of social. insurance - compulsory (with the support of state funds) and voluntary (in the absence of state assistance). Support for citizens is provided primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for illness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing the services of health care organizations, vocational training, etc., related to the restoration of working capacity.
Social support(assistance) is provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population who, for one reason or another, are unable to secure an income for themselves. Assistance is provided through both cash and in-kind payments (free lunches, clothing) and is financed from general tax revenues. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below minimum living standards, and is an essential element of the anti-poverty policy. Social support is not limited to financial assistance. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided to individuals or social groups. services to overcome life's difficulties, maintain social status, adaptation in society.
Social activities social services support, provision of social, medical, pedagogical, legal services and financial assistance, social services. adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations has formed into a separate branch of social services. spheres - social service. Work aimed at providing assistance, support and protection to people, and, above all, to the socially weaker sections of society is called social work. The object of social work are people who need outside help: the elderly, pensioners, disabled people, seriously ill people, children; people who find themselves in a difficult life situation: the unemployed, drug addicts, teenagers who have fallen into bad company, single-parent families, those convicted and those who have served their sentences, refugees and displaced persons, etc. Social subjects work- those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, implementing social services. politics through government social authorities protection.
Social protection of the population- this is one of the most important directions of the state’s social policy, which consists in establishing and maintaining the socially necessary financial and social status of all members of society.
Sometimes social protection is interpreted more narrowly: as providing a certain level of income for those segments of the population who, for some reason, cannot provide for their own existence: the unemployed, the disabled, the sick, orphans, the elderly, single mothers, large families.
Social protection system is a set of legislative acts, measures, as well as organizations that ensure the implementation of measures for social protection of the population and support for socially vulnerable segments of the population.
It includes:
1. Social Security- arose in Russia in the 20s of the twentieth century. and meant the creation of a state system of material support and services for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. This category is essentially identical to the category of social protection, but the latter applies to a market economy.
In addition to pensions (for old age, disability, etc.), social security included benefits for temporary disability and childbirth, for caring for a child under one year of age, assistance to families in maintaining and raising children (free or on preferential terms, nurseries, kindergartens, boarding schools , pioneer camps, etc.), family benefits, maintenance of disabled people in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or preferential prosthetic care, provision of means of transportation for disabled people, vocational training for disabled people, various benefits for families of disabled people. During the transition to the market, the social security system largely ceased to fulfill its functions, but some of its elements became part of the modern system of social protection of the population.
2. Social guarantees- provision of social benefits and services to citizens without taking into account labor contribution and means testing based on the principle of distributing these benefits according to the needs of available public resources. In our country, social guarantees include:
guaranteed free medical care;
accessibility and free education;
minimum wage;
minimum pension, scholarship;
social pensions (disabled children since childhood; disabled children; disabled people with no work experience; children who have lost one or both parents; persons over 65 (men) and 60 (women) years with no work experience);
benefits at the birth of a child, for the period of caring for a child until he reaches the age of 1.5 years, up to 16 years;
ritual benefit for burial and some others.
Since January 1, 2002, the amount of benefits associated with the birth of a child has been increased. Thus, the amount of a one-time benefit for the birth of a child increased from 1.5 thousand rubles to 4.5 thousand rubles and in 2006 - to 8,000 rubles, the monthly benefit for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years from 200 up to 500 rubles, and in 2006 - up to 700 rubles. This benefit provided 25% of the subsistence level of an able-bodied person. The monthly benefit for a child under 16 years of age has not been revised and is 70 rubles. Its ratio to the child's subsistence level was 3.0% in 2004. In Moscow and some other regions, this benefit increased to 150 rubles in 2006.
A type of social guarantees are social benefits. They represent a system of public guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, war veterans, labor veterans, etc.). In 2005, in-kind benefits for these categories of the population were replaced with monetary compensation. Since January 1, 2005, the preferential category of citizens has the right to use the social package and the right to receive monthly cash payments. The cost of the social package is set at 450 rubles. It includes travel on suburban transport, free medicine, sanatorium-resort treatment and travel to the place of sanatorium-resort treatment. The law provides that from January 2006, beneficiaries will be able to choose between a social package and receiving the corresponding amount of money.
From January 1, 2006, monthly cash payments in accordance with the law were established in the following amounts: disabled people of the Great Patriotic War - 2000 rubles; WWII participants - 1500 rubles; combat veterans and a number of other categories of beneficiaries - 1,100 rubles.
Persons who worked during the Second World War at air defense facilities, the construction of defensive structures, naval bases, airfields and other military facilities, family members of deceased or deceased disabled war veterans, World War II participants and combat veterans will receive 600 rubles monthly.
Disabled persons with a third degree of restriction of work activity are paid 1,400 rubles monthly; second degree - 1000 rubles; first degree - 800 rubles; Disabled children will be paid 1,000 rubles. Disabled people who do not have restrictions on their ability to work, with the exception of disabled children, receive 500 rubles monthly.
Social insurance- protection of the economically active population from social risks on the basis of collective solidarity in compensation for damage. The main social risks associated with loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income are illness, old age, unemployment, motherhood, accident, work injury, occupational disease, death of the breadwinner. The social insurance system is financed from special extra-budgetary funds formed from contributions from employers and employees, as well as state subsidies. There are two forms of social insurance - mandatory (with state support from its funds) and voluntary (in the absence of state assistance). Support for citizens is provided primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for illness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing the services of health care organizations, vocational training, etc., related to the restoration of working capacity.
Social support(assistance) is provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population who, for one reason or another, are unable to secure an income for themselves. Assistance is provided through both cash and in-kind payments (free lunches, clothing) and is financed from general tax revenues. Social assistance is usually means tested. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below minimum living standards, and is an essential element of the anti-poverty policy, ensuring a minimum guaranteed income, as the realization of the right to life.
Social support is not limited to financial assistance. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by social services to overcome life difficulties, maintain social status, and adapt to society.
The activities of social services for social support, provision of social services, medical, pedagogical, legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations have formed into a separate branch of the social sphere - social services.
The system of social service institutions in Russia is developing at a very rapid pace. During the period 1998-2004, the total number of social service institutions increased by a third. At the same time, the number of institutions for the elderly and disabled has increased by more than one and a half times compared to 1985, and by 18% compared to 1998. Number of social assistance centers for families and children for 1998-2004. increased by 2 times, social rehabilitation centers - by 2.5 times. There are 25 rehabilitation centers for young disabled people and 17 gerontological centers. New types of social service institutions have appeared: crisis centers for women, so far the only crisis center for men, crisis departments for girls.
