How to find out the past tense of a verb. Verb tense in Russian

Which verbs change tenses?

Firstly, we must remember that when we talk about tense forms of a verb, we are talking about the indicative mood, that is, we are talking about an action that, in our opinion, is happening, has happened or will happen in reality.

In the imperative and conditional moods, verbs do not have tense forms.

Verb tenses

The verb in Russian has three tenses: present, past and future.

Verbs in the present tense denote actions performed at the moment of speech, i.e. at the moment when we pronounce this verb (I I'm running- this means that I say the word “run” and run at the same time).

Verbs in the past tense denote an action that occurred or was performed BEFORE we uttered this word: I ran, came running- that means now, when I say this, I’m no longer running. Performed or performed an action before the moment of speech.

A verb in the future tense denotes an action that has taken place or will take place after we have uttered this verb.

Changing verb tenses

Let's change the verb tenses walk.

In the past time: walked - what did you do? Walked, walked, walked, walked. I have already gone there and returned.

Past tense:

Present tense. What am I doing, what are you doing, what are you doing? and so on : walking, walking, walking…

Present tense:

I'm walking we're walking

are you walking are you walking

he walks they walk

Future tense. I will walk, you will walk. In this case, person and number are determined by the auxiliary verb, to which personal endings are added (will, will, will), and the verb itself walk stands in an indefinite form. This form of the future tense is called the future complex.

Future tense:

I will at we will walk eat walk

you will eat you will walk yeah walk

he will no they will walk ut walk

All three tense forms: past, present, future, and the future is complex, will be in imperfective verbs - walk, decide ( but not decide), sign, draw.

There are only two tense forms: past and future, and the future is simple for perfective verbs: come, decide, sign, draw.

Present tense forms are not formed from perfective verbs.

Education is temporarý x shapes

Firstly, some verb forms are formed not only with the help of endings, but also with the help of suffixes.

For example, the suffix - l- of the past tense does not form a new word, but forms the form of the past tense, i.e., unlike the overwhelming majority of suffixes in the Russian language, it is formative, not word-forming and, therefore, is not included in the base, just like the suffix - t indefinite form and suffix - And imperative mood.

Go- l, laughing- l-ah, I think- l-and, come- l-axis.

Secondly, the verb to form tense forms usually uses not one stem, like a noun and an adjective, but two!

Spelling vowel before l in past tense verbs

In past tense verbs before l the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form: depend - depended, bark - barked.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Lik-bez.com ().
2. School-collection.edu.ru ().

Homework

Exercise No. 1.

Rewrite by inserting the missing letters, find the verbs and determine their tense.

SOUNDS OF SPRING.

Thousands of sounds appear in the spring in the animated forest. From stump to stump he tried... stings, the mouse squeaked thinly..., buzzed, hit the edge and the beetle fell heavily. The cuckoo will soon cuckoo on the m...head. At the very top of the oak tree a wild pigeon will coo. At sunset, an eagle owl will hoot terribly in the forest.

Exercise No. 2.

Find the verbs in the present tense and write them down.

1. Fell 6. Dancing

2. Reads 7. Mine

3. They laugh 8. I will paint

4. I’ll write 9. We’ll cook

Many of those who study English know that it contains two groups of tenses.

Three main ones:

• Present;
• Past;
• Future.

The presented times, depending on the situation, are added to the secondary times:

• Simple;
• Progressive;
• Perfect;
• Perfect Progressive.

The result of adding these two groups is the presence of 12 tenses in the English language.

The listed tenses are usually arranged in a table that clearly shows what form the verb takes when it is in a particular time period.

Also in the table you can see the first indications of how in English.

In order to better remember complex material, you need to study it playfully; for this, in addition to the scientific table of times, we will show you a comic one, which for some will be easier to study.

Rules for determining tenses

Having looked at how verb forms are correctly called, we will answer the question of how to determine tense in English. To answer, let's look at the step-by-step instructions.

