I invented the theater. What is theater

It began in ancient times. Let slavery reign in those days and there was no education. But people knew what theater was. Growing from the depths of a long human history, its roots go back to the mysteries of the most ancient folk mass rituals, games and festivals. The traditional primary actions of a comic and tragic nature (such as Saturnalia, Mysteries) that arose on this basis contained elements of a dramatic (mythologically framed) plot and included dances, dialogue, choral songs, mummers, and masks. Gradually, the separation of action and ritual and cult foundations took place, the selection of a chorus of heroes from the crowd, the transformation of a massive significant celebration into an organized spectacle. All this created the preconditions for the emergence of such a beloved literary drama. The forced division into spectators and actors revealed the important social functions of this

This process was clearly expressed in the theater of Ancient Greece, which had a huge influence on the active development of European art. In the city-states he became an important head of public life. What is theater in Ancient Greece? The performances were then a great national celebration. Tens of thousands of spellbound spectators gathered in huge, gigantic open-air amphitheaters. In addition to the available professional actors, the performance could also be performed by the citizens themselves - directly by the choir participants. Dance and music remained necessary, the main elements of the action.

What was theater in Ancient Rome? Here the staging side of most performances developed more actively, even the type of stage changed, professional theatrical technique increased, various types of performances arose (musical and dance performances based on mythological subjects - pantomimes, which, having reached their heyday during the Empire, remained until the 5th century. popular theatrical genre).

The European theater of the Middle Ages practically ceased to exist. William Shakespeare and several other playwrights in the 15th century. revived it. Then, without exception, all the roles in the performances were performed by boys and men. Actresses first appeared in the popular troupes of Italian traveling actors who performed comedies "cel arte" (small comic plays with the obligatory participation of masked characters).

The humanistic culture of the Renaissance period revived the traditions of ancient theatrical art, combining them with the rich traditions of folk national heritage. The plays of famous playwrights of this era revealed history in the most acute political and social conflicts.

The rise of the theater is associated with the active spread of classicism, the social basis of which is the strengthening of certain absolutist regimes in some European countries. The actors' task was to create a complex image of a hero who, through internal struggle and severe trials, overcomes his own dichotomy between the demands of society and private interest. Modern problems during this period acquired both abstract and universally significant character. This is what the theater of classicism is.

In the second half of the 18th century, he became the main exponent of the ideas of the stormy bourgeois Enlightenment. In the art of actors of that time, high citizenship was perfectly combined with an active desire to create new holistic characters who showed interest in historical truth.

Romanticism became the expression of the aspirations of the democratic masses and humanistic ideals. Under the banner of this era, a serious struggle unfolded in drama against the so-called epigone classicism - for nationality, historicism, and national identity.

Realism, which was prepared by the theater and then by romanticism, acquired worthy independent forms in the 30-40s. 19th century and reached its highest position of dominance by mid-century.

Modern theater produces a synthesis of many types of art, social problems and emotions - psychological analysis, high moral issues, spontaneity of the emotional state, authenticity and grotesqueness, experience and detachment, lyricism and satire. All this comes into the most daring and unexpected combinations. What is modern theater? This is a pronounced tendency to strive for increased activity of images, to save important artistic means, as well as their content. Today this type of art is unthinkable without a director. Scenography is also important now.

For any modern person, theaters have become an integral part of planned cultural leisure. And many are interested in the history of the theater, because there was a period when there were no theaters? It is difficult to remember when this was, because the very first theaters appeared in primitive communities.

In those distant times, people did not yet understand why it was raining, why it suddenly became colder, and what they did wrong before the Almighty, that he sent snow or heavy rain. So that nothing threatened them, they tried to conduct a theatrical ritual before every important event. Information about such events gave us the opportunity to understand how the theater appeared and why such attention was paid to it.

