Proper names in proverbs and sayings. Proper names in proverbs and sayings Proverbs with the name Alexey
And indeed, not a single proverb is devoid of an all-consuming passionate interest in everything it concerns. Behind each of them you see those who judge, dress up, argue, joke, mock, joke, grieve, mourn, rejoice, scold - representing a multiplicity of cases and life scenes. Folk art also paid attention to the “nominal” theme. Proverbs, sayings and even... Here's what we managed to collect:
Russian proverbs and sayings
Arinushka Marinushka is no worse.
Annushka is a good daughter if her mother and grandmother praise her.
Like Aksinya, so is Botvinya.
Each Alenka praises her cow.
Our Andrei is not a villain to anyone.
Our Afonya in one robe both at the feast, and in the world, and at the windowsill.
As Ananya is, so is Malanya.
Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selivan.
Varlam breaks in half, and Denis shares with everyone.
Our Varvara does not like fish soup without fat.
Every Grishka has his own affairs.
Don't be proud, Gordey, you are no better than people.
As Dema is, so is his home.
Two Demids, but both cannot see.
Dmitry and Boris fought over the garden
Our Marya to your Daria cousin Paraskovya.
The sparrow Eremey will offend even a sparrow.
Yegor talked all over the place, but everything was out of time.
There is a saying for every Yegorka.
Every Eremey understands himself.
Efrem loves horseradish, and Fedka loves radish.
All kinds of wood chips hit poor Zakhar.
In people Ilya, and at home - pigs.
Our Ivan has no talent anywhere: he came to mass - mass went away, he came to lunch - they dined.
Our Vanyukha has a pothole on the stove.
When Ivashka has a white shirt, then Ivashka has a holiday.
The filly runs, and Ivashka lies.
Ivan was in the Horde, and Marya tells the news.
Ivan plays the pipe, and Marya is dying of hunger.
Ivan gets the glory, but Savva is to blame.
Ipat made shovels, and Fedos went to sell.
Katerina wanders to her feather bed.
The princess has a prince, the cat has a kitten, and Katerina has her child (cuter)
Rejoice Kiryushka, grandma will have a feast.
Before, Kuzma dug vegetable gardens, but now Kuzma has become a governor.
Klim smears the cart, goes to the Crimea along the turnip.
Martyn does not wait for someone else’s half rubles; Martyn stands for his own altyn.
As is Martyn, so is his altyn.
You can't hit our Mina even with three clubs.
Our Mishka does not take extra.
Bow to Makar, and Makar to seven sides.
For every Makar there is his own Khavronya.
Lazy Mikishka has no time for books.
As is Malanya, so are her pancakes.
Grandfather Mosey loves fish without bones.
Maxim was warming himself near the aspen trees.
Don’t brag, Nastya: I was a little tense, and even then I lost it.
Not every Nahum will guide the mind.
Our Naum is on his own: to listen, he listens, but the knower slurps cabbage soup.
Nesterka’s husband, and six children, we’re afraid to steal, we’re lazy to work, how can you tell us to live here?
People are from the market, and Nazar is at the market.
Each Nikita is busy taking care of his belongings.
Our Obrosim was thrown into God knows where.
And our Olena became neither a peahen nor a crow.
Okulina cooked up and scolded about Peter.
Every Paul has his own truth.
So-and-so Panteley, but together it’s more fun.
Not everything is in Potap's favor.
Our Pakhom is familiar with Moscow.
Like the crotch, so is the hat he wears.
Hood Roman when your pocket is empty.
Savva ate the lard, wiped himself off, locked himself up, and said: I haven’t seen him.
Such is Savva, such is his glory.
Just as Senyushka has two money, so Semyon and Semyon, and Senyushka has no money - nothing worth it - Semyon.
Every Semyon is smart to himself.
According to Senka - a hat, according to Eremka - a cap, and according to Ivashka - a shirt.
And you can tell by his face that his name is Sazon.
One says about Taras, and the other: one and a half hundred devils.
Not every Taras is good at singing along.
Our Taras is no worse than you.
Ulyana woke up neither late nor early - everyone was leaving work, and she was right there.
Lakoma Ustinha to botvinha.
They gave Fedyushka money, but he also asks for altyn.
They sent Philip along the linden tree, but he was dragging the alder tree.
And Philip is glad that the pie is big.
Fedot plows with his mouth open, but the needle is of no use.
There is no honey from stone, no offspring from Fofan.
Our Thaddeus - neither for himself nor for people.
Our Filat is never to blame.
Thekla prayed, but God did not insert the glass.
If you loved to joke about Thomas, love yourself too.
People are like people, and Thomas is like a demon.
As misfortunes overwhelm Thomas, so people will abandon Thomas.
Don’t beat Foma for Eremin’s guilt.
As soon as Floriha comes to the point of desperation, Floriha will also come to the point of desperation.
Khariton came running from Moscow with news
Yakov is glad that the pie is with poppy seeds.
Ukrainian proverbs and sayings
On you, Gavrilo, I’m not pleased.
What Ivan doesn’t learn, Ivan won’t know.
Pan with pan, and Ivan with Ivan.
Your Katerina our Orina Odarka's cousin
Zbagativ Kіndrat - having forgotten, my brother.
Couple - Martin and Odarochka!
Yak Mikita willed, then Mikita y kumuvav.
Kazav Naum: take it to mind!
