Culture as a socio-historical phenomenon. Society is a unique social phenomenon


Center for work with gifted children

KGOAU "Education Center "Eureka"

Regional correspondence competition in SOCIAL STUDIES

“I will become great...!”

Tasks.

Dear friend! We invite you to take part in the regional correspondence competition
“I will become great...!” in social studies.

Any student in grades 6-7 can participate in the competition.

You must complete your work in accordance with the instructions.

Task No. 1. Insert in place of the gaps the serial numbers of the corresponding words from the proposed list. Write your answer in the table. The list contains words that should not appear in the text. Words can only be used once. 5 points

Greenpeace is ________ (A) environmental organization, main goal

which is to achieve a solution to ________(B) environmental problems, including

including by attracting public attention to them and ________ (B).

Today Greenpeace works in more than 40 countries, including

Russia. The basic principle - the refusal of _______(D) by industrial companies, banks, government agencies and political parties - guarantees ________(D) of the organization's actions. Greenpeace considers the most important tasks to be changing people’s attitudes towards ______(E), influencing _______(G) and therefore pays great attention to working with the means of _______(G) information. The _______(And) nature of the organization allows Greenpeace to influence manufacturers and retailers and demand that they comply with environmental _______(K) and standards around the world.

List of words: 1. State 2. Idea 3. Power 4. Humanitarian 5. International 6. Humane 7. Funding 8. Approval

9. Success 10. Norm 11. Independence 12. Man 13. Nature

14. Public 15. Culture 16. Local 17. Public opinion 18. Global 19. Creativity 20. Mass

Task No. 2.3 points

Before you are images of historical figuresXVIIIcentury. Determine their names and indicate what place they occupied in the social structure of society.

1._______

2.___________________________________________________________

3.___________________________________________________________

Task No. 32 points

Compose a syncwine on the topic “Social Studies.”

Cinquain comes from the French word for "five" and means "a poem that consists of five lines." Each line specifies a set of words that must be reflected in the poem. 1st line – heading, 2nd line – two adjectives, 3rd line – three verbs, 4th line – a phrase carrying a certain meaning, 5th line – conclusion (one word, noun).

    Social science

    ____________________________________________________

    ____________________________________________________

    ____________________________________________________

    ____________________________________________________

Task No. 4. Determine who is who.3 points

One company employs an accountant, a lawyer, a manager and a security guard. Their surnames: Vorobyov, Golubev, Drozdov and Zhuravlev. Drozdov's nephew is married to Vorobyov's sister (1). Vorobyov himself is not married (2). The accountant has no brothers or sisters (3). The manager is older than his wife’s brother, Zhuravlev (4). The lawyer is the oldest of all four (5).

Justify your answer.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task No. 5. Fill out the diagram, indicating the category common to all images, as well as its constituent elements. Write the letter designations of the illustrations in the appropriate cells. 3.5 points

Task No. 6.5 points

Read the text and answer the questions:

La Rochelle, not receiving the help of the English fleet and troops promised by Buckingham, surrendered after a year-long siege. On October 28, 1628, capitulation was signed.

arranged a solemn meeting, as if he were returning after the victory over

the enemy, and not over the French. He entered through an arcade entwined with flowers and greenery, built in the Faubourg Saint-Jacques.

D'Artagnan accepted the rank of lieutenant awarded to him. Porthos left the service and married Madame Coknard the following year: the coveted chest contained eight hundred thousand livres.

Aramis, having made a trip to Lorraine, suddenly disappeared and stopped writing to his friends. Subsequently, it became known through Madame de Chevreuse, who told two or three of her lovers about this, that he had become a monk in one of the monasteries of Nancy.

Athos served as a musketeer under d'Artagnan until 1631.

when, after a trip to Touraine, he also left the service under the pretext that

that he received a small inheritance in Rousillon.

With the assistance of Rochefort, Planchet received the rank of sergeant of the guard.

Alexandr Duma. Three Musketeers

1. What term refers to the social phenomenon described in this fragment? Define it. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the names of social institutions that accelerate this

social phenomenon? ___________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3. Name the social institutions mentioned in this fragment, relate them to each character.

D'Artagnan ___________________________________________________

Athos__________________________________________________________

Aramis_______________________________________________________________

Porthos_______________________________________________________________

Task No. 7. Read excerpts from poems.4 points

1." Yegorka is already standing
At the blackboard with chalk in hand,
Here are the top five
In Yegorka’s diary..."

2. “He eats soft-boiled eggs for breakfast,
Five potato cutlets
Two glasses of curdled milk
And a plate of semolina porridge -
Porridge isn’t bad either!”

3. "At a distant
At the outpost
The sentry in the forest does not sleep.
It costs -
There are lightnings above him,
He looks at the clouds:
Over his gun border
The clouds are passing."

4. «Fly, Fly-Tsokotukha
Gilded belly.
A fly walked across the field,
The fly found the money.
Mucha went to the market
And I bought a samovar.”

List the types of needs that appear in these passages.

1. ________________________________________________________________

2.________________________________________________________________

3.________________________________________________________________

4.________________________________________________________________

Task No. 8. Black box. 1 point

This appeared in 1989, since then it has been used in 61 countries around the world.

What is this? _____________________________________________________

Task No. 9. Name the place where the law was adopted and the reason for its adoption.2 points

_______________________________________________________________

2. It is forbidden to cut a cactus on a city street, you can get up to 25 years in prison __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Task No. 10Themis is a goddess, a symbol of justice.2 points

The symbols of the goddess Themis are listed, briefly explain each of them.