From primitiveness to modernity

The primitive theater, naturally, was not similar to modern productions. There was no talk about professionalism or talent here - people tried to dramatize events the way they felt, putting their soul and all their experiences into each event. They sincerely believed that the more emotionally they could represent their devotion, the better the harvest would be, for example. All this was accompanied by improvised music and songs.

Later, somewhere in the third millennium BC. In Egypt, more organized theatrical skits were already performed about the patrons of artisans and farmers. Greece became the birthplace of carnival performances, which were organized mainly in the open air. Folk theaters were popular here. The actors almost always had to wear masks.

Renaissance - During this period, mainly comedic performances were staged. They were held in city squares, and many people gathered to watch the spectacle.

Somewhere at the end of the 16th century. - At the beginning of the 17th century, the world learned about opera, and only later, by the mid-18th century, ballet appeared; the first operettas appeared only in the mid-19th century.

Productions from past years today

Speaking about the theater of the 18th and 19th centuries, we are already talking about performances and productions in which talented actors took part. They were staged on stage and the theater structures themselves were radically different from the primitive ones and the Renaissance. So, since the end of the 19th century, a magnificent production of the ballet “The Nutcracker” came to us. Both in those days and now they were not available to everyone. This is, of course, due to the great and constantly growing popularity of the production. If previously only a select few, noble ladies and gentlemen could afford such luxury as a theater, today they are available to everyone. Despite the hype surrounding tickets, people continue to find alternative ways to purchase tickets. So, for example, you can order them on our website. This will save you from queues and unexpected unpleasant situations.

Today the theater has acquired a different look. It has become a symbol and pride in every country. Architectural ensembles, decorative design and spacious halls, portraits of famous poets, directors and theater creators, as a rule, always decorate the hall. On the modern stage we often see performances that were first staged under the Tsar. Yes, they underwent some adjustments, perhaps more real events were introduced into some, and somewhere the artistic directors decided to add musical accompaniment, combining opera with ballet. But, nevertheless, this once again confirms that theater has always existed in the past, and in the future it will attract the attention of spectators, even if the performance of the last century is presented on stage - this is our history and for many this is an important component of the formation of culture and traditions.

The first theatrical performances were once staged right on the street. Basically, the performances were staged by traveling artists. They could sing, dance, put on various costumes, portraying animals. Everyone did what they did best. The new art form gradually developed, the actors improved their skills.

The first theater in the world

The word “theater” translated from Greek means a place for performing spectacles and the spectacle itself. The first such cultural institution supposedly arose in Greece. This happened in the V-IV centuries BC. e. This era was called "classical". It is characterized by harmony and balance in all elements and components. Ancient Greek theater arose from the worship of various gods.

The Theater of Dionysus is the oldest theater building. The god of wine, vegetation and nature was highly revered by the ancient Greeks. Cult rituals were dedicated to Dionysus, which gradually developed into real tragedies and comedies. Ritual celebrations turned into real theatrical performances. The structure was an open-air space. Spectators were initially seated on wooden seats. was so revered in Ancient Greece that the authorities gave money to poor citizens for performances. Married women were prohibited from watching productions.

The first temple of arts had three main parts:

• orchestra - dancers and a choir performed there;
• auditorium - located around the orchestra;
• Skena building, where rooms for artists were located.

There was no curtain or the usual stage, and all the female roles were played by men. The actors changed their roles several times during one performance, so they had to dance and sing excellently. The appearance of the actors was changed using masks. Next to the building was the temple of Dionysus.

The ancient theater laid the foundations and essence of the modern one. The closest genre can be called drama theater. Over time, more and more different genres appeared.

Theater genres

Theater genres in the modern world are so diverse. This art synthesizes literature, music, choreography, vocals, and visual arts. They express different emotions and situations. Humanity is constantly evolving. In this regard, various genres emerge. They depend on the country in which they originate, on the cultural development of the population, on the mood of the audience and their needs.