Rozumna Parasya gave in to everything.
The washerwoman is busy and the washerwoman is busy, and in the winter Teresya is not to be taken care of.
Ti yomu about Taras, and vin - pivtorasta.
For our Fedot, robots are not scary.
Hold on, Khoma, winter is coming!
Some are about Khoma, some are about Yarema.
Yakbi Khomi pennies, b y vin good, but not - all mina.
Have fun, Khvedka, either horseradish or radish.
Introduction
Main part
1.1 Proverbs and sayings: history of origin, similarities and differences.
1.2 The role of a name in a person’s life and in Russian folklore.
2.1 Male and female names in proverbs and sayings.
3.1 Names of cities in proverbs.
4.1 Names of rivers in proverbs and sayings.
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
In literature lessons we studied the section “Oral Folk Art”. Since elementary school, I have been interested in the genre of proverbs and sayings. A name is one of the important components of a person’s life path. That is why I decided to take on the topic “Proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings” for research.
Why do we even need proper names in proverbs? Let's take as an example the proverb: “Fedot is not the same.” Is this what they say about a person who can’t do anything? Or about a person who lies a lot? Is the name Fedot used for rhyming? (Fedot is not the same).
The purpose of the study is to find out what is the role of proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings.
Research objectives:
Define the concepts “proverb” and “saying”.
From a huge number of Russian proverbs and sayings, make a selection with proper names found in them.
Find out why male and female names are needed in proverbs and sayings.
Analyze proper names denoting the names of cities and rivers.
Object of study - Russian proverbs and sayings
The subject of the study is proper names (male and female names, names of rivers and cities).
Research methods - reading educational, popular science and reference literature; searching for information in global computer networks; analysis; etymological analysis; generalization and systematization.
Main part
Proverbs and sayings: history of origin, similarities and differences.
Oral folk art, or folklore, was born in ancient times, in the preliterate era. In the countless works of nameless authors, who for centuries composed and retold epics and legends, fairy tales and parables, lullabies and laments, nursery rhymes and carols and many other works of different genres, amazing talent, true wisdom, humanity and beauty, mischief and good humor of the people are forever captured. . It is not for nothing that the living roots of folklore nourished the work of such masters of words as Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov and Tolstoy, and continue to infuse a living stream into the language of modern writers.
Proverbs and sayings are considered one of the most popular small genres of folklore. They are usually placed side by side, although there are clear differences between them.
Proverbs are short folk sayings applied to various life phenomena. They arose during the primitive communal system, long before the appearance of the first literary monuments. Since they were passed on from mouth to mouth, their main feature was the accuracy and conciseness of their content. To convey the necessary information, the authors of proverbs had to be extremely careful in choosing certain words.
Usually a proverb consists of two or three parts. The first part contains an apt description of a phenomenon or object, and the second contains an expressive assessment of it. Most often, a proverb has a double meaning: direct and figurative. The direct meaning is associated with a specific observation and its assessment, the hidden meaning reflects the centuries-old experience of the people, therefore, in some cases, the proverb must be solved in the same way as the riddle: “Know your cricket.”
The source of proverbs can be not only everyday colloquial speech, but also literary works. Thus, in A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” according to researchers, there are approximately 60 expressions that have become proverbs.
The first proverbs appeared a long time ago. They were formed by ordinary Russian people. Many of the proverbs were used in ancient chronicles and works. One of the first collections of proverbs was compiled by Aristotle. In Russia, collections of proverbs appeared at the end of the 17th century and almost immediately began to be published. The most famous collection, “Proverbs of the Russian People,” containing more than 25,000 texts, was compiled by V.I. Dahl.
A proverb is a phrase that reflects a phenomenon in life, often of a humorous nature. A distinctive feature is the combination of brevity and vividness of the assessment or description. Unlike a proverb, it does not contain a general instructive meaning and is not a complete sentence. A saying can usually replace a word. For example: “He doesn’t knit” instead of “drunk”, “I didn’t invent gunpowder” instead of “fool”.
Unlike proverbs, many sayings came into everyday speech from literary works and began an independent life as a folklore genre.
Sometimes they completely lose touch with the works they came from. Here, for example, is the expression “from the ship to the ball.” All reference books indicate that its source is a novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Meanwhile, it was known in Russian back in the 18th century, since it appeared during the reign of Peter I and had already become a proverb. It was in this meaning that A.S. Griboyedov used it in the comedy “Woe from Wit.”
Some proverbs and sayings appeared in connection with historical events. Thus, the times of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the events of the Russian-Swedish war of the early 18th century, the Patriotic War with Napoleon, the civil war of the early 20th century, and the Great Patriotic War with Nazi Germany were reflected in popular sayings.
Some proverbs and sayings come from works of Russian folklore - songs, fairy tales, riddles, legends, anecdotes. For example, proverbs and sayings came from fairy tales: “The beaten one carries the unbeaten,” “Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.” Some proverbs originated from church books. For example, the saying from the Bible “The Lord gave, the Lord and the father” was translated into Russian: “God gave, God took away.”
What is the main difference between a proverb and a saying?
So, a proverb is a whole sentence, and a saying is just a phrase or phrase. This is the main feature that distinguishes proverbs from sayings.
The proverb contains moral teaching, morality, instruction. A saying is simply an eloquent expression that can be easily replaced with other words.