Scales - ______________________________________________________

Sword -______________________________________________________________

Mantle - _____________________________________________________

Blindfold -_____________________________________________

Block A

A1. Translated from Latin, the word “culture” means:

a) rest, pleasure

b) cultivation, processing

c) cooking

d) education

A2. The term “culture” in relation to a person was first used by:

a) Marcus Tullius Cicero

b) Aristotle Stagirite

c) Marcus Aurelius

d) Titus Lucretius Carus

A3. What is cultural genesis?

a) the process of assimilation by an individual of the norms and values ​​of culture

b) a period of decline in the process of cultural development

c) the process of emergence and formation of culture

d) liberation of culture from the influence of religion

A4. The subject of culture is:

a) person

b) nature

d) morality

A5. Signs of civilization include:

a) nomadic lifestyle

b) writing

c) complex social structure

d) urban lifestyle

e) artistic creativity

A6. What term is used to designate products of human activity created in both the material and spiritual spheres of culture?

a) rudiments

b) industry

c) artifacts

d) natural facts

A7. Specific sociocultural formations that perform the functions of creating, storing or transmitting culturally significant information are called:

a) institutions

b) in batches

c) loudspeakers

d) clusters

A8. Folk culture is characterized by:

a) reliance on tradition

c) anonymity

d) desire to revise established norms, rules, models

A9. Uniqueness, originality, encryption are typical for:

a) popular culture

b) elite culture

c) folk culture

A10. The features of mass culture are:

a) general availability

b) high intellectual level

c) focus on the emotional, irrational, unconscious

d) search for spiritual and moral truths

e) commercial in nature

A11. The culture of social or demographic strata, embodying differences in lifestyle, thinking, and behavior is:

a) anticulture

b) subculture

c) counterculture

d) culture of the silent majority

A12. Countercultures are characterized by:

a) unity of values ​​with the dominant culture

b) value nihilism

c) protest character

d) social conformism

A13. Elements of cultural heritage that are passed on from generation to generation and preserved for a long time are called:

a) tradition

b) innovation

c) stagnation

d) cultural symbiosis

A14. What is the totality of attitudes and predispositions of an individual or social group to act, think, feel and perceive the world in a certain way?

a) gene pool

b) mentality

c) ideology

d) intuition


A15. The process of a person’s assimilation of traditions, customs, and norms of behavior in a particular culture is called:

a) relaxation

b) annihilation

c) obstruction

d) inculturation

A16. Culture shock is:

a) a painful reaction to entering a different cultural environment

b) aesthetic satisfaction

c) the final stage of the innovation process

d) the secret language of the creative elite

A17. Which of the functions of culture involves the creation by man of means of adaptation to the environment?

a) integrative

b) adaptive

c) normative

d) broadcast

A18. Which of the functions of culture is aimed at developing norms and rules of behavior in society?

a) communicative

b) regulatory

c) information-accumulative

d) recreational

A19. What term denotes the sphere of interaction between nature and society, within which intelligent human activity becomes the determining factor?

a) sociosphere

b) lithosphere

c) biosphere

d) noosphere

A20. The alienation of man from nature has led to the emergence of:

a) ecumenism

b) technocratic world

c) cultural differences between ethnic groups and regions

d) cosmocentrism

Answers to tasks in block A

Task A1. Translated from Latin, the word “culture” means cultivation, processing (b).

Task A2. The term “culture” in relation to a person was first used by Cicero (a).

Task A3. Culturogenesis is the process of the emergence and formation of culture (c).

Task A4. The main subject of culture is a person (individual or community) (a).

Task A5. Signs of civilization include writing, a complex social structure, and an urban lifestyle (b, c, d).

Task A6. Products of human activity created in the cultural sphere are called artifacts (c).

Task A7. Sociocultural entities that perform the functions of creating, storing or transmitting culturally significant information are called sociocultural institutions (a).

Task A8. Folk culture is characterized by reliance on tradition and anonymity (a, c).

Task A9. Uniqueness, originality, and encrypted nature are typical of elite culture (b).

Task A10. The features of mass culture are general accessibility, focus on the emotional, unconscious beginning, and commercial nature (a, c, e).

Task A11. The culture of social or demographic strata, embodying differences in lifestyle, thinking, and behavior is a subculture (b).



Task A12. Countercultures are characterized by value nihilism and a protest character (b, c).

Task A13. Elements of cultural heritage that are passed on from generation to generation are called tradition (a).

Task A14. The set of attitudes and predispositions of an individual or social group to act, think, feel and perceive the world in a certain way is called mentality (b).

Task A15. The process of a person’s assimilation of traditions, customs, and norms of behavior in a particular culture is called enculturation (d).

Task A16. Culture shock is a painful reaction to entering a different cultural environment(s).

Task A17. Man's creation of means of adaptation to the environment is associated with the adaptive function of culture (b).

Task A18. The regulatory function of culture (b) is aimed at developing norms and rules of behavior in society.

Task A19. The sphere of interaction between nature and society, within which intelligent human activity becomes the determining factor, is called the “noosphere” (d).

Task A20. The alienation of man from nature led to the emergence of a technocratic world (b).