• The first step is to translate the sentence we are working on to make it easier to understand what information is being given to us.
• The second step is to determine the time marker. In each tense in the language we are considering, there is a marker - a word that easily allows you to determine the time. Such words indicate a specific point in time or a relative one. For example, in Present Simple such markers are words such as: every day, often, constantly. These markers, as can be seen from the example, indicate regular time, but not only this sign indicates this type of time. Another marker is the usual name of the action: I like watermelon. In this case, it is inaccurately indicated when you like him, and you are simply talking about your action without specifying the time period.

This example shows that such markers make it easy to recognize and correctly determine time in a sentence. Based on this simple example, we want to show that each time has its own markers - words by which you can easily understand what time is in front of you. The main thing is to remember the markers.

• The third step is to remember what time the marker refers to.

• The fourth step is to determine the time.

Having considered how to correctly determine time in English, let us pay attention to the following point: how to determine tense

Rules for determining verb tense

To solve this problem, as in the previous case, we will use step-by-step instructions.

• The first step is to underline the verbs that we see in the sentence.
• The second step is to remember whether this verb is correct or not, because, according to reference books on the English language, a verb has three properties by which it can be easily determined:

1. Time is one of the main ones: past, future or present.
2. Type of time - subtime determined by the marker.
3. The voice is passive (an action is performed on the speaker) or active (an action is performed on the speaker).

If the verb is correct, you can turn to the dictionary or lexicon, otherwise - to the table of irregular verbs or again to the verbs of the same type that you have learned.

• The third step is to find a compound next to the main verb that relates directly to time.

For example, for the group Past - was, did ...; verb ending in -ed.

For Present: do, does…; verb ending in -s.

Such examples most clearly show that it is easy to determine the tense for any verb, and answer the constantly arising question for those who are just beginning to figure out how to determine the tense of a verb in English.

Let's summarize

So, to summarize, we would like to note that we have examined the main and difficult issues when learning English, focusing on the first: how to determine time in English, since it is the key to correct and quick learning. Besides answering the main question, we have also described how to easily learn and understand each tense and recognize it in a sentence.

Finally, I would like to give some advice: devote the maximum amount of time and attention to the topic “How to determine the tense of a sentence in English.” The main thing here is practice and its regularity. Then you can easily answer the question of how to determine time in English. Good luck.

Hello, friends. In English, as well as in Russian, the events that are spoken or written about refer us to some kind of time - past, present or future. There is no sentence without tense (with the exception of very short colloquial ones like “Hello!”, “Good bye.” The predicate, i.e., the verb, is responsible for the tense. If you want to understand what tense the sentence is in, then look at the predicate, at its form. By the way, repeat the terminology, you can’t do without terms in this article.

Any form of a verb in English has the following characteristics: tense, type of tense and voice.
Time (tence) – present, past, future
Type - simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous
Pledge – active, passive


For example:

Present Simple Active
Past Perfect Continuous Passive
Usually active is not specified, because most offers are already active. But if the sentence is passive, then this is usually noted.

Let's take a step-by-step look at the scheme for determining the temporary form.

Step 1: Verb Tense

As we noted above, there are three tenses in English: Past, Present and Future.

Past tense indicators: verbs did, was, were, had or any verb in the second form (V2, V-ed).
Present tense indicators: verbs do, does, am, is, are, have, has or any verb in the first form (V1, V-s).
Future time indicators: will.
Modal verbs (can, would, could, may, might, etc.) belong to a special group.

Watch the video lesson: TOP 50 English verbs in Present Simple

Step 2: view

We will use the following conventions: V1 - the first form of the verb, V2 - the second form of the verb, V3 - the third form of the verb, V-ing - a verb with the ending -ing.

Let's take a look at all the possible options:
Simple: the sentence has only V1, V2 or will + V1. V-ing, V3 are not used here
Continuous: the predicate consists of the connective to be + V-ing. To be changes for each time - am, is, are, was, were, will be
Perfect: connective to have + V3. To have changes - have, has, had.
Perfect Continuous: corresponds to the structure of to have + been + Ving. To have changes.