For example:
"Small spool but precious". (Proverb) “Small, but bold.” (Proverb)
“If you don’t know the ford, don’t poke your nose into the water” (Proverb) “Stay with your nose” (Proverb)
During the research, we noticed that proverbs and sayings are often confused. The title says: “Proverbs and sayings,” but the text itself contains only proverbs. In order not to confuse them, you need to know the definition of these terms.
1.2. The role of a name in human life and in Russian folklore.
Proverbs and sayings are perhaps the first brilliant manifestations of the creativity of the people. The ubiquity of proverbs is striking - they touch all objects, invade all areas of human existence. Folk art also paid attention to the “nominal” theme.
Our name is both the history of the Russian people and an integral part of the Russian language. The role of a name in a person’s life is very great. Everyone can be called only by name, so all his good or bad deeds are made public thanks to his name. Names have played a significant role in communication between people in all eras. People's personal names are part of history and universal human culture, since they reflect the life, aspirations, fantasy and artistic creativity of peoples.
Poetic creativity, represented by proverbs and sayings, truly reflects the original, rich mind of the Russian people, their experience, views on life, nature, and society. In oral language creativity, the people captured their customs and morals, hopes, high moral qualities, national history and culture. Thus, rhyming sayings with names that have become a permanent characteristic are very popular: Alekha is not a catch; Andrey the mouthy; Afonka-quiet, Fedul pouted his lips; Filat is not to blame, etc. Proverbs and sayings are applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name, which does not coincide with the name in the proverb. It is through this collision of two names - real and “unreal” - that a generalization is achieved. Thus, a proverbial name is a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person.
2.1. Male and female names in proverbs and sayings.
We studied 220 proverbs and sayings with proper names. They can be divided into 3 groups:
1) Personal male and female names.
2) Names of cities
3) Names of rivers.
The first group includes 170 proverbs and sayings with male and female names. Of the 170 proverbs, there were 129 with male names. The most common name was Thomas. It has been used 15 times.
In proverbs and sayings, the name Thomas was given to indicate such character traits as stupidity (They talk about Thomas, and he talks about Yerema), stubbornness (Erema into the water, Thomas to the bottom: both are stubborn, they have never been from the bottom.), inattention ( I went to see Foma, but stopped at my godfather's), irresponsibility (They beat Foma for Eremin's guilt), absent-mindedness (Goodness came to Foma, but went between the hands), laziness (Who cares, but Foma cares), inadequacy (People are like people , and Foma is like a demon), self-criticism (He loved to joke about Foma, so love yourself.) and a person with a memorable appearance (They know Foma in the matting aisle).
This name was very popular in the 19th - early 20th centuries, especially in the provinces and villages. Now the name is almost never used, probably because its sound energy has been completely preserved in Russian sound and amazingly accurately conveys the character of the Apostle Thomas, nicknamed the unbeliever.
Thomas -
Holy Apostle, October 19 (6). Saint Thomas was a Galilean fisherman who followed the Lord Jesus Christ and became his disciple and apostle. According to the testimony of the Holy Scriptures, the Apostle Thomas did not believe the stories of other disciples about the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. On the eighth day after the Resurrection, the Lord appeared to the Apostle Thomas and showed his wounds, after which the apostle, convinced of the truth of the Holy Resurrection of Christ, exclaimed: “My Lord and my God.” According to church tradition, Saint Thomas preached Christian
faith in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Ethiopia and India. For the conversion of the son and wife of the ruler of the Indian city of Meliapora (Melipura) to Christ, the holy apostle was imprisoned, endured torture, and died, pierced by five spears.
In proverbs, the Russian people represent Thomas as a simpleton, a stupid and lazy person.
In second place is the name Eremey, used 13 times. In the text the name was used in an abbreviated form: Erema, Ermoshka.
The name Eremey has Hebrew roots and means “exalted by God.” The name was borrowed with the adoption of Christianity; it was adapted to the peculiarities of the phonetics of the Old Russian language. In a vast layer of proverbs, the name Eremey appears together with the name Thomas; These proverbs are reinterpretations of the folklore “Tale of Thomas and Erem” - a literary work of the 17th century.
Erema is the hero of a literary work, who tries his hand at different activities, tries to take on everything at once, but nothing works out. This is manifested in proverbs. “Erema, Erema, you should sit at home and sharpen your spindles.” “Erema, stay at home - the weather is bad.” “Every Eremey understands to himself: when to sow, when to reap, when to throw into haystacks.” These proverbs speak of the need for timeliness of certain actions.
And in this proverb, Erema is an envious person. “Ereme’s tears are flowing over someone else’s beer.”
Characters with the name Eremey in proverbs make up a portrait of a loser.
The third most popular name is Makar. The name is masculine, of Greek origin, translated as “blessed” or “happy.”
In the Christian naming book, the name Macarius is associated with several early Christian saints, among whom the most famous is Macarius the Great (IV century) - a hermit, author of several spiritual works. Macarius of Alexandria, who was his contemporary and friend, is also venerated among the saints. Macarius of Antioch was tortured and exiled during the reign of Julian the Apostate (361-363). Also known is the martyr Macarius, who was executed for professing Christianity in 311 under the emperor Galerius.
In proverbs and sayings, the name Makar appeared 9 times and was used to indicate the following character traits:
Luck. “Yesterday Makar was digging ridges, and today Makar has become a governor.” I believe that the proverb is related to the meaning of the name itself.