Work aimed at providing assistance, support and protection to people, and especially to the socially weaker sections of society, is called social work.
Object of social work are people who need outside help: the elderly, pensioners, disabled people, seriously ill people, children; people who find themselves in difficult life situations: the unemployed, drug addicts, teenagers who have fallen into bad company, single-parent families, those convicted and those who have served their sentences, refugees and displaced persons, etc.
Subjects of social work- those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, implementing social policy through state social protection bodies. These are public organizations: the Russian Association of Social Services, the Association of Social Pedagogues and Social Workers, etc. These are charitable organizations and relief societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent.
The main subjects of social work are people engaged in it professionally or on a voluntary basis. There are about half a million professional social workers (that is, people with appropriate education and diplomas) all over the world (several tens of thousands in Russia). The bulk of social work is carried out by non-professionals, either as a result of circumstances or out of conviction and a sense of duty.
Society is interested in increasing effectiveness of social work. However, it is quite difficult to define and measure it. Efficiency is understood as the ratio of the results of activities and the costs required to achieve this result. Efficiency in the social sphere is a complex category that consists of goals, results, costs and conditions of social activity. The result is the final result of any activity in relation to its goal. It can be positive or negative. In social work, the result is the satisfaction of the needs of its objects, clients of social services, and on this basis a general improvement in the social situation in society. Criteria for the effectiveness of social work at the macro level can be indicators of the financial situation of the family (person), life expectancy, level and structure of morbidity, homelessness, drug addiction, crime, etc.
Closely related to the criterion of efficiency is the problem of the limits of social assistance to citizens. As with the implementation of income policy, it is necessary to take into account the possible negative consequences of massive social support: the emergence of dependency, passivity, and reluctance to make decisions and solve one’s problems. Negative phenomena may arise in the social sphere (for example, active support for single mothers may result in a decrease in the marriage rate and, ultimately, the birth rate).
The state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of social support for citizens is formed in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
According to Art. 7 of the Constitution « The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people. (Article 7., paragraph 1.). And also in the Russian Federation, the labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support is provided for the family, motherhood, paternity and childhood, disabled people and elderly citizens, a system of social services is developed, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established ( Art.7.p.2.) .
The Constitution of the Russian Federation also establishes that coordination of issues of family protection, motherhood, paternity and childhood; social protection, including social security, is under the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Thus, all of the above guarantees are implemented through the social protection system. The basis of state social guarantees are minimum social standards- that is, established by the laws of the Russian Federation or decisions of representative bodies of state power for a certain period of time, the minimum levels of social guarantees, expressed through social norms and standards, reflecting the most important human needs for material goods, publicly available and free services, guaranteeing an appropriate level of their consumption and intended to determine mandatory minimum budget expenditures for these purposes.
Social protection of the population is a practical activity to implement the main directions of social policy.
When developing and implementing social policy, the question inevitably arises about social priorities, that is, social tasks that are recognized by society at this stage of its development as the most pressing and urgent, requiring priority solutions. At the same time, it is necessary not only to support, but also
In a broad general sociological sense, the term “social protection” first appeared in the United States in the 1930s. and gradually became widespread in Western sociology to designate a system of measures that protect any citizen from economic and social disadvantage due to unemployment, loss or sharp reduction in income due to illness, birth of a child, work injury or occupational disease, disability, old age, loss of a breadwinner, etc. etc., and also became the main attribute of the social policy of any civilized state.
Social protection of the population is considered by Russian social law as a system of legal guarantees and protective measures that protect members of society from economic, social and physical degradation. It acts as a process of provision by state and municipal bodies of existing guarantees and rights that protect the individual, his economic, socio-political, social needs and interests.
In practical terms, social protection is represented by a complex of legal, economic, social guarantees, enshrined in legislation and in by-laws at the state level using a two-tier system of legal acts - federal and regional legislation.
At the same time, social protection also acts as a process of ensuring by state or other bodies the guarantees and rights existing in society that protect the individual, his economic, socio-political, social needs and interests in all spheres of society. In its action it extends to all members of society, but its functional manifestation in relation to different groups is not the same.
Social protection models(according to Antropov V.V.)
The economic model of social protection can be understood as the established principles of organization and functioning of its programs in a particular country. Four main models dominate in the countries of the European Union: continental or Bismarckian, Anglo-Saxon or Beveridge model, Scandinavian and Southern European.
Continental model (Bismarck model) establishes a strict connection between the level of social protection and the duration of professional activity. It is based on social insurance, the services of which are financed mainly by contributions from employers and insured persons. This model is based on the principle of professional solidarity, which provides for the existence of insurance funds managed on a parity basis by employees and entrepreneurs. They accumulate social contributions from wages, from which insurance payments are made. Financing of such systems, as a rule, is not carried out from the state budget, since the principle of budgetary universality is the opposite of such a model of social protection. However, in the modern conditions of the existence of a welfare state in Europe with its extensive network of social programs, this model of social protection, as a rule, is not always based only on this principle. Therefore, for low-income members of society who do not have the opportunity to receive social insurance payments for a number of reasons (for example, due to the lack of the necessary insurance experience), national solidarity is realized through social assistance systems. In this case, we can talk about auxiliary mechanisms that are deviations from the main logic of the “Bismarckian” model. Despite the existence of the principle of compulsory social insurance (for example, in Germany, compulsory social insurance is prescribed by law), it is not fully observed. This is due to the existence of maximum salary levels, above which membership in social insurance regimes is not mandatory (only voluntary insurance is possible), or limitation of contributions (in this case, within the framework of compulsory social insurance, contributions are made only within the limits of the maximum salary, and social payments calculated in relation to this level). Thus, this model is based on the principle of actuarial justice, when the amount of insurance payments is determined primarily by the amount of insurance premiums. At the time of his birth in Germany at the end of the 19th century. The German social protection system reproduced precisely this model. Today, the significant development of the social assistance system (built on the principle of welfare, not insurance) leads to a modification of this model and an increase in the share of budget financing of social protection.
Anglo-Saxon model (Beveridge model) represented in Europe by Great Britain and Ireland. It is based on the report of the English economist W. Beveridge, presented to the British government in 1942. Keynes’s ideas that the dynamics of social production and employment are determined by factors of effective demand, and therefore the redistribution of income in the interests of social groups, had a significant influence on the provisions put forward by Beveridge. , receiving lower incomes, can increase the money demand of mass buyers. The model is based on the following principles: the principle of universality of the social protection system - its extension to all citizens in need of financial assistance; the principle of uniformity and unification of social services and payments, which is expressed in the same amount of pensions, benefits and medical care, as well as the conditions for their provision.