Let's list some types of genres: drama, comedy, monodrama, vaudeville, extravaganza, parody, mime, farce, morality play, pastoral, musical, tragicomedy, melodrama and others.

Genres of theatrical art cannot compete with each other. They are each interesting in their own way. Viewers who love the opera theater visit the comedy theater with no less pleasure.

The most popular types of theater genres are drama, comedy, tragicomedy, musical, parody and vaudeville.

In the drama you can see both tragic and comic moments. It is always very interesting to watch the actors work here. Roles of this genre are not easy and easily involve the viewer in empathy and analysis.

Comedy performances have the main goal of making the audience laugh. To make fun of certain situations, actors must also try hard. After all, the viewer must believe them! Comedy roles are just as difficult to play as dramatic ones. The element of satire makes the performance easier to watch.

Tragedy is always associated with a conflict situation, which is what the production is about. This genre was one of the first to appear in Ancient Greece. Just like comedy.

The musical has many fans. This is always a bright action with dancing, songs, an interesting plot and a dose of humor. The second name of this genre is musical comedy. It appeared in the USA at the end of the 19th century.

Varieties

The types of theaters are directly related to the genres that are presented in them. Although they express not so much a genre as a form of acting. Let's list some of them:

• operatic;
• dramatic;
• children's;
• author's;
• one-man theater;
• theater of light;
• musical comedy;
• theater of satire;
• poetry theater;
• dance theater;
• pop;
• robot theater;
• ballet;
• animal theater;
• theater for the disabled;
• serf;
• shadow play;
• pantomime theater;
• song theater;
• street.

Opera and Ballet Theatre

Opera and ballet appeared in Italy during the Renaissance. The first appeared in Venice in 1637. Ballet emerged as a separate theatrical genre in France, transforming from dances at the courts. Very often these types of theaters are combined in one place.

Opera and ballet are accompanied by a symphony orchestra. Music becomes an integral part of these productions. It conveys the mood and atmosphere of everything that is happening on stage and emphasizes the performances of the actors. Opera singers work with their voices and emotions, while ballet dancers convey everything through movement. Opera and ballet theaters are always the most beautiful theatrical institutions. They are located in the richest city buildings with unique architecture. Luxurious furnishings, a beautiful curtain, large orchestra pits - this is how it looks from the inside.

Drama Theater

Here the main place is given to the actors and the director. They are the ones who create the characters’ personalities, transforming into the necessary images. The director conveys his vision and leads the team. Drama theater is called the theater of “experiences.” K. S. Stanislavsky wrote his works while studying the work of dramatic actors. They stage not only performances - plays with complex plots. The drama theater includes comedies, musicals and other musical performances in its repertoire. All productions are based only on dramatic literature.

Theater for every taste

Musical theater is a place where you can watch any of the theatrical acts. It hosts operas, comedies, operettas, musicals and all those performances that contain a lot of music. Ballet dancers, musicians and actors work here. Musical theater combines opera, ballet, and operetta theaters. Any type of theatrical art related to pop or classical music can find its fans in this theater.

Puppet show

This is a special place. Here you plunge into the world of childhood and joy. The decoration here is always colorful, attracting the attention of the youngest spectators. The puppet theater is often the first theater that children attend. And the child’s future attitude towards the theater depends on what impression it makes on an inexperienced viewer. A variety of theatrical actions is based on the use of various types of puppets.

Recently, puppeteer actors do not hide behind screens, but interact with puppets on stage. This idea belongs to the famous S.V. Obraztsov. He put a glove puppet named Tyapa on his hand and played miniatures superbly on stage, acting as his father.

The origins of this type of theater lie far back in Ancient Greece. When creating dolls for rituals, people did not know that it would develop into real art. Puppet theater is not only an introduction to art, but also a method of psychological correction for the little ones.