Makar is associated not only with luck, but also with misfortune. “All the cones are falling on poor Makar - both from the pines and the fir trees.” Similar to the story of the martyr Macarius.
“They will drive them to places where Makar never drove the calves.” Previously, cows and calves were grazed far away in meadows or fields. That is, very far away, where the calves were not driven.
Similar to the story of Macarius of Antioch, who was sent into exile.
“Bow to Makar, and Makar to seven directions.” This describes a case where a person becomes arrogant.
There are also proverbs that have the same meaning, but they use different names. “Ermoshka is rich: there is a goat and a cat.” “In Makar’s house there is a cat, a mosquito and a midge.” Proverbs indicate the poverty of the characters.
We examined another 43 male names: Vavila, Nikita, Ivan, Vlas, Philip, Peter, Pavel, Arseny, Ilya, Kuzma, Fedot, Isai, Gerasim, Danilo, Aksen, Demid, Klim, Filat, Mosey, Yakov, Avdey, Gregory , Maxim, Boris, Martyn, Savely, Andrey, Trifon, Nikola, Afonya, Anton, Pakhom, Taras, Kirilo, Avoska, Nesterka, Egor, Sidor, Nazar, Styopa, Foka, Emelya, Sema, Fadey, Ipat and Trofim.
These male names appeared in proverbs and sayings from one to five times.
During the research process, we studied 41 proverbs and sayings with female names. Among them were Agrippina, Akulina, Antipa, Varvara, Mina, Katerina, Fedora, Ulita, Malanya, Gagula, Masha, Olena, Alena, Aksinya, Ustinya, Pelageya, Thekla. Some names are practically not used nowadays.
The full name Malanya Malanya is the most common name in proverbs and sayings with female personal names. Used 6 times. Translated from Greek, Malania means “dark, black.”
The origin of the name is associated with Ancient Greece, very common in English-speaking countries. It became widespread on the territory of the Slavic states back in the early Christian period.
Often, with age, admiration for talent and indulgence in the whims that took place in childhood contribute to the development of not the best qualities in the character of the adult Malania. She grows into a smug and self-centered woman, intolerant of the shortcomings of others. Malania's narcissism reaches the point of ridiculousness and sometimes confuses friends and acquaintances. She still plays to the public, loves to laugh loudly, show emotions violently and attract attention to herself. I must say that Malania does this quite well.
These character qualities are used in proverbs and sayings. For example: “Dress up like Malanya for a wedding.” “They gave pancakes to hungry Malanya, but she said: they weren’t baked well.”
In proverbs, Malanya is a picky and selfish girl.
The second most frequently used name is Akulina. Also used in abbreviated form: Shark and Akulka.
Akulina has straightforwardness and firmness. Usually such a woman is very purposeful, energetic, and knows how to stand up for herself. Doesn't like to cry and complain about life.
I think this description is more suitable for a man. This can be seen in the proverb. “If I weren’t a great guy, they would have called me Akulka.”
Despite such tough character traits, they felt pity for her.
“It’s a pity for Akulin, but send him raspberries.” Because raspberries were picked in the forest, and they were very prickly.
The remaining female names were used once each, except for five names: Antipa, Varvara, Mina, Katerina and Fedora, which we met twice each.
3.1. Names of cities in proverbs.
The second group includes 43 proverbs and sayings with names of cities. In the process of research, we came across sayings and proverbs mentioning cities such as Moscow and Kyiv. St. Petersburg, Kazan, Ryazan, Tula, Rostov, Tver, Yaroslavl.
The most common proper name was the capital of Russia - Moscow. This name appeared 25 times.
“In Moscow you will find everything except father and mother”
“In Moscow, if you take care of your money, you can’t take care of yourself.”
“You can’t bow to everyone in Moscow”
“And you’ll put on a new scarf, but half of Moscow won’t see it.”
“Moscow doesn’t believe in tears, give it a job.”
“For thanks, my godfather went to Moscow.”
“For the sake of the saying, the man walked to Moscow on foot.”
“Moscow is miles away, but close to my heart”
In proverbs, Moscow is represented as a large, majestic city. She is far away, but people still remember and respect her. It’s not for nothing that they say: “Moscow is the mother of all cities.” This is probably why Moscow was included in proverbs with other cities.
"Kazan-town - Moscow corner"
"Yaroslavl - a town - a corner of Moscow."
“Moscow hits from the toe, and Peter wiped his sides.”
Often the name of the city serves to indicate the advantages of each region:
“They don’t go to Tula with their own samovar”
“Kazan boasts sturgeon, Siberia boasts of sables”
“Kashira covered everyone with matting, and Tula shod them in bast shoes.”
Names of rivers in proverbs and sayings
In the third group, 7 proverbs with such proper names as the names of rivers were studied. In most cases, the Volga River was found.
“Every country has its own national river. Russia has the Volga - the largest river in Europe, the queen of our rivers - and I hastened to bow to her majesty the Volga River!” - Alexander Dumas wrote about the great Russian river. The main nurse and water provider of European Russia, including Moscow. One of the truly Russian natural wonders is the great Volga River. One of the largest and most beautiful rivers in Europe, it is especially loved by the Russian people. Mother Volga - this is how it is affectionately called not only in Russia.