The principle of distributive justice is fundamental in this model, since in this case we are not talking about professional (as is the case with the Bismarck model), but about national solidarity. Such social protection systems are financed both from insurance contributions and from taxes. Thus, family benefits and healthcare are financed from the state budget, and other social benefits are financed from insurance contributions of employees and employers. Unlike the continental one, this model includes social insurance with fairly low social payments and social assistance, which plays a dominant role in this system.
Scandinavian model of social protection typical for Denmark, Sweden and Finland. Social protection is understood as a legal right of a citizen. A distinctive feature of the Scandinavian model is its wide coverage of various social risks and life situations that require public support. Receipt of social services and payments, as a rule, is guaranteed to all residents of the country and is not conditional on employment and payment of insurance premiums. In general, the level of social security offered by this model is quite high. This is achieved not least through an active redistribution policy aimed at equalizing income. A necessary precondition for the functioning of this model is a highly organized society, built on the basis of adherence to the principles of an institutional welfare society.
Financing of social protection systems related to this model is carried out primarily through taxation, although insurance contributions from entrepreneurs and employees play a certain role. The only part of social protection separated from the general system is unemployment insurance, which is voluntary and administered by trade unions. Until recently, employed people were practically exempt from paying insurance premiums and participated in the social protection system by paying taxes. However, in the last decade of the 20th century. There has been a trend toward a gradual increase in the share of employees participating in the financing of insurance programs and an increase in insurance deductions from wages. The same trend can be seen in relation to entrepreneurs, while government social spending has noticeably decreased in recent years.
Southern European model social protection is represented in Italy, Spain, Greece and Portugal. Only in recent decades, under the influence of socio-economic and structural changes, social protection systems have been created or improved in these countries. Unlike the previous ones, this model can be interpreted rather as developing, transitional, and therefore not having a clear organization. That is why the “rudimentary” nature of this model is noted as its main feature by various Western researchers. As a rule, the level of social protection characteristic of this model is relatively low, and the task of social protection is often seen as the concern of relatives and family. Therefore, the family and other institutions of civil society play an important role here, and social policy is predominantly passive in nature and focused on compensating for losses in the income of certain categories of citizens. A characteristic feature of this model is also the asymmetric structure of social expenditures. Thus, in Italy, this is manifested in the fact that the largest part of social expenditures is pensions (14.7% of GDP at the average European level - 12.5%), while relatively insignificant funds are spent on supporting the family, maternity, education and employment policy (about 1%).
The formation of modern social protection systems is associated with the process of industrialization, strengthening state regulation of social processes, and the complication of the socio-demographic structure of society. The peak of development of social protection systems occurred in the 1960-1970s, when many states assumed high obligations to ensure social protection of the population. This was facilitated by the accelerated pace of economic growth, the strengthening of the role of the state in socio-economic processes, and the formulation of the theory of the “welfare state”. Subsequent economic crises changed the situation, as a result of which in 1980 - 1990. the main problems of the current stage of development of social protection systems have been identified. They were caused by a number of reasons of a demographic, political and economic nature. By the 1980s, the trend to expand social protection had exhausted its possibilities, approaching threshold values.
Principles of social protection
Social protection is based on the following principles:
- Social partnership– the state solves practical social problems together with interested bodies and organizations.
- Economic justice – socio-economic support for those who cannot participate in economic relations for objective reasons.
- Adaptability – the ability of the social protection system to self-development and self-improvement.
- Priority of state principles - the state acts as a guarantor of ensuring a socially acceptable standard of living for those who cannot achieve this on their own.
- Preventive measures for social protection – forecasting and preventing social risks at the regional level for their more effective elimination, in particular through a flexible combination of paid and free services.
Social protection objects
Federal and regional legislation identifies the following categories of the population protected by certain legal acts, since without protective measures they will be in difficult life situation:
- elderly citizens who are single and living alone;
- disabled people of the Great Patriotic War and families of fallen servicemen;
- disabled people, including those disabled since childhood, and disabled children;
- citizens who suffered from the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and radioactive emissions in other places;
- unemployed;
- forced refugees and migrants;
- orphans, children left without parental care and the families in which they live;
- children with deviant behavior;
- low-income families;
- large families;
- single mothers;
- citizens infected with HIV or suffering from AIDS;
- persons without a fixed place of residence.
For these categories social protection is considered as a system of permanent or long-term measures guaranteed by the state, providing conditions for overcoming a difficult life situation. These measures are aimed at creating protected categories of the population equal opportunities to participate in the life of society with other citizens. These include social assistance and social support.
Social help- periodic or regular activities that help eliminate or reduce a difficult life situation.
In accordance with Art. 1 Federal Law No. 178-FZ of July 17, 1999, state social assistance is understood as the provision of social benefits, subsidies, compensation or vital goods to low-income families or citizens living alone at the expense of the budget. A person is considered low-income if his monthly income is less than the minimum subsistence level established in the region of his residence.
Benefit– This is a sum of money provided free of charge. It is non-targeted. That is, its recipient can dispose of the money at his own discretion. Payment of benefits is an auxiliary measure; its purpose is to support a person, and not to fully provide him with material resources.
Unlike the benefit subsidy has a specific purpose and represents payment for material goods or services provided to citizens.
Compensation- this is compensation to citizens for expenses incurred by them, and not any, determined arbitrarily according to their needs, but established by the state. The appointment and payment of benefits and compensation is also carried out by the relevant departments of the territorial bodies of social protection of the population.
Social support- one-time or episodic measures of a short-term nature, not directly aimed at eliminating a social problem, but helping to reduce it.
Social protection provides all disabled and socially vulnerable layers and groups of the population, in accordance with the procedure established by law, with advantages in the use of public consumption funds, direct social assistance, and tax reduction. Social protection not only has a clear targeted focus, but is also distinguished by the diversity of its methods and forms and is complex in nature. Along with social security, various forms of social assistance and support are used, including various forms of social services, counseling and psychological assistance.
For able-bodied citizens, social protection guarantees equal opportunities for life support through personal labor contribution, economic independence and entrepreneurship.
Principles of social protection declared by a number of regulations.
The leading principle of social protection is social justice, according to which all members of society are provided with equal access to social benefits and guarantees on a legal basis.
Targeting of social protection is a means of ensuring social justice, as it takes into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person. The criteria for providing targeted social assistance are:
The contingent of protected people in legislative practice is limited to those categories of the population who are completely or partially deprived of the ability to work and self-sufficiency. Targeted assistance to those in need is provided in accordance with social criteria. The criteria are based on social standards, which are scientifically based indicators of the level of consumption of the most important goods and services, the amount of monetary income and other data characterizing human living conditions.