Step 3: Collateral

The patterns described above refer to the active voice. Active - when the one referred to in the sentence (the subject) himself performs the action. If the action is performed on him, then this is a passive voice or Passive. The general formula for the passive voice is: to be + V3. To be here changes depending on the time.

Passive options:
Simple Passive: am/is/are/was/were/will be + V3
Continuous Passive: to be + being + V3.
Perfect Passive: have/has/had/will have + been + V3.

Examples:
1. Nika plays violin. - Present simple (active).
2. Mark went to the party yesterday. — Past simple (active)
3. I’ve been reading this book for 2 weeks. — Present perfect continuous (active)
4. This picture was painted by Vasnetsov. — Past simple passive.
5. The monument is being built for 3 months. — Present continuous passive

In fact, of course, without basic knowledge of grammar it will be difficult to immediately understand the schemes described above. But fortunately, this is not rocket science, and anyone can learn English grammar. I wish you success!

The Russian language is considered quite difficult to understand. Nouns change into seven cases, and verbs are divided not only by persons, numbers and tenses, but also have conjugations, moods and aspects. Let's take a closer look at the category called verb tense. It correlates the action and the moment of speech. Accordingly, verbs can be past, future and present tense.

You will need

• In order to determine the tense of a verb, it is necessary to ask certain questions about the proposed word.

Instructions

1. It turns out that the action that occurs in real time will answer the question “what does it do?” Note that only imperfective verbs can have real tense. The fact is that they have the meaning of an action that has no time limit. This means that it can occur both at the present moment and in the future and past. Ideal verbs, on the other hand, are limited by tense. Consequently, they can only occur in the past or future tense. It is also possible to determine the type of the verb based on the question. Verbs related to the imperfect form will answer the question “what to do?”, and those related to the ideal form will answer the question “what to do?”.

2. The past tense of a verb can be easily recognized by the questions “what did you do?”, “What did you do?” In this tense, verbs also change according to gender. With the help of endings, it is possible to determine what gender the creature performed this or that action.

3. The future tense of the verb denotes actions that are only planned to be performed. They answer the questions “what will be done?” - in imperfective verbs and “what will he do?” - verbs have an ideal form. It should be noted that imperfective verbs in this case will be combined. The auxiliary verb “to be” will be added to the infinitive of the main verb.

Some people who speak Russian, but at the same time comprehend foreign languages, as well as their rules, are amazed - why are there so many tenses in English, but so few in Russian? This judgment is false; in fact, not everything is so easy. It is therefore necessary to know the aspects of the formation and metamorphosis of verbs in real time.

Instructions

1. The Russian-language “real” is divided into two temporary types – real actual and real irrelevant. Type 1 means that the verb is used to denote a process that coincides with the moment of utterance. For example: “The moon is silvering in a clear and clear sky.” The 2nd, irrelevant, in turn, is divided into two more subtypes - the real continuous, denoting a process without any time restrictions (“The World Ocean washes the surface of the land”), and the real abstract, expressing a process that is not connected at all with some time (“People do not keep what they have, but when they lose it, they roar”).

2. Now we are not talking about theory, but about language practice. Of course, all forms of verbs in real time are formed in only one way - by using the stem of an imperfective verb and adding to it the ending of one or another person and number. At the same time, verbs of the ideal form cannot form forms of the true tense.

3. In the exceptional number, the following endings are formed in the first person: -у and –у (first and second conjugation); for the second: -eat (first conjugation) and –ish (second). Examples: “I really smoke a lot” and “I’ve been hitting the top note at rehearsals for a year now,” as well as “It seems to me that you smoke too much” and “I’m really impressed by the way you hit the top note.” Regarding the third faces, there is the following rule: -et (first conjugation) and –it (second). Examples: “My parents think he has been smoking a lot lately” and “Because of his vocal lessons, he is hitting the high note.”