Block B

IN 1. Match the name of the concept of cultural genesis and its essence:

a) creationist

b) cosmological

c) naturalistic

d) psychoanalytic

1) culture is a natural result of human evolution

2) the ability to create culture is granted to man by divine powers

3) the emergence of culture, as well as the development of man in general, is due to the influence of special extraterrestrial factors

4) culture appeared with the suppression of primary instincts

AT 2. Indicate the correspondence between the function of culture and its definition:

a) significative

b) axiological

c) epistemological

d) creative

1) development and transformation of the world

2) gaining knowledge and experience in mastering and transforming the world

3) formation of value orientations

4) designation of phenomena of the surrounding world using verbal and non-verbal images and symbols

AT 3. Match the name of the cultural function and its essence:

a) regulatory

b) integrative

c) adaptive

d) communicative

1) development of mechanisms of adaptation to the natural environment

2) creation of means and mechanisms of communication between people

3) creation of a single cultural field

4) development of generally valid patterns and norms of behavior

AT 4. Indicate the correspondence between the function of culture and its definition:

a) broadcast-informative

b) socialization function

c) compensatory

1) transfer of experience and knowledge of previous generations

2) reproduction of a person as a member of society

3) creation of forms of relaxation and mental relaxation

AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the name of the approach to culture and its essence:

a) value

b) anthropological

c) semiotic

d) active

1) culture is the totality of the best creations of the human spirit

2) culture embraces everything that distinguishes the life of human society from the life of nature, all aspects of human existence

3) culture is a way of human interaction with the environment

4) culture - social information preserved and accumulated with the help of symbolic means created by people

AT 6. Match the concepts and definitions:

a) mythology 1) figurative and symbolic reproduction of reality

b) art 2) the sphere of obtaining objective knowledge about the world

c) science 3) a set of norms and rules of behavior

d) morality 4) a holistic, nature-animating perception of the world

AT 7. List the main factors in the formation of subcultures (at least four).

AT 8. What term is used to designate elements of culture that are in opposition to dominant cultural patterns or completely deny them?

AT 9. Establish a correspondence between the level of culture and its content:

a) broadcast

b) ordinary

c) specialized

1) education, mass media

2) science, law, art

3) daily living skills, housekeeping

AT 10 O'CLOCK. Which statements are NOT cultural archetypes:

a) they can be rationally comprehended and adequately expressed in language

b) they are the primary archaic forms of human adaptation

c) they cannot be adequately reflected in language

d) art returns to them through symbols

e) they are accessible to direct observation

f) they represent the deepest attitudes of the collective unconscious

Answers to tasks in block B

Task B1. According to the creationist concept, the ability to create culture is bestowed upon man by divine powers (a-2); according to cosmology, the emergence of culture is due to the influence of special extraterrestrial factors (b-3); supporters of the naturalistic concept argue that culture is a natural result of human evolution (c-1); supporters of psychoanalytic - that culture appeared with the suppression of primary instincts (d-4).

Task B2. Significative function – designation of phenomena of the surrounding world with the help of verbal and non-verbal images and symbols (a-4); axiological – formation of value orientations (b-3); epistemological – gaining knowledge and experience in mastering and transforming the world (in-2); creative – mastering and transforming the world (g-1).

Task B3. Regulatory function – development of generally valid patterns and norms of behavior (a-4); integrative – creation of a unified cultural field (b-3); adaptive – development of mechanisms of adaptation to the natural environment (in-1); communicative – creation of means and mechanisms of communication between people (d-2).

Task B4. Translational and informative function – transfer of experience and knowledge of previous generations (a-1); the function of socialization is the reproduction of a person as a member of society (b-2); compensatory – creating forms of rest and mental relaxation (c-3).

Task B5. According to the value approach, culture is the totality of the best creations of the human spirit (a-1); according to anthropology, it covers everything that distinguishes the life of human society from the life of nature (b-2); with the semiotic approach, culture is presented as social information preserved and accumulated using symbolic means (c-4); in the case of activity - as a way of interaction between a person and the environment (d-3).

Task B6. Mythology is a holistic, nature-animating perception of the world (a-4); art – figurative and symbolic reproduction of reality (b-1); science – the sphere of obtaining objective knowledge about the world (in-2); morality is a set of norms and rules of behavior (d-3).

Task B7. Subcultures are formed on the basis of ethnic, religious, political, social, professional, age, gender, medical, and leisure differences.

Task B8. Elements of culture that are in opposition to dominant cultural patterns or completely deny them are called countercultures (anticultures).

Task B9. The translational level of culture includes the sphere of education, mass media (a-1); ordinary – everyday skills, housekeeping (b-3); specialized - science, law, art (in-2).

Task B10. Cultural archetypes cannot be rationally comprehended and adequately expressed in language, and they are also inaccessible to direct observation (a, e).

Block C

C1. “From the point of view of zoology, culture is only a means for maintaining the life of a certain biological species, a mechanism for providing a person with food, shelter, means of defense and attack, adaptation to the space environment and reproduction. But in order to satisfy these human needs, energy is required. Therefore, the primary function of culture becomes the extraction of energy and its use for human benefit. Energy is extracted and used through technological means. (...) Thus, the functioning of culture as a whole is determined by the amount of energy required for this and the way in which it is used.”

1. What criterion in the development of culture is the main one according to the author of this passage?

2. How to determine the level of cultural development based on this criterion? Which culture can be considered more developed and which less developed?

3. Which culturologist does the ideas expressed in the text belong to?

4. What stages in the development of culture did the author highlight based on the above criterion?

C2. " Culture, first of all, is a collective concept. An individual can be a carrier of culture, can actively participate in its development, however, culture, like language, is a social phenomenon, that is, social. Consequently, culture is something common to a collective - a group of people living simultaneously and connected by a certain social organization. It follows from this that culture is a form of communication between people and is possible only in a group in which people communicate.

Any structure serving the sphere of social communication is a language. This means that it forms a certain system of signs used in accordance with the rules known to the members of a given group. We call signs any material expression (words, drawings, things, etc.) that has meaning and, thus, can serve as a means of conveying meaning.

Consequently, culture has, firstly, a communication and, secondly, a symbolic nature.”