The principle of economic efficiency focuses on a positive ratio of the costs of social protection and its socio-economic effect. The volume of social expenditures must be in such a ratio that receiving benefits does not become preferable to wages. Contributions to finance the social sphere must be correlated with all economic indicators, including GDP, wage fund, personal income, etc.
Based on the principle of an integrated approach, the tasks of supporting marginalized sections of the population and stabilizing economic and social development - the leading goals of social policy - are most effectively solved. Complexity is ensured by the coordination and consistency of the actions of the subjects of social policy, the unity of goals and directions of their activities.
The principle of social partnership focused on solving practical social problems by the state together with business, public organizations, representatives of various levels and branches of government.
The principle of solidarity, the essence of which is the redistribution of income from one socio-demographic group to another.
The principle of adaptability presupposes the ability of the social protection system to self-development and self-improvement.
Principle of economic justice is to protect all participants in labor activity by maintaining the ratio of wages between budgetary organizations and subjects of market relations. This principle is implemented in two forms: fair exchange and fair distribution. Social justice presupposes socio-economic support for those who cannot participate in economic relations for objective reasons (disabled people, children, adolescents, students, pregnant women, mothers of many children, etc.) or who have lost their ability to work due to various circumstances.
The principle of priority of state principles assumes that the state should act as a guarantor of economic provision of a socially acceptable standard of living for those who cannot achieve this on their own.
The principle of economic independence local authorities highlights the role of local authorities. Social benefits and other payments at the federal level are guaranteed in a minimum amount. All payments above this level are made from the local budget and local funds so that the population of the region and its administration are interested in the development of the economy of their own region.
The right to preventive measures for social protection makes it possible to predict social risks at the regional level in order to more effectively eliminate them. Prevention of social risks is carried out by various mechanisms (for example, in case of job loss - assistance in finding employment). The combination of paid and free services makes it possible to satisfy a wide range of people's social needs.
Social law identifies a numbersubjects of social responsibility for the quality of life of the population.
The most important subject of social protection of the population is the state, which develops and implements social protection measures. It provides a minimum level of social guarantees, creates conditions for people’s livelihoods, develops a legal basis for social protection and organizes the work of non-budgetary state social insurance funds.
Public organizations actively influence the improvement of social security of citizens. 49% of non-profit organizations belong to the category of public associations and carry out their activities in the social sphere.
The role of employers in the social protection system is increasing, which is associated with the development of the domestic economy. Successful enterprises and firms with significant financial resources are increasingly providing their employees with additional social benefits: payment for rest, treatment, long-term interest-free loans, food, payment for transport. .
The modern concept of social protection proceeds from the fact that it should not be reduced to free assistance. The main subject of social protection of able-bodied citizens is a person who realizes his needs and interests in the field of social and labor relations.
Social protection means are:
Regulatory restrictions that prevent the consequences of market mechanisms from reaching socially dangerous levels. To achieve this, the state regulates the minimum level of wages, guarantees the minimum permissible tax rates, guarantees a minimum free education and medical care;
A system of social incentives in the form of benefits, subsidies, installment plans, free or partially paid services and incentives for philanthropists.
Taking into account the results of a comprehensive analysis of the level of social and economic living conditions of population groups in need of support;
Organization of pension provision for citizens, including the creation of a non-state pension system;
Development of measures for material and everyday services for disabled and other citizens in need of social protection;
Creation of a targeted, differentiated support system on a state and charitable basis;
Organization and implementation of new forms and types of in-kind assistance, humanitarian, technical, emergency assistance.
Structure of social protection bodies
The structure of social protection bodies consists of the following elements:
- The state represented by its representative and executive bodies operating at the federal, regional and local levels. They formulate a general concept, determine the main directions of social policy, its strategy, tactics, provide a legislative and legal basis, and implement specific provisions on the ground.
- Structures of the emerging civil society (public associations, organizations, enterprises, firms).
- Social activities carried out within enterprises and firms become of great importance in solving social problems of certain categories of the population; activity of political, trade union and public associations, charitable and voluntary organizations. They implement social policy within relatively narrow limits corresponding to their competence. The management of the state social protection system depends on the level at which it is implemented.
For management and control, a unified system of executive bodies in the field of social protection is created, which is formed by social protection management bodies and subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, and territorial bodies.
An important goal in improving this system is to establish stable, orderly connections between all its levels and social infrastructure institutions that ensure its functioning.
At the federal level, the management of the social protection system is carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation (see: www.rosmintrud.ru).
The management of the social insurance system is carried out with the help of specialized funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Mandatory Medical Insurance Fund.
At the regional level, management is carried out by the executive authorities of the subject of the federation. Thus, in Moscow, the functions of implementing state policy in the field of social protection of citizens are carried out by the capital’s Department of Social Protection of the Population (see: Regulations on the Department on the website www.dszn.ru).
The department, its subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, elderly citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, development social service systems, implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.
At the local level, the department of social protection of the population most often operates under the district administration. Let us consider, for example, the management structure in the city of Mytishchi, Moscow Region:
MANAGMENT STRUCTURE:
District departments of social protection of the population are territorial structural divisions of regional ministries or departments of social protection of the population and implement social protection functions in relation to the population of a particular municipality.
Understanding the peculiarities of the organizational structure of social protection bodies is necessary for a church social worker in view of the fact that he will be able, saving effort and time, to directly contact a competent specialist to resolve a specific problem. The difficulty of studying this topic lies in the fact that each region forms a system of bodies and institutions independently, and even the regional body that manages the entire social sphere can be called completely differently, which somewhat complicates the understanding of the functions and tasks of these bodies. So, if in Moscow it is the Department of Social Protection of the Population, then in the Leningrad Region it is the Committee for Social Protection of the Population, the Ministry of Social Policy in the Sverdlovsk Region, the Committee for Social Security in the Kursk Region.
Organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population
Leading organizational and legal forms social protection of the population are:
The right to social security is one of the basic socio-economic rights of the population: “Everyone is guaranteed social security in cases of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 39).