More than half of Russia's industrial enterprises are concentrated in the Volga basin. And almost half of the food needed by our population is produced on the Volga region.
And she really is the queen of the rivers. Power and grandeur, the fabulous beauty of the surrounding nature and rich history glorified the Volga throughout the world even in ancient times.
Probably because of its great glorification, the Volga River was most often used by people in proverbs and sayings.
“The Volga is the mother river of everyone”
“There is a lot of water on the Volga, but there is also a lot of trouble”
“What’s not for the Volga, then everything is for the Volga”
“When the Volga flows up”
“When there is nothing to pay the debt, one will go to the Volga”
“Mother Volga bends your back, but gives you money”
The last two proverbs say that working on the river provides an opportunity to earn money; the Volga-nurse will not let you die of hunger.
The name Volga is also used to compare with the Danube River.
“The Volga is a long sail, but the Danube is wide.” This proverb speaks of the length of the Volga and the breadth of the Danube.
Conclusion
Having analyzed groups of proverbs and sayings that include proper names, we can draw the following conclusions:
All analyzed names used in proverbs and sayings had Hebrew, Greek or Latin roots and were subject to adaptation of the phonetics of the Old Russian language.
Proverbs and sayings reflect the life of the people and historical events: “I went to Thomas, but stopped at my godfather”, “Seven will go - they will take Siberia.”
Each name in a proverb or saying denotes its own character and is used to ridicule shortcomings, compare different character traits, or indicate a person’s merits.
Men's names are used to ridicule shortcomings: “Stupid Avdei was stabbed in the neck,” “Goodness came to Thomas, but went between his hands”; to show pity: “Filya was strong - all his friends came to him, but trouble came - everyone left the yard,” “All the cones fell on poor Makar - from the pines and fir trees”; to indicate positive character traits: “To the good Savva, goodness and glory.”
In proverbs and sayings with female names, people most often make fun of the heroines: “And our Olena became neither a peahen nor a crow,” “Grandmother Varvara was angry with the world for three years; That’s why she died because the world didn’t recognize her.”
The most common male names were Foma: “Who cares what, but Foma cares about the pipe”; Eremey: “Every Eremey understands himself”; Makar: “Makar went into the hut where the calves are grazed”; female names: Akulina: “It’s a pity for Akulina, but send raspberries”; Malanya: “Dress up like Malanya for a wedding.”
In proverbs and sayings, the paired use of proper names is often found: “Malashka has lambs, and Foma has two bags,” “Own, Fadey, crooked Natalya.”
Proper names can be used in proverbs and sayings for rhyme: “Ananya and Malanya, Thomas and godfather, and they took their place.” (Ananya - Malanya, Foma - godfather); “Let’s take it and paint it, and Gerasim will come out” (let’s paint it - Gerasim).
The names of cities are used to indicate any shortcomings of the city: “To wander to Moscow is to carry your last penny.” But most often the advantages are emphasized: “Kashira covered everyone with matting, and Tula shod in bast shoes,” “Kyiv is the mother of Russian cities,” “Mother Moscow is white-stone, golden-domed, hospitable, Orthodox, talkative”; or for comparison: “Moscow hits from the toe, and St. Petersburg wiped its sides,” “Kazan - with sturgeon, Siberia boasts of sables.”
The name of the city Moscow appears most often - 28 times. The proverbs emphasize the magnitude of Moscow: “You can’t bow down to everyone in Moscow,” “Our town is a corner of Moscow,” “Yaroslavl is a town – a corner of Moscow.”
In proverbs with names of rivers, the name Volga appeared the greatest number of times - 7 times.
- Bibliography
- Anikin V., Selivanov F., Kirdan B. Russian proverbs and sayings. - M.: “Fiction”, 1988.- 431 p.
- Zarakhovich I., Tubelskaya G., Novikova E., Lebedeva A. 500 riddles, sayings, counting rhymes, nursery rhymes. - M.: “Baby”, 2013.- 415 p.
- Zimin V., Ashurova S., Shansky V., Shatalova Z. Russian proverbs and sayings: educational dictionary. - M.: Shkola - Press, 1994. - 320 p.
- Kovaleva S. 7000 golden proverbs and sayings. - M.: AST Publishing House LLC, 2003. - 479 p.
- Rose T. Large explanatory dictionary of proverbs and sayings of the Russian language for children. Edition 2 revised. - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2013. -224 p.
List of Internet resources
- http://riddle-middle.ru/pogovorki_i_poslovicy/
- http://znachenie-
Scientific and practical conference
for 6th grade students
humanitarian section
nomination literary criticism
“Proper names in proverbs and sayings”
Completed by: student 6 “B” class MBOU Lyceum No. 21
Podymov Egor Sergeevich
Head: Vildanova Svetlana Grigorievna
Subject: Proper names in proverbs and sayings
Introduction
Chapter 1
The role of a name in a person’s life
Chapter 2 Names in Russian proverbs and sayings
2.1. A proverbial name as a means of rhyming in the structure of a stable saying.
2.2. A proverbial name as a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person
Chapter 3.