1. What theoretical approach to culture is reflected in this definition?

2. Name the representatives of this approach in cultural studies.

3. What is the “symbolic nature” of culture?

4. What is the name of the science that studies sign systems in culture?

C3. “Instead of a bleak picture of linear world history (...) I see a real spectacle of many powerful cultures, blossoming with primordial force from the womb of the maternal landscape, to which each of them is strictly tied throughout the entire course of its existence, each minting its own on its own material - humanity form and each having its own idea, its own passions, its own life, its own death. Each culture has its own new possibilities of expression that appear, mature and fade and are never repeated. (...) These cultures, living beings of the highest rank, grow with sublime aimlessness, like flowers in a field.”

2. What theoretical approach to the analysis of the historical and cultural process is he a supporter of?

4. What stages does each culture go through in its development, according to the views of this researcher?

Answers to tasks in block C

Task C1.

1. The main one is the technical and energy criterion: the amount of energy consumed and the efficiency of the means of its production.

2. According to the author, the degree of cultural development is determined by energy production per capita. The more energy is produced and the more efficient methods of energy production are used, the higher the level of culture.

3. The technical-energetic concept of culture belongs to the outstanding American cultural scientist Leslie White (the given excerpt is from his article “Energy and the Evolution of Culture”).

4. Leslie White identified four stages in the cultural evolution of humanity:

– the primitive period, limited to the use of the energy of the human body;

– the agrarian period, when, thanks to the transition to agriculture and cattle breeding, the energy of plants and animals began to be used;

– industrial period, based on the use of energy from inorganic forces of nature and mineral raw materials: water (steam), coal, oil and gas;

– modern – using nuclear energy.

Task C2.

1. This definition expresses a semiotic – sign-symbolic – approach to culture.

2. Among the most significant representatives of this approach are German philosophers and cultural scientists Ernst Cassirer and Hans Georg Gadamer; in domestic cultural studies – Yu.M. Lotman (the above quotation is taken from his work “Conversations about Russian Culture”) and B.A. Uspensky.

3. Cultural objects differ from natural objects in that they have not only a physical shell, but also a meaning embedded in them, a spiritual task or the meaning of a thing. For example, the Egyptian pyramids cannot be understood without knowing the purpose that the ancient Egyptians assigned to them, that is, in isolation from the cultural context. Thus, any artifact has a dual nature: a visible object form and a hidden meaning in the object. Consequently, any cultural object is a symbol - a sign of something else, namely, the meaning hidden in it. This constitutes the “symbolic nature” of culture.

4. The science that studies sign systems is called semiotics.

Task C3.

1. This is an excerpt from Oswald Spengler's "The Decline of Europe."

2. Spengler is a representative of the civilizational approach in cultural studies.

3. Under the influence of the “landscape”, that is, natural and geographical conditions, the formation of the “collective soul” (mentality) of a given culture occurs. This mentality determines all other forms of this culture.

4. Spengler identified the following stages in the development of culture: origin, flourishing, breakdown and decline. But in fact, he divided the development of culture into two stages: ascending (culture itself) and descending (the stage of decline, civilization).

"Social" is a synonym for the word "public". Therefore, any definition that includes at least one of these two terms presupposes the existence of a connected collection of people, that is, society. It is assumed that all social phenomena are the result of joint labor. Interestingly, this does not require more than one person to participate in reproducing anything. That is, “joint” does not mean a direct relationship to the result of labor. Moreover, in sociology it is known that any work is social to one degree or another.

What is included in the concept of public? This word has the same root as “common”. Between people there is always something that unites them: gender, age, place of residence, interests or goals. If there are more than two such people, they say that they form a society.

What are social phenomena?

Examples of social phenomena are any result of the development and work of society. This could be the Internet, knowledge, education, fashion, culture, etc.

The simplest example that arose as a result of the development of the economic system of commodity-market relations is money. Consequently, almost everything can be represented as a social phenomenon. Everything that is somehow related to society. For example, culture is considered as a social phenomenon or that very society. These two aspects will be described in more detail below.

Why is even the work of one person a social phenomenon?

It was indicated a little higher that the work of one person can be defined as the term under consideration. Why is this happening? Doesn't the concept of "social phenomenon" include a society that must consist of more than two people?

The point here is this. Any human activity is influenced by his environment: directly or indirectly. Relatives, acquaintances or even strangers shape his activity or, more accurately, correct it. Relationships with other people and human actions correlate with each other through a complex system of relationships: causes and consequences. Even when creating something alone, a person cannot unequivocally say that it is his own merit. I immediately remember the presentation of awards to media persons who say thank you to their friends and relatives: this phenomenon has a sociological background.

What, then, is not related to the term in question? For example, we can take the characteristics of a person such as height and weight, gender and age, which are given to him by nature; his relationships with people do not affect them in any way, and therefore they do not fit the definition of “social phenomena”.

Classification

Due to the diversity of social phenomena, they are usually differentiated by type of activity. It is problematic to provide a complete classification: there are as many categories as there are areas of their application. Suffice it to say that there are sociocultural, as well as sociopolitical, socioreligious, socioeconomic and other social phenomena. Examples of each of them constantly surround a person, regardless of his activity. This happens because a socialized person is part of society, although the relationship of each individual person with society may be different. They even interact with him - in a negative way. Or it can manifest itself as a result of an unsuccessful collision with society. A person never creates himself; all this is the result of long-term and fruitful cooperation with society.

Two sides

Social phenomena and processes have two sides. The first of them is internal-psychic, and it expresses the subjectivity of mental experiences and feelings reflected in the phenomenon. The second is externally symbolic, objectifying subjectivity, materializing it. Thanks to this, phenomena and processes are formed.

They themselves are closely related to each other by cause-and-effect logic: the process is the creation of a phenomenon, and the phenomenon is created by a process.

Definition of culture

Derived from the concept of society. The first is a way to realize the goals and interests of the second. The main task of culture is to be a connecting link between people, to support existing societies and to contribute to the creation of new ones. There are several more of this function.