Comedy Theater

Combined actors who can sing and dance. They should easily get used to comedic characters and not be afraid to be funny. Very often you can see “Drama and Comedy Theatres”, “Musical Comedy Theatres”. Combining several genres in one theater does not interfere with preserving its flavor. The repertoire may include operettas, satirical comedies, musicals, dramas, and musical productions for children. People go to the comedy theater with pleasure. The hall is always full.

Variety theater

Replenishment of types of theaters relatively recently. And the audience immediately fell in love with it. The first pop theater appeared in the middle of the last century. It became a theater in Leningrad, which opened in 1939. In 2002 it was named “Variety Theater named after. A.I. Raikin." Variety artists include modern singers, dancers, and presenters. Variety artists are show business stars, dancers and showmen, as they are now called.

Variety theaters often hold solo concerts, concerts dedicated to some memorable dates, and performances by contemporary authors. Humorists hold concerts here, stage comic plays, and performances of classical works. Musical theater can offer similar performances.

Satire Theater

We love the audience very much! Since its appearance, it has reflected the life of the townspeople, showing all the shortcomings and ridiculing them. The actors were always known by sight; they performed excellent comic roles not only on stage, but also in films. Satire theaters have always been in the forefront of those who were prohibited from staging certain productions. This was due to censorship. By ridiculing the negative aspects of human behavior, it was often possible to cross the line of permissibility. The bans only attracted even more viewers. Magnificent satire theater actors who are well known: A. A. Mironov, Olga Aroseva, Spartak Mishulin, Mikhail Derzhavin, Alexander Shirvindt. Thanks to these people, satire theaters became loved by audiences.

Over time, types of theaters appear that are either long forgotten or completely unlike anything that exists.

New trends

New types of art temples surprise the most sophisticated viewer. Not long ago, the first Robot Theater appeared in Poland. It features robot actors who convey their emotions with their eyes and gestures. The productions are currently intended for a children's audience, but the project's leaders intend to constantly expand the repertoire.

In summer, theater productions take place outside. This has already become a tradition. This year many festivals took place outdoors. Small stages were built right next to the theaters, on which the performance was fully performed. Even opera and ballet artists are already going beyond the theater to attract as many spectators as possible.

3. Theater and theatrical performances in Ancient Greece.

4. Tragedies and comedies in ancient Greek theater.

5. Theater creators.

6. Conclusion.

The emergence of the theater.
Theater originated in Ancient Greece approximately two and a half thousand years ago.
The word “theater” itself is of Greek origin and means “place for spectacle.”
Theatrical performances were the favorite spectacles of the ancient Greeks.
The origin of theater was associated with the religion of the ancient Greeks, namely
festivities in honor of the god Dionysus, the patron saint of winemakers. In one of
myths say that Dionysus wanders throughout the earth along with a crowd
their companions. These are satyrs - forest gods, half-people, half-goats. At the satyrs
long tails, pointed ears and hooves. When to the sounds of flutes and pipes
Dionysus comes to Greece, then spring begins in this country, it is warmer
the sun warms, flowers bloom, all life is reborn.
At the end of March, Greece celebrated the main holiday of the god of wine - the Great
Dionysia. When portraying satyrs, the Greeks wore goat skins and tied
long beards made of oak leaves, painted faces or covered them
goat masks. A cheerful procession of mummers moved through the streets of the city and
stopped somewhere in the square. The singer came forward. He sings
talked about the wanderings of Dionysus, about his meeting with pirates and other
adventures, and the rest of the mummers sang along with him in chorus. I portrayed the lead singer
then one of the heroes of the myth, then Dionysus himself, then one of the satyrs. Scenes,
played out by the participants of the holiday, and were the first theatrical
spectacles: the singer and the mummers were actors, and the spectators were everything
population of the city.