Anthroponyms in Russian proverbs and sayings
3.1. Anthroponyms, their functions in Russian proverbs and sayings.
3.2. Research of proverbs containing anthroponyms, their classification.
Conclusion
Introduction
The creativity of the people goes back to ancient times. Suffice it to recall the cave paintings and stone idols of primitive people. The need for creativity arises in people from the desire to decorate their life (painting, carving, weaving, embroidery). This applies no less to spiritual life (dancing, singing, playing musical instruments). Speech occupies a special place in people's lives. Using language, people communicate with each other. They pass on to others their life experience, their knowledge, sorrows and hopes, their mood. Oral folk art is diverse: epics, songs, fairy tales, sayings and proverbs. Proverbs occupy a special place in creativity
Proverbs and sayings are common and viable genres of oral folk art. They have the closest, direct connection with language, being figurative speech expressions used in oral and written speech.
The earliest information about the creation and use of some proverbs and sayings is found in chronicles.
In the year 6370 (862): “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it.” (from The Tale of Bygone Years)
In the year 6453 (945): “The Drevlyans, having heard that he was coming again, held a council with their prince Mal: “If a wolf gets into the habit of the sheep; then he will endure the whole herd until they kill him.” (from The Tale of Bygone Years)
There is no doubt that the ancients include that part of the folk sayings that reflect pagan beliefs and mythological ideas: Mother is the raw earth - it is impossible to say (belief in the mysterious powers of the “living” earth); A prophetic dream will not deceive; Screams like a devil; The werewolf rushes across the road.
Some proverbs and sayings capture the norms of serfdom: A man is not a blow - he knows when St. George’s Day lives.
On St. George's Day (autumn, November 26, old style), peasants were allowed to move from one landowner to another. In 1581, Tsar Ivan IV temporarily banned the transition, and Boris Godunov completely banned it - the peasants were enslaved. All this is reflected in the proverb: Here's St. George's Day for you, grandma!
Proverbs arose among the people, which captured the events of the liberation struggle against external invaders: Empty, as if Mamai had passed; The Cossacks came from the Don and drove the Poles home (liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612); Died (disappeared) as a Swede near Poltava (1709). Especially many proverbs arose about the Patriotic War of 1812: A goose flies to Holy Rus' (about Napoleon); Kutuzov came to beat the French; The hungry Frenchman is happy with the crow; On the Frenchman and the pitchfork - a gun; He disappeared (disappeared) like the Frenchman in Moscow.
Proverbs and sayings capture the bravery, courage and heroism of the Russian people: A Russian does not joke with a sword or a roll; Cheek brings success; Happiness helps the brave; If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest.
In popular sayings, labor and human diligence are glorified and laziness is castigated: Without labor there is no fruit; Labor feeds, but laziness spoils.
Proverbs and sayings arose, which reflected social and material inequality (One with a fry, and seven with a spoon; The rich - as he wants, and the poor - as he can; bribery of judges and officials (Every clerk loves a hot roll; greed of the clergy (Pop that a sheaf like a haystack is all one (everything is small);
Proverbs and sayings condemn flattery, sycophancy, fanaticism, and hypocrisy. They express hope for the triumph of truth and justice: Truth will purify itself; The truth will take its toll.
Even in conditions of material and social inequality, the working people did not leave a high sense of honor: Goal, but not a thief; Not a penny of money, but good fame; Poor, but honest.
Thus, proverbs and sayings, which arose as a genre of folk poetry in ancient times, live an active life for many centuries: some without changes, others gradually changing and being reinterpreted; outdated ones are forgotten, their place is taken by newly created ones.
Proverbs and sayings are an encyclopedia of folk knowledge, as well as the “moral code” of the people, who composed proverbs and about the proverbs themselves: A good proverb is not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye; A stump is not an outskirts, and stupid speech is not a proverb;
Our special attention was drawn to proverbs in which proper names occur. For what purpose are they used in proverbs?
Hypothesis: names in proverbs are used for rhyme and consonance, receiving a general, typical, common noun meaning, or the proverbial characteristic is inextricably linked with specific personal names.
Target: analyze Russian proverbs and sayings that reflect the evaluative behavior of a person bearing a specific personal name and the characteristics of his character.
Tasks:
1) study Russian folklore more deeply
3) analyze the thematic group of proverbs and sayings that include personal names in their structure,
4) classify proverbs containing anthroponyms;
5) find out what human character traits are reflected in these linguistic units
Object of study: V.I. Dahl’s dictionary “Proverbs of the Russian people”;
Subject of study: proverbs and sayings that include personal names in their structure.
M research methods:
studying scientific and reference literature on Russian folklore, Internet resources
analysis of the collected material,
classification of proverbs and sayings containing anthroponyms.
survey
Chapter 1
“A person’s destiny can transform
for us the sound and meaning of the name"
L.V.Uspensky
The role of a name in a person’s life
It is known that every person has a name. The three-member naming of people - first name, patronymic, last name - became a feature of the Russian language back in the era of Peter the Great.
What is a name? Looking into S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary, we learned one of its meanings is that a name is “the personal name of a person given at birth, often the personal name of a living being”
Linguists call people's personal names anthroponyms. The section that studies anthroponyms is called anthroponymy
Names, as a rule, are not invented, but are formed from common nouns or borrowed from other languages. When we hear a familiar name, we do not think about its meaning and origin, we imagine the person we are talking about or addressing. People very correctly evaluate a person’s name as such. “A person does not recognize himself in person, but he knows his name,” says one of the Russian proverbs (p. 442). However, we must study the history of our name, its origin, meaning and significance, just as we must know the ancestral roots of our family and country. Our name is both the history of the Russian people and an integral part of the Russian language.