Pension provision guarantees the constitutional right of citizens to security in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law. Pension relations in Russia are regulated by the laws “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” and “On Labor Pensions” " dated December 17, 2001. The grounds for providing labor pensions are insurance risks: reaching the age of incapacity for work, the onset of disability, loss of a breadwinner. The grounds for state pension provision are different, for example, the achievement of length of service. The legislation subdivides pensions: labor pensions for old age, disability, and loss of a breadwinner; state pensions for WWII participants, military personnel and members of their families, civil servants for length of service and allocates pensions to disabled citizens who are not entitled to labor pensions (social pensions). In accordance with the law, pensions are divided into state and labor. Citizens who for some reason do not have the right to a pension in connection with labor and other socially useful activities are provided with a social pension. Pensions are subject to indexation in connection with the increase in the cost of living in the manner prescribed by law.
The right to an old-age labor pension with at least 5 years of service is available to men upon reaching 60 years of age, and women upon reaching 55 years of age. Certain categories of workers (miners, military) are granted pensions on preferential terms (at a lower age and length of service).
The main criterion for the conditions and standards of pension provision is labor and its results. Pension legislation ensures the right of citizens to choose one of the types of pensions. An exception is established only for persons who have become disabled due to military trauma, who can simultaneously receive two types of pensions: old age and disability. Working pensioners are paid a full pension and are also provided with a bonus for each year worked. Certain rules have also been established for the recalculation of other types of pensions.
The circle of persons receiving a social pension includes: disabled people, including disabled people since childhood; children under the age of 18 who have lost one or both parents, citizens who have reached retirement age. The social pension does not depend on the participation of citizens in socially useful work and is set in an amount that depends on the minimum labor pension and is calculated in a certain ratio.
Pension payments are financed by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (PFR). The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation was created in 1990 for the purpose of state financial management of pension provision in the Russian Federation. The Pension Fund of Russia is an independent financial and credit institution and is under the jurisdiction of the Government of the Russian Federation. The rate of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund is determined by federal law. The funds of the Pension Fund are formed from:
- employers' insurance contributions,
- insurance premiums of citizens engaged in individual entrepreneurial activities;
- insurance contributions of other categories of working citizens;
- allocations from the federal budget.
Non-state pension funds operate independently of the state pension system. Payments from these funds are carried out along with payments of state pensions. Non-state pension provision can be provided both in the form of additional professional programs and in the form of personal pension insurance for citizens.
An important stage in the implementation of the concept was the adoption of the Federal Law “On individual (personalized) accounting in the state pension insurance system.” Additional pension provision is provided by non-state pension funds (NPF);
According to the Russian Pension Fund, at the end of 2011, the coefficient of replacement of lost earnings with pensions (an indicator of the ratio of the average pension to the amount of wages) was 20%.
According to international standards, a replacement rate of up to 20% is considered a gross violation of a citizen’s pension rights. International Labor Organization Convention No. 102 requires this figure to be at least 40%. Russia has not yet ratified this document.
An important legal form of social protection of the population is the law “On State Social Assistance”, which regulates state social assistance to low-income citizens and families at the expense of regional budgets and monthly cash payments (MAP) at the expense of the federal budget and “social packages” for certain categories of the population included to the federal register. The system of social support for the population under this law is based on regional budgets. The right to receive one-time state social assistance under this law is granted to particularly needy pensioners, disabled people, and other disabled citizens whose total average per capita income does not exceed the minimum established at the regional level.
The financial source of social security is the current income of participants in social production, withdrawn through taxation (income tax) and targeted contributions from employers and employees. These taxes and contributions, in addition to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, form the Social Insurance Fund, which forms the financial basis of social insurance benefits.
The objects of state social insurance are the temporarily economically inactive population.
Social insurance acts as an institution for protecting the economically active population from the risks of loss of income(salary) due to loss of ability to work(illness, accident, old age) or place of work.
The following are identified as social insurance risks:
- the need for medical care;
- temporary disability;
- work injury and occupational disease;
- motherhood;
- disability;
- the onset of old age;
- loss of a breadwinner;
- recognition as unemployed;
- death of the insured person or disabled dependent family members.
The main task of the Social Insurance Fund- provision of state-guaranteed benefits for temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, for caring for a child when he reaches one and a half years old, for burial, for sanatorium treatment and health improvement of employees and members of their families.
The formation of a modern social insurance system is taking place on the basis of the adoption of a number of laws: “On medical insurance of citizens in the Russian Federation” (1993), “On employment in the Russian Federation” (1991), “On the fundamentals of compulsory social insurance” (1999), “ On compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases" (1998), "On compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation" (2001).
Currently, there are two forms of social insurance: mandatory (by law for subjects of insurance - state) and voluntary. Typical types of social insurance are pension, medical, and industrial accident insurance.
State pension insurance- a type of insurance carried out at the expense of contributions from employers and employees in order to provide citizens with labor pensions for old age, disability, and in the event of the loss of a breadwinner.
The Law “On Medical Insurance of Citizens in the Russian Federation” determined the legal, economic and organizational foundations of this institution of social protection. Purpose of health insurance- guarantee that citizens receive medical care from accumulated funds in the event of an insured event. In accordance with the Law, health insurance is represented by two types:
- mandatory;
- voluntary.
Compulsory health insurance is universal for the population of the Russian Federation and is implemented in accordance with programs that guarantee the volume and conditions of providing medical care to citizens.
Voluntary health insurance is carried out on the basis of programs that provide citizens with services in excess of those established in compulsory health insurance programs on the basis of payment for services by citizens or organizations.
In accordance with the Law, funds for compulsory health insurance (employee insurance payments) are concentrated in the Federal and Territorial (regional) compulsory health insurance funds. Compulsory health insurance is thus provided by a system of funds consisting of the federal fund and territorial funds of compulsory health insurance in the constituent entities of the Federation. The insurance rate of contributions for compulsory health insurance paid by employers and other payers is determined by the federal law of the Russian Federation.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 41) defines minimum social guarantees in the field of healthcare. To assess the minimum acceptable level of meeting the needs for medical care, indicators of the provision of doctors, hospital beds, and outpatient facilities per 1000 residents in the region are used.
New entities are appearing in the healthcare system - medical insurance organizations that select medical institutions and pay for medical and preventive care provided to insured persons. Since 1993, compulsory health insurance has been included in the Russian social insurance system, which is financed in the form of contributions by the majority of employers of all forms of ownership, as well as by the state directly from the budget. Health insurance has come to be considered as the most adequate health care system for a market economy, improving the quality of medical services.
Insurance contributions of most enterprises amount to 26% of the wage fund. The amounts of contributions for certain types of social insurance in relation to accrued wages are:
- to the Pension Fund - 19%;
- to the Social Insurance Fund - 3.4%;
- to the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund - 3.6%.
As state minimum standards in the field of wages the following are established:
- minimum wage (minimum wage);
- living wage for the working population.