4. The plural form is as follows. First person: -em (first conjugation) and –im (second). Examples: “We really have been smoking a lot lately” and “After a year of studying with a teacher, we are hitting the top notes.” Second person: -ete and –ite respectively. Example: “I was impressed by the way you hit the top notes” and “We all think you smoke too much.” In the third person: -ut and –yut (first conjugation), -at, -yat (second). Example: “They hit the top note” and “They smoke too much.”

5. In this case, you need to be guided precisely by the word form, in totality, because the verbs of the future tense and the ideal form will have the same endings as in the case of the true tense of the imperfect tense. For example: “They are looking” and “They will look.”

6. Apart from the metamorphosis of verbs of the true tense according to persons and numbers, there is no other distribution, for example, according to gender.

The formation and metamorphosis of verbs in the past tense is subject to certain rules that “accompany” processes occurring before the moment of speech or from the point of view of another reference. But how do they change?

Instructions

1. In the past tense, ideal verbs are divided into two more meanings - aorist and perfect. The first serves as an indication of an action that took place in the past and is in no way connected with the present. For example: “He woke up very early and prepared a delicious breakfast.” Usually the aorist meaning is formed with the help of homogeneous predicates - “The well-mannered boy said hello, received the long-awaited present and thanked him for it.” The second meaning expresses an action that once took place in the past, and its result has been preserved in the current time. Example: “Our car stopped on the highway because it ran out of gas.”

2. The category of imperfect verbs has more such meanings, namely four of them. The first is a specific and single action that occurred recently before the moment of speech (“Once upon a winter holiday we went skiing in the mountains”), the second is an action repeated several times before the moment of speech (“Every time I touched the ATM button, I was shocked”), the third - the action is characterized by a continuous flow (“Green meadows stretched to the very horizon”) and the fourth has the meaning of a generalized fact (“Someone called him”).

3. It turns out it's practice now. Past tense verbs can change according to number, and in exceptional number - also according to gender. Moreover, they do not have several forms of faces. For speech formation of the past tense of a verb, you need to use an infinitive stem or a past tense stem with the suffix -l, which change according to gender and number. For example: “He spoke a lot and passionately and attracted the audience,” “She said fascinating things and attracted the audience,” and “They spoke outside the rules and attracted the audience.”

4. Moreover, in the form of the masculine gender of the exceptional number, the exclusive indicator of gender and number is the zero ending of the verb: “Last week he got wet through and through,” “He prudently warned those around him about the threats,” “He correctly guarded the catch,” “The man was deeply cold and continuously trembled" and "The dilapidated tractor suddenly stalled and did not move."

5. It is also interesting that the historical formation of the past tense form, according to the judgment of a large number of linguists, goes back to the perfect participle, which has the suffix -l and is used in the perfect with the true tense form and with the help of the auxiliary verb “to be”.

Video on the topic

In Russian, there are two forms of verbs in the future tense. This is the future primitive or synthetic and the future difficult or analytical. In addition, and depending on whether they belong to the first or second category, verbs of the future tense each change by two signs.

Instructions

1. It is false to assume that verbs in the Russian language have only one past, one present and one future tense, unlike, for example, English and German. Schoolchildren are no longer taught a detailed distribution of each of them, but this fact does not negate the detailed categorization of verbs.

2. Thus, verbs of the future simple tense are formed by a further method - a personal ending is added to the base of the future tense of an ideal form verb, which usually coincides with the endings of verbs in real time. For example: “tomorrow I’ll call him” and “I’ll write now”, “next week I’ll write a letter” and “now I’ll write a letter”, “in a year I’ll finish the picture” and “now I’ll finish the picture”. Accordingly, this rule applies to the following chains: “I’ll call, call, call, call, call and call,” “I’ll write, write, write, write, write and write,” as well as “I’ll finish, finish, finish, finish, finish, finish and finish the drawing."