How the world is changing, and how I myself am changing,
All my life I have been called by only one name.
The role of a name in a person’s life is very great. Everyone can be called only by name, so all his good or bad deeds are made public thanks to his name. Hence the possibility of figurative use of the word name. They say: “The dashing is called dashing, but the good is remembered as kind.”
It is impossible to imagine the vocabulary of any language without proper names. Proper names can be social signs; some names were common only in certain social strata. So, in Russia of the 19th century, the names Agafya, Thekla, Efrosinya, Porfiry were found only among the peasantry and merchants, and in Pushkin’s times, even Tatyana was considered common. Personal names may be fashionable or, on the contrary, not accepted by society. Nowadays, many parents choose simple, popular names for their children: Ivan, Ignat, Egor, Maria, Daria and the like. But beautiful names - Rosalind, Evelina, Romuald and others - are not popular.
Interest in names, knowledge of their origin and meaning foster feelings of patriotic involvement, love for the homeland, for the people, their language and culture of communication.
Chapter 2
Names in Russian proverbs
2.1. A proverbial name as a means of rhyming in the structure of a stable saying.
Poetic creativity, represented by proverbs and sayings, truly reflects the original, rich mind of the Russian people, their experience, views on life, nature, and society. In oral language creativity, the people captured their customs and morals, aspirations and hopes, high moral qualities, national history and culture.
Personal names must be included in the outer clothing of proverbs. V.I. Dal believed that they were mostly taken at random, or for rhyme, consonance, measure: such, for example, are the proverbs that mention: Martyn and Altyn, Ivan and the fool, Gregory and grief.[p.14]
This means that proverbs emphasize the “accidentality” of the name. One name could be replaced by another or, in most cases, chosen “to rhyme.”
Did a proper name create a generalized image of a person? In Russian folklore, stable sayings with proper names are widely used, which contain an assessment of a person’s behavior and the characteristics of his character. Often the names came from fairy tales, stories, where people of known properties usually bear the same name, which in proverbs retained the same meaning: Ivanushka and Emelya are fools; Fomka and Sergei are thieves, rogues; Kuzka is a wretch. From these concepts expressions have emerged: to enlarge - to deceive, to fool, to warn - to deceive cleverly, cunningly; a crowbar, in the language of scammers, is a large chisel or a one-handed crowbar for breaking locks; to bribe someone - to deceive, to deceive, to offend.
2.2. A proverbial name as a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person.
The meaning of a personal name in the structure of proverbs and sayings differs from the name in everyday communication. There is no usual connection between a name and an individual person. A proverb is applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name, which does not coincide with the name in the proverb. It is through this collision of two names – real and “unreal” – that a generalization is achieved. The speech in the proverb, when it is used in life, is not about the proverbial Emelya, Phil, Thomas, Erem, Kiryukha, Erokha, etc., but about specific life characters who act as Emelya, Phil, Thomas, Erema do, Kiryukha, etc. The anthroponym acquires a generalized meaning, gravitating towards a common noun. The development of the figurative basis of the name, its rethinking occurs on the basis of random associations. Subsequently, these associations are fixed in people's memory as a generalization of some human properties.
The social assessment of many names is deeply embedded in the language. Often, knowledge of this assessment helps to understand a proverb.
For example, the Greek name Philip, transformed on Russian soil into Filya, Filka, Filyukha, was often used by bars to call their servants. Remember Famusov’s appeal to his Filka: “You, Filka, you are a straight block of wood, You made a lazy grouse into a doorman...”? It is not surprising that the typified name of a servant joined the synonymous series with the meaning “stupid and lazy person.” This was also facilitated by the use of the name Phil in Russian proverbs, where its owner plays the role of a simpleton, a loser, a simpleton: “They drank at Fili’s and beat Filya”, “Philip got used to everything”, “They put Phil in damn sandals (they deceived)”, “Filka sleeps without bedding,” etc.
An equally deep contradiction lies in the name Sidor, which goes back to the ancient Egyptian goddess of agriculture Isis. The Greek Isidore, which we turned into Sidor, means “gift of Isis,” that is, an abundant, generous gift. But in Russian proverbs and sayings, Sidor is usually a rich, but stingy and petty person. Maybe that’s why, as the proverb says, “Not a single misfortune came to Sidor,” because he had a pretty penny saved up for any hungry year. Knowing the social associations associated with the name Sidor, it is easy to understand the motivation for the expression “To fight like Sidor’s goat”: to the miserly owner, even a small injury seems like a big disaster. The mischievous nature of the goat constantly pulls it into the garden. The owner’s persistent desire to wean her from this habit became a proverb. However, another interpretation of this expression is also known: perhaps it “reflected the desire for revenge on Sidor, if he himself is unattainable, then at least let his goat get it thoroughly.”
For Sidor's bad character, his goat takes the rap. Poor Makar, as a rule, has to be the “scapegoat” himself. Russian proverbs give a detailed unflattering description of this unfortunate man. He is poor (“At Makar’s, just warm up (i.e., snot.) steam,” “It’s not Makar’s hand who eats rolls”) and homeless (“Makar is coming for vespers from the dogs to the tavern”), humble (“It’s not Makar’s hand with the boyars to know"), obedient and respectful (“I bow to Makar, and Makar to seven sides”), and most importantly, irresponsible (“Poor Makar gets all the trouble”). Proverbs emphasize that he usually engages in hard peasant labor: “Hitherto Makar was digging ridges, but now Makar has become a governor.” This is how the image of the poor simpleton and incompetent Makar gradually took shape.