Functions of culture

These include:

  • adaptation to the environment;
  • epistemological (from "gnoseo" - knowledge);
  • informative, responsible for the transfer of knowledge and experience;
  • communicative, going inextricably with the previous one;
  • regulatory-normative, which regulates the system of norms and morals of society;
  • evaluative, thanks to which the concepts of “good” and “evil” are distinguished, is closely related to the previous one;
  • demarcation and integration of societies;
  • socialization, the most humane function, which is designed to create a socialized person.

Personality and culture

Culture as a social phenomenon is considered as a long-term, continuous reproduction of goods by society. But it also has its own characteristics. Unlike other social phenomena, examples of culture and art are created by individuals and creators.

The interaction between man and culture takes several forms. There are four main such hypostases.

  • The first represents personality as a result of culture, a product created from its system of norms and values.
  • The second says that a person is also a consumer of culture - the other products of this activity.
  • The third form of interaction is when the individual himself contributes to cultural development.
  • The fourth implies that a person is capable of performing the informative function of culture.

Society is a unique social phenomenon

Society as a social phenomenon has a number of features that are not characterized by any other example of this term. Thus, the very definition of a social phenomenon includes this concept. It is said, as stated earlier, that one is a product of the other, the result of joint labor.

Therefore, society is remarkable because it reproduces itself. It creates social phenomena, being, in essence, themselves. Culture, for example, which is very important to remember, is not capable of this.

It is also important (this is a logical conclusion from the definition given more than once in this article) that society is the key to any social phenomenon. Without it, neither culture, nor politics, nor power, nor religion is possible, which makes it the basis. From this point of view, it can be noted that his reproduction of himself is an example of the function of self-preservation.

The importance of society and social phenomena

The emergence of society became an important stage for progress in the development of mankind. Actually, it is he who is responsible for the fact that individuals began to be perceived as one interconnected whole. The emergence of various social phenomena at different levels at different times has testified and continues to testify to the movement of humanity forward. They help control and predict development and are the subject of study in many social sciences, from sociology to history.

sometimes in the form of complex and combined methods. Let us now outline these methods in more detail.

Let’s take for example Lermontov’s: “It’s boring, and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity.” If Lermontov were in front of us and he uttered these words, then we would understand that he was experiencing that special state that is symbolized by the word “sadness.” A number of specific sounds conveys to us the state of mind of another, serves as a signal sign of a certain state of mind. This is the first example "sound" signaling (or symbolization). The same thing can be conveyed in another way. One of us, instead of these words, can simply sing or play on some musical instrument something that we recognize as “sadness.” For example, let's take Tchaikovsky's "Autumn Song". A certain set of sounds in this song tells us about the same “sadness” and is understandable to us without any words or explanations. This is the second example of sound symbolization. And all our speech is nothing more than continuous sound symbolization. If I say: “In spring, the trees are covered with greenery,” then this complex of sounds will (for Russians) be a purely sound symbolization of a certain thought. It is impossible to list all the specific types of this symbolization. The sound of a cannon at 12 o'clock in St. Petersburg is a symbol of the fact that it is exactly 12 o'clock; the locomotive's whistle is a sign that it is leaving; Factory beeps are a symbol that the shift has ended or is starting; the sound of a firemen's horn is a symbol of fire and a warning about the need to give way, etc., etc. From here it is clear that any language can be defined as the main and basic type of sound social symbolism.

Let us now move on to another type of signaling, to color. We came across postcards and notes from some “young people” and, especially, “young ladies” with the inscription “language of flowers”. This “language of flowers” ​​was not only the language of flowers in the sense of plants (for example, “a rose means ardent love”, “lily - purity and innocence”, “chrysanthemums - hopeless love”, etc.), but flowers in the sense of colors. However, you can give as many examples as you like without the “young ladies’ album.” So, according to Wundt, white is a symbol of fun, green is a symbol of calm joy, red is a symbol of excitement and strength. This is the simplest example of color signaling. One example of the same kind are red ribbons and red flags, so persistently pursued by the police, etc. It goes without saying that the color red is persecuted not because it is red, but because it symbol thoughts, desires and feelings hostile to the existing system. The colors of state flags, symbolizing the unity of the state or the affiliation of a vessel or other vessel with a certain color of the flag to the corresponding state, should also be included in this type of signaling. Let us take, further, certain colors of lanterns of different numbers of trams, various colors (usually red and green), through which danger or safety of the path for the train is symbolized (for example, switchmen's lanterns, etc.), or the colors of braid of various departments, etc. etc. - all of these are just particular types of the same color symbolism.

But not only that; If you take the paintings, especially of contemporary decadent artists, it is not difficult to understand that the “innovation” of many of them lies precisely in the attempt to convey certain thoughts and feelings through a simple combination of the colors themselves. But since here this method of symbolism is almost always connected with “spatial” symbolism, we will dwell on it in more detail below.

As a special type of symbolism, pure light alarm. Take the lanterns located on the mast of the steamer: what are they if not a symbol that the steamer is sailing and therefore let them see it in order to avoid a collision. Take artistic productions of various plays. When the author wants to show the audience the good mood of his characters, then one of the ways to evoke the experience of this “bright mood” is to depict on stage a bright sunny day, when “the whole room seems to be flooded with sun.” Light is generally a symbol of joy, fun and spiritual serenity. This, in brief, is the method of purely light symbolism.