Minimum social guarantees in the field of wages will not be valid until the economic function of wages is restored. In terms of social protection, this is important, since wages are not only an economic category, but also a moral one, designed to provide a person with a certain social status.
One of the important aspects of minimum social guarantees is the guarantee of protection against unemployment. There are two sides to solving this problem: creating economic conditions for maximum employment and self-employment of the population - on the one hand, and state support - on the other hand. State employment promotion programs adopted annually by the government, as well as the implementation of the federal target program for job creation, are aimed at reducing the unemployment rate.
The state guarantees the unemployed:
- payment of unemployment benefits;
- assistance in finding a suitable job
- payment of scholarships during the period of professional training, advanced training, retraining in the direction of the employment service;
- the opportunity to participate in paid public works and temporary work.
Unemployment benefits are provided from regional budgets, paid during the year of unemployment, subject to an active search for suitable work through the Employment Center and equal to the subsistence minimum for a given subject of the Federation in the first 4 months of unemployment (later it decreases).
An important link in the social protection of the population is legally required programs for employment, retraining and housing, aimed primarily at young people.
To stimulate the economic independence of young people, vocational training or retraining and socio-psychological preparation for entering the role of economically independent taxpayers are offered. This policy leads not only to a reduction in the number of unemployed, but also to other positive effects. To reduce the number of unemployed, “income policy” and monetary policy are also actively used.
Thus, social protection is carried out at the expense of the federal and regional budgets, and specially created extra-budgetary social funds. Its comprehensive nature can be represented, for example, by a system of measures for the social protection of people with disabilities:
Activities for social protection of disabled people can be divided as follows:
Social service
One of the leading organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population is social services. Social services are the activities of social services for social support, provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, socio-legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.
The corresponding branch of social law is represented by two federal laws. The Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” dated December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ is a framework, providing general concepts about the content, concept and organization of the social service system. The Federal Law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons” dated August 2, 1995 No. 122-FZ clarifies, in addition to regulating private issues of serving the target category of persons, a number of concepts and mechanisms of social services. There are also 26 National Standards for Social Services. These regulations include, for example, GOST R 52495-2005 “Social services for the population. Basic terms and definitions”, GOST R 52143-2003 “Social services for the population. Main types of social services”, GOST R 52142-2003 “Social services for the population. Quality of social services”, GOST R 52496-2005 “Social services to the population. Quality control of social services. Basic provisions”, GOST R 52497-2005 “Social services for the population. Quality system of social service institutions”, GOST R 52883-2007 “Social services to the population. Requirements for personnel of social service institutions".
These standards are essentially technical and do not provide fundamental legal norms. They determine the basic requirements for the volume, quality and forms of social services.
The state guarantees citizens the right to social services in the state system of social services for the main types of services defined by the Law.
The Law applies the following basic concepts (as amended by Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 22, 2004):
1) social services - enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities in social services to the population without forming a legal entity;
2) social service client - a citizen who is in a difficult life situation, who is provided with social services in connection with this;
3) social services - actions to provide certain categories of citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the client of a social service with assistance provided for by this Federal Law;
4) difficult life situation - a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-care due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, poverty, unemployment, lack of a specific place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc. ), which he cannot overcome on his own.
Social services are provided on the basis of an application from a citizen, his guardian, trustee, other legal representative, government body, local government body, public association. Every citizen has the right to receive free information from the state system of social services about the possibilities, types, procedures and conditions of social services.
Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy in the Russian Federation the same right to social services as citizens of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise established by international treaties of the Russian Federation.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation does not contain direct references to social services except for the explanation that in the Russian Federation, as a social state, a system of social services is developing (Article 7, Part 2). Considering the basic principles of social services formulated in Article 5 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”:
1) targeting;
2) accessibility;
3) voluntariness;
4) humanity;
5) priority of providing social services to minors in difficult life situations;
6) confidentiality;
7) preventive orientation, it should be noted that they are not based on civil law, but introduce a certain block of norms that are analogous to the provisions of the Universal Declaration of 1948, since they represent human rights enshrined in the Declaration. These principles include accessibility, voluntariness, humanity, and confidentiality. Unfortunately, the Law does not decipher the specific implementation of these principles in the form of articles. Their implementation is partially presented in articles 7, 9, 11, 12, 15 of the Federal Law “On social services for elderly and disabled citizens.” For example, the principle of confidentiality, to which Art. 11 “Confidentiality of information”. At the same time, the mechanism for implementing the principle of accessibility is very vague, and there are no direct references to it in any article of both laws. The voluntary nature of service is stated in Art. 7, 9, 12, but exceptions to this rule are given in Art. 15. Certain aspects of the implementation of the principle of humanity can be seen in Art. 7, 12 and some other articles of the Federal Law “On social services for elderly citizens and people with disabilities,” but a unified and consistent mechanism is not presented.
The social service system includes state, municipal and non-state services. The state social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, executive authorities of the Russian Federation and a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the competence of which is transferred to the organization and implementation of social services. The municipal social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, local self-service bodies, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services. Non-state social service includes institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other non-governmental organizations and individuals.
TO types of social services relate:
The forms of services provided by social services are determined by State standards:
- Material assistance (cash, food, industrial goods, vehicles, special equipment, prosthetic and orthopedic products, medicines, fuel, etc.).
- Help at home (performing household services, childcare, medical and social assistance and other services).
- Continuous care in a hospital setting (food, social services, health care, medical, labor rehabilitation, leisure activities).
- Advisory assistance.
- Providing temporary shelter.
- Organization of day care in social service institutions.
A person in a difficult life situation can receive social assistance if he contacts a social service. Specialists of a social institution are obliged to check the compliance of the parameters of the applicant’s life situation with the normatively prescribed requirements for a recipient of social assistance.
The current social service system in Russia is of a territorial and departmental nature, that is, it is as close as possible to the population.
The management of social services for the population is carried out by territorial (regional and district) bodies of social protection of the population, which build their activities in cooperation with the bodies of health care, education, culture, physical education and sports, law enforcement agencies, government services for youth affairs, employment services, as well as public, and religious organizations.
Financing of social services is carried out on a budgetary basis and consists of:
- normative deductions from the budgets of the corresponding level (subject of the federation or municipal) in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure part of the budget;
- funds from the federal budget for the implementation of individual tasks;
- finances as a result of the redistribution of funds between committees and departments of services at various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;
- additional funds from the regional and local budgets to provide targeted measures to adapt population incomes to the rising cost of living;
- income from paid services and from economic activities;
- charitable donations and contributions from enterprises, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable events.