3. The form of the coming difficult time is formed analytically by combining the imperfective verb in the infinitive with the individual form of the auxiliary “to be”. For example: “I will invent”, “you will invent”, “he will invent”, “we will invent”, “you will invent” and “they will invent”.

4. According to the norms of the Russian language and as can be seen from the above items, verbs of the future tense can change according to two categories - persons and numbers, but not according to gender. The idea that the pronouns “she” and “it” are generic variations from the original “he” is now outdated, so it is generally accepted that these are three different pronouns. Examples with both variations of the future tense: “I will take notes at the next lecture” (first person and singular), “you will take notes tomorrow” (second person and plural) and “I will take notes” (first person and singular), “ you will take notes” (second person and plural).

5. At the same time, the difficult form of the verb in the future tense is an integral complex or a primitive verbal predicate, in contrast to the following - “I will start vacuuming the floor tomorrow” and “I will not talk to him tomorrow.” You need to remember this and separate the auxiliary “to be” from other verbs, for example, modal ones, that is, “I will write” differs from “I will be able to write” just as “I will eat” from “I must eat every lunch tomorrow.”

Video on the topic

Note!
It is worth remembering that determining the tense of a verb is only allowed if it is in the indicative mood.

Helpful advice
When determining the type, you also need to pay attention to the context, because in the Russian language there are two-aspect verbs.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. Verbs change according to number, person and tense. In addition, they have conjugations, types and moods. In Russian, there are three main forms of verb tense: past, present and future. Let's talk in more detail about how to understand verb tenses.

Determining the type of verb

Verbs come in perfect and imperfect forms. Perfect verbs indicate that an action has already been done (or will be done) and the result has been achieved. The question “what to do?” is suitable for such verbs. Perfect verbs have only two tenses: past and future.

Imperfect verbs can be in the past, present or future tense. They answer the question “what to do?”

Past tense verbs

The main signs that a verb refers to the past tense are:

• suffix -l; (walked, flew)
• endings -а (feminine), -о (neuter) and -и (plural). Masculine verbs in the past tense have no ending. Example: played, played, played, played.

To understand that a verb is in the past tense, depending on its gender and number, you need to substitute the following questions:

• for the perfect form: “what did you do?” (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “what did they do?” (plural);
• for the imperfect form: “what did you do?” (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “What did you do?” (plural).

Present tense verbs

In the present tense, the verb reflects the action taking place at the moment of speech. The general defining question of such verbs is:

• in the singular - “what does it do?”;
• in the plural - “what are they doing?”

As noted above, only imperfect verbs can be in the present tense.

The ending of the verb in the present tense will depend on whether it belongs to the 1st or 2nd conjugation.

First conjugation verb endings

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat (second person); -et (third person). Example: I carry, you carry, carries; reading, reading, reading

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -yut (third person) Example: we carry, we carry, we carry; read, read, read.

Second conjugation verb endings

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; building, building, building.

Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; build, build, build.

Future tense verbs

Verbs in the future tense reflect an action that is planned to be done or an action that will be done in the future. Determining questions for singular verbs:

• perfect form: “what will he do?”;
• imperfect form: “what will it do?”

Questions for plural verbs:

• perfect form: “what will they do?”;
• imperfect form: “What will they do?”

Imperfect verbs in the future tense have one interesting feature - they turn into complex verbs. The verb “to be” is added to the infinitive in the appropriate form. For example: I will walk, I will run, I will play.

The endings of perfect verbs of the first conjugation

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat, -eat (second person); -et, -et (third person). Example: I’ll take it, you’ll take it, you’ll take it; read, read, read.

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -ut (third person). Example: we’ll take it, you’ll take it, they’ll take it; read, read, read.

Endings of perfect verbs of the second conjugation

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: I’ll lie down, you’ll lie down, I’ll lie down; I'll build, build, build.

Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: let's lie down, lie down, lie down; Let's build, build, build.