Let's move on now to symbolism "spatial" or symbolism of form. It is found both in its pure form and in combination with other types of alarms, especially color ones. Let's take letters or writing. Whether we turn to hieroglyphs, or to wedge-shaped writing, or to our letters, they are all symbols, first of all, of certain sounds, and then of certain words and certain thoughts. Books, newspapers, magazines, etc. - they all represent a particular form of this “form” symbolism. The enormous role they play in social life is self-evident, and there is no need to emphasize it. Take, further, all geometric signs - all these are types of the same symbolism of form. It comes out especially sharply in some cases. So, for example, a curved line in itself is usually considered a symbol of grace and harmony, while a broken line is a symbol of imbalance, harshness, roughness, etc. All painting is nothing more than the sum of color signaling with “shape” signaling. Let's take Levitan's "Above Eternal Peace" as an example. Here we are given the outlines of clouds, a river, a hill, a chapel and lopsided crosses over the graves. This complex of color and "spatial" icons serves as a symbol for many different thoughts and experiences; When you look at her, you involuntarily come across the gloomy Rus' “at rest” before the storm of the 80s, and Chekhov’s mood, and eternal sleep in the kingdom of death, and man’s powerlessness before nature, etc., etc. The same, according to Essentially, every picture represents. It is unnecessary to give other examples, because there are a great many of them.

A further type of symbolization can be symbolization is motor or facial. Everyone, of course, has been to circuses and everyone, of course, has seen the so-called pantomimes. It is these pantomimes that can serve as an excellent example of purely motor symbolization. Here this or that thought or this or that experience is symbolized through certain movements. If we turn to the theatrical performances of primitive people, we will see that they almost entirely represent symbolization of this kind. Some Australian, wanting to convey to others the life of a kangaroo or a lizard, imitates their movements and reproduces their methods of movement, their gait, etc. In the same way, the Ostyaks often produce “bear” dramas and comedies, where the Ostyak portrays a bear and copies all his actions and movements. And in our everyday life we ​​often use this method of symbolization. When we are asked about something, we often limit ourselves to a sharp nod of the head or a sharp movement of the hand instead of a negative “no.” Wanting to symbolize joy, we smile, sadness - we take the appropriate pose and the appropriate facial expression, etc.

Children who cannot yet speak, and those who are deaf and dumb or blind, resort especially readily to this method. For them this technique of “detection” or “reification” of mental experiences is perhaps the main one.

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Skipping other minor types of social symbolism, let us dwell on So called "subject" symbolism and usually representing a combination of all these types of symbolization and especially widely used in social life. Without taking into account the symbolism of social life, and in particular, “objective” symbolism, we risk not understanding the very essence of many phenomena. Let's take the state as an example. The usual definition of the state as the sum of three elements: people, territory and power - in the formation of symbolism makes thousands of problems insoluble.

And Professor M. Reisner is quite right when he points to ideology and the specific symbolism associated with it as one of the most basic features that characterize the state. Indeed, how else can we explain all these attributes of power: the scepter, the mace, the purple, coats of arms, banners, crowns, aiguillettes, buttonholes, etc., etc.

If the essence of the matter here were in the “sceptres”, “crowns” and “coats of arms” themselves, then we would truly have before us the absurd and inexplicable. To honor and consider sacred these complexes of various metal or wooden objects would truly be something - a misunderstanding. You never know there are phallic things and crowns, you never know there are wands, etc., but they are not revered. This means that here the essence of the grandfather is not in scepters and wands, etc., but in the fact that these the latter are only "objective" symbols of certain mental experiences, thoughts and feelings, called the state. The crown and the mirror are valuable and holy not in themselves, but only as symbols of "saints" and great thoughts, feelings and desires. Such "objective" symbols in we encounter social life literally at every step. Let's take for example sacred or religious relics: temples, statues and icons of saints, crosses, clothes, lamps, etc.

What is any temple? Why is it more holy than an ordinary house? After all, the materials from which it is built are the same logs and bricks from which private houses are built. The shapes of houses and churches come in different shapes, and it’s not the shape that matters. From here it is self-evident that the church and other religious objects are “holy” because they are “objective” symbols of non-objective and holy mental experiences - religious thoughts, ideas, feelings, etc. The holiness of the latter makes the former saints. Insulting the latter is sacrilege, and hence insulting the symbols themselves is also sacrilege.

In short, all religious relics are religious experiences frozen in material form.

We also encounter “objective” symbols in other areas of social life. A lover gives his beloved a bouquet of flowers symbolizing his love, a knife symbolizing hatred, an eagle - a thought, wine - fun, etc., etc.

These are the main types of symbolism or the main types of objectification of the psyche, given in social life and in social interaction... From what has been said it is clear that all these symbols (sound, light, colors, things, movements) are nothing more than a kind of conductors, similar to telegraph and telephone wires, through which individuals communicate with each other and without which their psyche would have to be an absolutely closed monad without windows and doors...

Each of these main types of symbolism, depending on the nature of the thought it expresses, can be divided into infinitely diverse forms: sounds depicting sadness will be one, and joy - another; sounds (exclamations, words, chords) symbolizing gratitude take one form, and indignation another.