State standards of social services regulate social services that provide the most important human needs: social and domestic; socio-psychological; social and legal; socio-pedagogical; socio-medical and other needs of citizens.
In Art. 25 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services in the Russian Federation” emphasizes that the effectiveness of social services is ensured by specialists who have professional education that meets the requirements and nature of the work performed, experience in the field of social services and who are inclined by their personal qualities to provide social services. In Art. 36 Federal Law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons” defines the rights of social workers employed in the state and municipal sectors:
- work under the terms of an employment agreement (contract);
- free preventive examination and examination upon entry to work and free dispensary observation in state and municipal health care institutions at the expense of appropriate budgetary allocations;
- protection of professional honor, dignity and business reputation, including in court;
- obtaining qualification certificates and licenses for professional activities in the field of social services;
- free receipt of living space and housing and communal services if they live in a rural area or an urban-type settlement, in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In addition, social workers have the right to be provided with work clothes, shoes and equipment or to receive monetary compensation for their purchase, priority service by trade, catering, and household enterprises, free travel on public transport, and priority installation of a telephone.
A number of factors hinder the development of a network of social services:
- problems associated with the mechanism for monitoring the volume and quality of social services provided;
- lack of competent, educated specialists in the social sphere;
- imperfection of the regulatory framework;
- insufficient funding for some projects;
- insufficient awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
- low social status and inadequate wages of social service workers;
- low awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
- lack of broad participation in the formation of the state order for the volume of services to the population in terms of social services of all sectors of social partnership: state authorities, local governments, business and associations of entrepreneurs and non-profit organizations.
Non-state social services turn out to be more competitive both in terms of the quality of the proposed services and their prices. The role of religious social organizations is constantly increasing, as they are increasingly taking care of the elderly, dependent people, and children left without parental care.
Characteristics of modern social services
Currently creating networks of various social services with the aim of providing assistance to different groups of the population is close to completion. This means that many social problems have organizational, legal and financial frameworks for their solution defined by law. On the one hand, it turns out that the crystallization of bureaucratic structures in social work is close to completion. On the other hand, in order to meet the requirements of a changing reality, social services must respond flexibly to new problems, increasing the number of functions of existing services or creating new, specialized ones.
The tendency to create the most economical territorial network of social services, covering all problem categories of the population with their activities, led to the design and implementation modular system services In this system, each service consists of department-modules, specialized in providing social assistance to a certain category of the population. Depending on the problems of the territory served, the structure of a social service institution is formed as a set of module departments that most adequately meet local social needs.
The widest range of modules have comprehensive social service centers (CSSC). They can contain up to 13 compartments:
- Organizational and methodological department aimed at macro-social activities. Conducts social monitoring of the service territory and compiles its “social passport”. Predicts social processes and proposes measures to improve social protection of the population of the territory. Introduces advanced forms and types of social assistance. Develops and distributes methodological materials on social protection issues. Informs the population through the media about the activities of the CCSC.
- Advisory department advises on issues of social services, career guidance, education and employment of people with disabilities. Promotes the solution of legal problems within the competence of social protection authorities, provides socio-psychological counseling, and provides emergency psychological assistance via a “helpline”.
- Emergency Social Services Department provides one-time assistance in a crisis situation with free hot meals or food packages, clothing, shoes and other essential items, and cash benefits to support life. Provides psychological, pre-medical, medical, social and legal assistance. Assists in obtaining temporary housing.
- Department of Trade Services for Low-Income Citizens provides essential goods at reduced prices to low-income citizens referred by the emergency social services department.
- Department of psychological and pedagogical assistance to families and children patronizes dysfunctional families, promotes raising children, teaching family members a healthy lifestyle, maintaining mental and physical health, and resolving family conflicts. Conducts a personality examination and behavior analysis to determine the tactics of psychological and pedagogical assistance. Diagnoses the psychophysical, intellectual and emotional development of the child, his inclinations and abilities. Corrects developmental distortions and communication disorders in children, inadequate emotional reactions and behavioral stereotypes, conflictual relationships between parents and children, deviant parental attitudes in raising children, and violations of marital relationships. Conducts trainings on relieving anxiety and stress, overcoming inappropriate forms of behavior. Organizes the activities of self-help groups, communication clubs, conducts seminars, round tables, and conversations on family and childhood issues.
- Department of assistance to women in difficult life situations patronizes women with physical and mental health problems or those who have been subjected to psychophysical violence. Conducts work to increase stress resistance and psychological culture of women in the field of interpersonal, family and parental communication. Helps create a favorable microclimate in the family and overcome violations of marital and intra-family relationships. Provides socio-psychological assistance in adaptation to socio-economic living conditions.
- Department for the Prevention of Neglect of Children and Adolescents patronizes maladjusted children prone to antisocial behavior. Provides social assistance to orphans and children without parental care. Identifies the causes of social maladjustment. Conducts psychological, medical and pedagogical diagnostics of the forms and degrees of maladjustment. Forms individual and group social rehabilitation programs. Involves correctional children's institutions, additional education institutions, and social services agencies in their implementation. Monitors the implementation of correctional and rehabilitation activities by families at home.
- Day care department for children and adolescents implements programs for their social rehabilitation in semi-stationary conditions. Creates rehabilitation groups of 5-10 people in free time from studies according to group programs that take into account individual rehabilitation programs. Provides medical, social and psychological assistance, conducts training sessions and club work, promotes active leisure, provides groups with hot meals and conditions for daytime sleep.
- Department of Rehabilitation of Children and Adolescents with Physical and Mental Disabilities carries out psychological-social, socio-pedagogical, social-medical, social-household, social-labor habilitation in day care conditions. Teaches parents methods of education and habilitation. Creates conditions for the implementation of individual programs together with other social institutions in free time from study. Organizes leisure and extracurricular education depending on age and health status. Teaches self-care skills, behavior, self-control, and communication. Provides career guidance, occupational and play therapy. Interacts with parents for the purpose of continuity of habilitation activities and adaptation of children in the family. Consults families, including on social and legal issues. Provides clients with hot meals and nap opportunities.
- Department of social services at home for elderly and disabled citizens provides social and domestic assistance to people who have partially lost the ability to self-care in order to prolong their stay in their usual habitat and maintain their social, psychological and physical status. Depending on the nature and degree of need, it provides social, advisory and psychological-social services included in the Federal List of State-Guaranteed Social Services, as well as, at their request, additional social services.