Theater and theatrical performances in Ancient Greece.
In Greek cities from the end of the 6th century. BC e. built for theatrical performances
special buildings. In almost every Greek city, including the colonies
shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, there was its own theater, and sometimes several (so,
there were more than ten theaters in Attica). Each of the ancient theaters accommodated
several thousand spectators. For example, the Theater of Dionysus in Athens had about 17
thousand places.
The theater was a favorite spectacle in Ancient Greece, all residents sought
get to the festival of Dionysus, but these celebrations (of which they were part
theatrical performances) were not held daily, but only twice a year.
There were no evening performances in Ancient Greece. Performances in Greek theaters
began at about seven in the morning and continued until sunset: they placed in a row
several performances.
“Ancient Greek theater tickets”: they charged a small fee for entering the theater
(in Athens, power belonged to the common people, demos, therefore
the state, taking care of the poorest citizens, gave them money to buy
tickets). The ticket was made of lead or baked clay. Letters are visible on the ticket
"beta" (B) and "epsilon" (E). The letter indicated one of the “wedges” to which
the theater was divided by staircases, radiating rays. As indicated on the ticket
The “wedge” could take any place, starting from the second row. So as not to
sit at the very top, the Greeks went to the theater before dawn. They took with them a bundle of
pies and a flask of wine, a warm cloak, a pillow that was placed under
yourself on a stone bench. The theater was rarely half empty.
Most of the spectators were men - citizens and visiting Greeks.
Women, constantly busy with household chores, attended the theater significantly

less often than men. Slaves entered the theater only as servants accompanying

their masters
The seats in the first row were not only marble, but also free, allocated
they are for honorary spectators (priests of Dionysus, winners of the Olympic Games,
strategists).
There was excellent audibility in the theater. If you throw a coin in the center of the orchestra,
its ringing will be heard in the very back benches. The theater building had the shape
a huge thicket, which, like a megaphone, amplified all the sounds of speech and music.
The Greek theater did not have a curtain. The action unfolded without intermission,
those. no breaks.
The theaters were located in the open air on the slopes and accommodated thousands
spectators. The theater building consisted of three parts.
One part of the theater is seats for spectators. They were divided by passages into sections,
resembling wedges.
Another part of the theater is the orchestra - a round or semicircular platform on which
actors and choir performed. Not a single event took place without songs and dances.
performance. Choir members depending on the content of the performance
depicted either friends of the main character, or townspeople, or warriors, and
sometimes animals - birds, frogs and even clouds.
The third part of the theater was called skene. It was adjacent to the orchestra
construction Painted boards or panels were attached to its wall,
depicting the entrance to the palace, the portico of the temple, or the seashore. Inside the skene
costumes and masks of the actors were stored.
Only men took part in the performances. They performed in men's or
women's masks, wearing special shoes with thick soles to appear taller

height. Since the actors' facial features were poorly visible from the last rows

theater, the actors wore large painted masks that covered not only
face, but also the head. When looking at the actors it became clear who they were
depict. Old people have white hair and thin, sunken cheeks. If the hero
younger, their hair and beard became half-gray, young men were portrayed
beardless. The slave could be recognized immediately - his features betrayed the non-Greek
origin. Usually no more than three people took part in each performance.
actors. There could be many characters in a play, and then each actor
played several roles.
Tragedies and comedies in ancient Greek theater.
In Ancient Greece there were two main types of performances - tragedy and comedy.
Plays of serious content were called tragedies. Usually in tragedies
the heroes of myths acted, their exploits, suffering and often death were depicted.
Tragedy in Greek means “song of the goats.” From Greek tragedians to the world
Three luminaries of ancient drama gained fame: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides.
Comedies were funny plays or songs of cheerful villagers.
The characters of comedies - funny and mocking performances -
Along with the heroes of myths there were contemporaries of the audience. In democratic
Athens, with its widely developed political life, provides the richest material for
political life itself provided comedy. An unsurpassed master
Aristophanes (450-388 BC), a native of Athens, was considered a political comedy,
the only writer of political comedy whose 11 plays have survived
our days. The distinctive properties of Aristophanes' work are:
artistic beauty of form, inexhaustible wit, combination
dramatic, comic and lyrical moods. In his comedies

Aristophanes expresses the interests of the Attic peasantry and middle strata

urban democracy.