1st ALL-RUSSIAN OLYMPIAD FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN IN SOCIAL STUDIES. 2014–2015 SCHOOL STAGE. GRADE 8 1 Choose the correct answer and enter its serial number in the table. 1. The “Golden Rule of Morality” says: 1) “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”; 2) “Do not make yourself an idol”; 3) “Treat people the way you want to be treated”; 4) “Honor your father and your mother.” 2. The ability of a person to acquire and exercise rights and obligations through his actions is called: 1) legal capacity; 2) legal capacity; 3) emancipation; 4) socialization. 3. Legal liability is based on the principle of compensation for damage caused by an offense: 1) disciplinary; 2) civil law; 3) criminal law; 4) administrative and legal. 4. Select from the list a characteristic feature of morality: 1) regulates one specific area of ​​social relations; 2) not subject to changes in the process of development of society; 3) it is based on ideas about good and evil; 4) its universal obligatory nature is ensured by the coercive force of the state; 1 2 3 4 1 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 Answers: 1 point for each correct answer Maximum for the task 4 points All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015 2 2 Choose several correct answers. Enter your answers in the table. 1. Select from the list below situations regulated by family law: 1) husband and wife founded a company; 2) the grandmother bequeathed an apartment to her grandson; 3) parents and children visited the theater; 4) the parents of a young child were deprived of parental rights; 5) the husband and wife filed an application for divorce; 6) establishing the amount of alimony paid by a parent to a minor child. 2. In the Russian Federation, civil capacity occurs in full: 1) upon reaching 16 years of age; 2) upon reaching 18 years of age; 3) in case of marriage before reaching 18 years of age; 4) from the moment of starting work; 5) from the moment of emancipation; 6) from the moment of completion of the basic education level. 3. Ownership includes: 1) purchase and sale; 2) possession; 3) inheritance; 4) order; 5) agreement; 6) use. 4. Traditional society is characterized by the following features: 1) the dominance of private property; 2) rights and freedoms of man and citizen; 3) the predominance of agriculture in the economy; 4) globalization; 5) class structure of society; 6) the great role of religion in the life of society. All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015. 3 5. On the basis of confession there are: 1) Catholics; 2) realtors; 3) Orthodox; 4) Buddhists; 5) Buryats; 6) Canadians. 1 2 3 4 5 1 456 2 235 3 246 4 356 5 134 Answers: 2 points for a completely correct answer. 1 point for an answer with one error (one of the correct answers is not indicated or one incorrect answer is given along with all the correct answers indicated). Maximum 10 points for the task 3 What do the following concepts have in common? Give the most accurate answer possible. student group, peer group, family, musical ensemble. Answer: Small groups. 2 points for a correct answer. 4 What do the following companies have in common? Give the most accurate answer possible. "Nestlé", "Coca-Cola", "McDonald's", "Adidas", "General Motors", "Gazprom". Answer: Transnational corporations. 2 points for a correct answer. 5 Give a brief justification for the series (what unites the listed elements) and indicate which of the elements is superfluous on this basis: Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam Answer: Judaism, the rest are world religions 2 points for the correct answer. (1 point for correct justification, 1 point for indicating something unnecessary). All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015. 4 6 Give a brief justification for the series (what unites the listed elements) and indicate which of the elements is superfluous on this basis: Bonds, coins, bills, bills, banknotes, banknotes Answer: bills, the rest - money 2 points for the correct answer. (1 point for correct justification, 1 point for indicating something unnecessary). 7 “Yes” or “no”? If you agree with the statement, write “Yes”; if you disagree, write “No”. Enter your answers into the table. 1. The object of the state’s social policy is every person, no matter who he is. 2. As an example of the “correct” structure of government, Aristotle singled out democracy. 3. The brain is involved in the emergence of emotions, and the language and body are involved in their expression. 4. The social environment plays an important role in a person’s acquisition of humanity. 5. A physics teacher retrained as a mathematics teacher. In this case we are talking about vertical social mobility. Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 Answer: 1 YES 2 NO 3 YES 4 YES 5 NO 1 point for each correct answer Maximum 5 points for the task All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015 5 8 A student was preparing a presentation on social studies, but there was a glitch in the final version, resulting in the illustrations getting mixed up. Help me reconstruct the presentation using the existing illustrations. Fill out the diagram, indicating the category common to all images, as well as its constituent elements. Enter in the appropriate cells the letter designations of the illustrations that relate to the elements you named A B C D E E All-Russian Olympiad for Schoolchildren 2014-2015. 6 Answer: 1 point for each correct element of the answer. Maximum 10 points for the task. 9 Solve the problem. What duties of a citizen, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, were violated by the heroes of literary works. 1.1. The hero of Ilf and Petrov's novel "The Golden Calf" is Alexander Ivanovich Koreiko, who hid his income on an especially large scale. 1.2. The hero of V. Rasputin's story "Live and Remember" Guskov, who left the active army during the war 1.3. The character of Ch. Aitmatov's novel "The Scaffold" Kandalov, who organized a hunt for saigas in the Moyunkum Nature Reserve. Answer: 1.1. Everyone is obliged to pay legally established taxes and fees. 1.2. Defense of the Fatherland is the duty of citizens of the Russian Federation 1.3. Everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to treat flora and fauna with care. Answers may be given in other formulations. 1 point for each answer. Maximum 3 points for the task. All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015. 7 10 Solve the problem. One of the republics of the Russian Federation decided to introduce its own traditional measurement system, citing the desire to preserve the cultural heritage of the peoples living on its territory. Is this decision legal? Justify your answer. Answer: The decision is not legal, since according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, measurement measures are under federal jurisdiction. Up to 3 points for a complete correct answer. 11 Correlate the types of offenses and the branches of law to which they relate: A) B) C) D) E) E) TYPES OF OFFENSES absenteeism from work without a good reason citizens drinking beer on the playground selling soft drugs at a disco non-payment of a bank loan unauthorized meeting seizure hostages in the theater building Answer: Answer: 1) 2) 3) 4) BRANCHES OF LAW administrative civil labor criminal A B C D E E A 3 B 1 C 4 D 2 E 1 E 4 0.5 points for each correct correlation. Maximum 3 points for the task. All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015. 8 12 Establish a correspondence between concepts and definitions. A) B) C) D) DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT: human behavior corresponding to his social position, a prescription that defines the framework of behavior, movement from one social group to another, division of society into groups occupying different social positions Answer: Answer: 1) 2) 3) 4) CONCEPTS social mobility social stratification social role social norm A B C D A 3 B 4 C 1 D 2 0.5 points for each correct correlation. Maximum 2 points for the task. All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015. 