- Specialized Department of Social and Medical Services at Home for Elderly and Disabled Citizens provides home-based social services, pre-hospital medical and medical-social assistance to people who have lost the ability to self-care and have chronic diseases. Provides qualified care and moral and psychological support to clients and members of their families, teaches relatives how to care for the sick, monitors health conditions, and prevents exacerbations of diseases. Services include: sanitary and hygienic assistance (rubbing, washing, hygienic baths, cutting nails, combing hair, changing linen), measuring temperature and pressure, compresses, dressings, treating bedsores and wounds, feeding weakened patients, taking samples for laboratory tests, calling a doctor at home, accompanying clients to medical institutions and visiting them during hospitalization.
- Day care department for elderly and disabled citizens provides social, socio-psychological, everyday, socio-cultural services to people who have retained the ability to self-service, attracts them to feasible work activities and supports an active lifestyle. Conducts social rehabilitation activities in the form of restorative therapeutic groups and groups for the development of communication skills, therapeutic and health-improving physical education, occupational therapy, lectures, excursions, and individual socio-psychological counseling.
- Department of Temporary Residence for Elderly and Disabled Citizens organizes living conditions close to home, provides social and rehabilitation services for single people who have fully or partially retained the ability to self-care and free movement. Provides environment-based treatment: adaptation of clients to new living conditions, restoration of their personal and social status using correctional and rehabilitation methods similar to those used in the day care department for these categories of citizens. Provides social, social, medical, and social advisory assistance.
Center for Social Assistance to Family and Children contains modules aimed at working with these categories of the population, including:
- advisory department
- emergency social service department
- department of psychological and pedagogical assistance
- department for helping women in difficult life situations
- department for the prevention of child neglect
- day care department for minors
- Department of Rehabilitation of Minors with Physical and Mental Disabilities
This set is complemented citizen reception department receiving, identifying the needs of children and families living in the service area, referring them to the appropriate departments of the Center, creating a data bank on requests to the Center and inpatient department, implementing social rehabilitation programs for maladjusted children in a temporary hospital setting. The directions and forms of work in this department are similar to the activities of the day care department for children and adolescents. As a structural unit of the Center, it can be organized social shelter for children and teenagers, operating as a temporary hospital for social rehabilitation programs and accepting orphans and children left without parental care.
Social service centers provide services to elderly citizens and people with disabilities and consist of the following modules:
Social rehabilitation centers for minors specialize in the social rehabilitation of maladjusted children, or the rehabilitation of children with limited physical and mental capabilities. Both forms of centers consist of departments with standard functions:
Social shelters for children and teenagers - temporary hospitals in which orphans and children left without parental care live until their final establishment. In accordance with the goals, objectives and condition of the children, they may consist of the following units:
Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population provides socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical and psychotherapeutic assistance to families with children. Implements measures to increase stress resistance and psychological culture, prevention of deviant forms of behavior of family members, psychological and social correction of developmental disorders in children and conflict relationships between parents and children. Consults on issues of child development, formation of marital and family relationships. Provides assistance to families in raising children, teaching family members a healthy lifestyle, and maintaining physical and mental health. Organizes the activities of self-help groups, communication clubs, and an emergency psychological helpline.
Emergency psychological assistance centers by telephone differentiate activities according to the characteristics of the population category served. Depending on it, the services “Child in Danger”, “Woman in Danger”, “Man in Danger” are distinguished.
Crisis centers for women are departments of the center for social assistance to families and children, specializing in providing assistance to women in crisis situations and, in terms of the content of their work, may include
Social assistance centers at home They are part of social service centers that specialize in home-based social, social and medical services for elderly citizens and the disabled. They include:
Social homes for single elderly people are intended for free residence of single elderly people and married couples, provided that their independence is preserved and they are provided with psychological, social and medical social assistance. Apartment buildings of a hotel-corridor type, where clients live who have given their housing to the state in exchange for a one- or two-room apartment in the House. There are nursing stations on the floors, and the halls are intended for meetings and group work. The lower floors are occupied by departments and welfare services providing medical, social, social rehabilitation and other services, including a canteen, laundry, post office, etc. in such a way that the client meets his needs without leaving the Home if he has difficulty walking. The House operates:
- organizational and methodological department
- advisory department.
Department of Psychological and Pedagogical Assistance Conducts classes for restorative T-groups and groups for the development of communication skills, organizes circle and socio-cultural work, and self-help groups.
Gerontological centers carry out medical and social, social rehabilitation, social advisory work with elderly citizens at their place of residence. Contain:
- organizational and methodological department
- advisory department
- department of medical and social rehabilitation
- day care department.
Social service departments at home, specialized social and medical care at home And inpatient department are introduced into the structure of the Center if the territorial Center for Social Services or the Social Service Center cannot timely carry out these activities in relation to elderly citizens.
Stationary social service institutions (boarding houses) provide assistance to citizens who, for various reasons, cannot take care of themselves and receive care from relatives and family members. In addition to their structure organizational and methodological And stationary branches include occupational therapy workshops, where clients work voluntarily, learning various work skills, and social rehabilitation departments, combining elements of basic and additional education with activities typical of departments of psychological and pedagogical assistance.
Depending on the population served, these institutions are divided into boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, psychoneurological boarding schools for persons with severe mental retardation or incurable mental illness, orphanages for mentally retarded children, boarding homes for children with physical disabilities.
Night stay houses provide advisory, social rehabilitation and, in some cases, medical and social services to persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation (homeless citizens). The structure of the Houses consists of:
In recent years, various changes have been taking place in the structures of centers related to the consolidation of organizations and the transition to a different system of both financing the work with clients and encouraging the work of specialists; institutions are being reassigned. However, it is worth talking about the results of these transformations a little later.
Benefit- in a broad (general sense) - this is an improvement in the position of a subject compared to the usual state by giving him additional powers or by exempting him from performing certain duties. In a narrow (special, industry) understanding, this is the liberation of a subject, enshrined in legal norms, from the burden of fulfilling (carrying) part of the duties (Sakhno S.V., Zelenova V.V. The concept and place of the institution of benefits in the social security system. - [Electronic document] - Access mode: http://www.zabgu.ru/sites/default/files/s_ahno_zelenova.pdf Access date: 09/01/2013) Sakhno Zelenova The concept of benefits
See: Averin A.N. State system of social protection of the population: textbook. M.: RAGS, 2010. - 124 p.; Platonova N.M., Nesterova G.F. Theory and methodology of social work. M: Academy, 2010. 384 p.
// Grigorieva I.A., Kelasev V.N. Theory and practice of social work: Textbook. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 2004. – P. 313-315. (Grigorieva)