Theater performances were favorites along with the Olympic Games
the spectacles of the Hellenes.

Sophocles (b. c. 497 - d. 406 BC) is a great ancient Greek playwright. Created
in the era of the highest flowering of Athenian slave-owning democracy and its
culture. Together with Pericles, Sophocles was elected strategos (440-439 BC), i.e.
military leaders. Along with Aeschylus and Euripides, Sophocles created and developed
classical ancient Attic tragedy; he increased the number of plays
actors from 2 to 3, reduced choral parts compared to dialogue and action,
introduced decorations and improved masks. Of those written by Sophocles, more than 120
plays, 7 tragedies and more than 90 excerpts have been preserved, including a fragment
satirical drama "Pathfinders". Popularity of Sophocles in Athens
confirmed by the fact that in dramatic competitions he received first place 18 times
reward and neverdid not take third place. Theme of Sophocles' tragedies, closely
associated with mythological subjects. Sophocles' dramas are characterized by
compositional harmony, proportionality of parts, strict subordination of the particular
general - artistic idea. Sophocles psychologically truthfully reveals
the inner world of their heroes. The work of Sophocles had a great influence on
world literature since the Renaissance.
Conclusion.
The most important stage in the development of theater was the theatrical culture of antiquity,
In Ancient Greece, a theater was created based on folk traditions and new
humanistic ideology. The theater occupied an important place in public life
ancient Greek democratic cities-states. Its development was
inextricably linked with the rise of Greek drama. Greek theater performances
were part of public celebrations organized by the state,
reflected the most important issues of public life.

The first theater appeared in Athens, in 497 BC. In Rome, the first stone theater appeared only in 55 BC. . Before this, actors and spectators were content with only temporary wooden buildings.
The performances of past years bore little resemblance to what we understand by a performance today. There could only be one actor on stage, changing masks and playing several roles at once. The need for masks was due to the large size of the theaters, which could accommodate ten or even seventeen thousand people. It was almost impossible to discern the actor’s facial features from a long distance, and masks easily solved this problem.

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Educator – Dementieva S.A. MDOU d/s "Fairy Tale" preparatory group

William Shakespeare is an outstanding English poet and playwright. Years of life: 1564 – 1616. The great playwright William Shakespeare said: “The whole world is a stage, and the people in it are actors.”

The first theater appeared in Athens, in 497 BC

In Rome, the first stone theater appeared only in 55 BC. . Before this, actors and spectators were content with only temporary wooden buildings. The performances of past years bore little resemblance to what we understand by a performance today. There could only be one actor on stage, changing masks and playing several roles at once. The need for masks was due to the large size of the theaters, which could accommodate ten or even seventeen thousand people. It was almost impossible to discern the actor’s facial features from a long distance, and masks easily solved this problem.

Theater is the union of all arts, it includes music, architecture, painting, cinema, photography, etc.

There was no theater in Russia until the 17th century. Over the centuries, this cultural niche was filled with rituals and folk festivals, which included elements of theatrical performances, and buffoons, musicians, dancers, puppeteers, and bear guides.

Types of theater

On October 17, 1672, the first performance took place. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was so delighted that he did not get up from his seat for 10 hours straight while the performance was going on. The boyars stood: they were not allowed to sit in the presence of the sovereign. The day before, the monarch received the blessing of his confessor, Archpriest Andrei Savinov, who assured that the Byzantine emperors staged theatrical performances. It took a long time to convince Alexei to allow the use of music, without which it would be impossible to organize a choir. The king reluctantly agreed. The court theater did not have a permanent premises. The authorities did not skimp on spending on costumes for actors and scenery for theatrical productions, but saved on paying Russian actors.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

Portrait of the founder of the first court theater Artamon Sergeevich Matveev. 1801.