9 13 Insert in place of the gaps the serial numbers of the corresponding words from the proposed list. Words are given in the list in the singular, adjectives in the masculine form. Please note: the list of words also contains some that should not appear in the text! Enter your answer into the table. Greenpeace is a ________(A) environmental organization whose main goal is to achieve a solution to ________(B) environmental problems, including by attracting public attention to them and ________(C). Today Greenpeace works in more than 40 countries, including Russia. The basic principle - the refusal of _______(D) by industrial companies, banks, government agencies and political parties - guarantees ________(D) of the organization's actions. Greenpeace considers the most important tasks to be changing people’s attitudes towards ______(E), influencing _______(G) and therefore pays great attention to working with the means of _______(G) information. The _______(And) nature of the organization allows Greenpeace to influence manufacturers and retailers and demand that they comply with environmental _______(K) and standards around the world. A B C D List of terms 1. state 2. idea 3. power 4. humanitarian 5. international 6. humane 7. financing 8. approval 9. success 10. norm E F G 11. independence 12. person 13. nature 14 public 15. culture 16. local 17. public opinion 18. global 19. creativity 20. mass All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015 I K 10 Answer: Greenpeace is an international public environmental organization whose main goal is to achieve solutions to global environmental problems, including by attracting the attention of the public and authorities to them. Today Greenpeace works in more than 40 countries, including Russia. The basic principle – refusal of financing from industrial companies, banks, government agencies and political parties – guarantees the independence of the organization’s actions. Greenpeace considers the most important tasks to be changing people’s attitudes towards nature and influencing public opinion, and therefore pays great attention to working with the media. The international nature of the organization allows Greenpeace to influence manufacturers and retailers and demand that they comply with environmental regulations and standards around the world. A 13 B 17 C 3 D 7 E 11 F 13 F 17 H 20 1 point for each correct insertion. Maximum 10 points for the task. All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015. And 5 K 10 11 14 Combine the following concepts into a classification scheme. Concepts: federation, absolute, totalitarianism, government system, democratic, parliamentary, limited, form of state, mixed, form of government, unitary, monarchy, authoritarianism, presidential, political regime, republic, theocratic, confederation Answer: All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015 . 12 Form of state: form of government: monarchy (limited, absolute, theocratic) and republic (presidential, parliamentary, mixed) government system (unitary, federation, confederation) political regime (democratic, authoritarian, totalitarian) 1 point for each correct element. Maximum 18 points for the task. 15 Read the text carefully and answer the questions: La Rochelle, not receiving the help of the English fleet and troops promised by Buckingham, surrendered after a year-long siege. On October 28, 1628, capitulation was signed. The king made his entry into Paris on December 23 of the same year. They gave him a solemn welcome, as if he was returning after a victory over the enemy, and not over the French. He entered through an arcade entwined with flowers and greenery, built in the Faubourg Saint-Jacques. D'Artagnan accepted the rank of lieutenant awarded to him. Porthos left the service and married the next year Madame Coknard: the coveted chest contained eight hundred thousand livres. Aramis, having made a trip to Lorraine, suddenly disappeared and stopped writing to his friends. Subsequently it became known through Madame de Chevreuse, who told two or three of her lovers about this, that he took monasticism in one of the monasteries of Nancy. Athos served as a musketeer under the command of d'Artagnan until 1631, when, after a trip to Touraine, he also left service under that on the pretext that he had received a small inheritance in Rousillon. With the assistance of Rochefort, Planchet received the rank of sergeant of the guard. Alexandr Duma. The Three Musketeers 1. a) What term denotes the social phenomenon described in this fragment? b) Give its definition. 2. a) What are the names of social institutions that accelerate this social phenomenon? b) Name the sociologist who first studied this aspect. 3. Name specific social institutions mentioned in this passage and relate them to each of the characters. 4. What other two social institutions can you name that perform similar functions? All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015. 13 Answer: 1. a) Social mobility 1 point b) change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure (social position), movement from one social layer (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within one and the same same social stratum (horizontal mobility). Up to 2 points for a complete correct answer. 2. a) Social elevators (channels of social mobility) 1 point b) P.A. Sorokin 2 points 3. Army (d'Artagnan), church (Aramis), marriage and family (Porthos), property (wealth, economic organizations - Athos) - 1 point for each correct pair. An element without a pair is not scored. Total 3 points. 4. Can be named: school (education), business, political party. 1 point for each element of the answer. Total 2 points. Maximum for task 11 All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015 14 16 Solve the social science crossword Horizontal 1 A person who is responsible for his choice, his decisions, his activities 4. An individual’s mastery of social norms and cultural values ​​of society 8. Characteristics of a person in society 11. A group of people with certain rights and responsibilities that are inherited 13. Adaptation 14. Soft the nature of the impact on social relations 15. An individual All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015 15 Vertical 2. The people of one state 3. A form of interaction with the outside world inherent only to humans 4. Type of interaction between people 5. Necessity, need for something, requiring satisfaction 6. People who, for various reasons, have fallen out of their usual social environment and are not able to join new groups 7. The ability to simply and confidently contact people 8. A person’s search for means and ways to indicate his individuality 9. Restoration 10. Graduality of change, continuity in the development of various aspects of society 12. Establishing contacts between people due to the need for joint activities All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015 16 Answer: 17 correct words – 13 points 16 correct words – 12 points 15 correct words – 11 points 14 correct words – 10 points 13 correct words – 9 points 11 correct words – 8 points 10 correct words – 7 points 9 correct words – 6 points 8 correct words – 5 points 7 correct words – 4 points 6 correct words – 3 points 5 correct words – 2 points 3-4 correct words – 1 point 0-2 correct words – 0 points Maximum for the task 13 points. A total of 100 points for the work. All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren 2014-2015.



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