Approximately the same qualitative associations are characteristic of the name Kuzma in Russian proverbs. Kuzma is angry and pugnacious: “Our Kuzma always beats evil,” “Don’t threaten, Kuzma, the inn doesn’t tremble.” He is poor, so he gets everything that is bad and worthless “What is lame, what is blind, goes to Kozma” (we are talking about poultry sacrificed on Kozma’s day). He is not smart: “This proverb is not for Kuzma Petrovich.” His origin is as low and poor as Makar: “Before Kuzma dug vegetable gardens, but now Kuzma has become a governor,” “To Gorky Kuzenka - a bitter song.” Being the son of a pugnacious and poor loser is not particularly pleasant. Unless extreme need forces one to recognize such a relationship: “Once you live, you’ll call Kuzma your father.” Apparently, the expression “Show Kuzma’s mother” summarizes the unflattering idea of the parents and relatives of the loser Kuzma.
Thus, we see that a proverbial name is a generalization of the characteristic properties of a person with such a name. Unfortunately, I noted that mostly proverbs with personal names capture the negative traits of a person. The same name most often reflects the same characteristic. For example, Avdey in Russian dialects is a good-natured, meek person, this is evidenced by all the proverbs that include this anthroponym: “Our Avdey is not a villain to anyone,” “Avdey disappeared from evil people,” “Stupid Avdey was stabbed in the neck.” The characterization of the dreamy, good-natured Andrei is confirmed by the sayings: “Our Andrei is not a villain to anyone,” “Andrei is a rotten one,” “Our Andryushka doesn’t have half a dime,” “For each other, everything is for Andryushka.” The merry fellow and joker Taras retains his character in the following statements: “Our Taras is good at making jokes,” “Bald Taras is an unarrogant man,” “Our Taras is good at everything: drinking vodka and threshing barn,” “Taras got married, without asking”, etc.
Chapter 3.
Anthroponyms in Russian proverbs and sayings
3.1. Anthroponyms, their functions in Russian proverbs and sayings.
An anthroponym (ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος - person and ὄνομα - name) is a single proper name or a set of proper names that identify a person. In a broader sense, this is the name of any person: fictional or real, which is officially assigned to an individual as his identification mark.
According to their original meaning and origin, anthroponyms, for the most part, are everyday words. Some of them still retain their meaning in the native language (for example, Faith, Hope, Love),
Anthroponyms contain the following features:
An indication that the bearer of the anthroponym is a person, for example: Maria, Mikhail.
An indication of belonging to a national - linguistic community, for example: Vladimir, Jean.
An indication of the gender of a person, for example - Peter, unlike Anastasia.
Even if the speaker is trying to generalize what is happening, which can be indicated by the attributive pronoun everyone in conjunction with an anthroponym, it can be assumed that in speech the proverb characterizes the actions of a specific person. For example: Every Fedorka has his own excuses; There is a saying for every Yegorka; Each Moses has his own idea; Every Filatka has his own tricks.
Personal names are used in proverbs and sayings in a general sense:
any person: Every Paul has his own truth.
young man: There was money - the girls loved Senya.
husband: I had a husband Ivan, God forbid you too.
Personal names, in proverbs and sayings, name a person who characterizes him according to the following characteristics:
appearance: height (Fedora is great, but at an angle of support), face (Parashka has the eyes of a lamb)…
intellectual abilities: intelligence/stupidity (Ivan is not a blockhead)
attitude towards work: hard work / laziness (The girl Gagula sat down to spin and fell asleep...
interpersonal relationships: (They beat Foma for Eremin’s guilt), etc.
Proverbs are a genre of folklore that most clearly reflects the mentality of a particular people, its cultural and religious traditions, and the peculiarities of everyday life. For the reconstruction of the views of people of the past and present, the proper names contained in the folklore text are of particular value. They are the most specific element of folklore, with the help of which a model of behavior of a representative of a certain people is created in various life situations. In this regard, the purpose of my research is an attempt to characterize the views of the Russian people, reflected in proverbs containing proper names.
During the research, we analyzed proverbs and sayings, which can be divided into three groups:
1) exposing human vices;
2) depicting the life of the Russian people;
3) the character’s characteristics are determined solely by random associations of his name under the influence of rhyme.
The largest group consists of proverbs telling about human vices, namely:
stupidity and stubbornness (“Fedora is great, but a fool (and support at an angle)”, “Erema into the water, Thomas to the bottom: both are stubborn, they have never been from the bottom”, “Grandmother Varvara was angry with the world for three years; and with that she died, that the world didn’t recognize”, “Danilo is crazy, but has no idea”, “Humpbacked Ipata will fix the coffin”; “You’re talking to him about the priest, but he’s talking about Emelya the Fool”);
ingratitude and ignorance (“They gave pancakes to the hungry Malanya, but she said: they were baked wrong,” “Ilya is in people, but at home there is a pig”; “Every Jacob blathers to himself”; “Every Jacob has a bad share, as he is not fit for anywhere”);
friendship out of self-interest and betrayal (“Filya was in power - everyone else flocked to him, but trouble came - everyone left the yard”; “Just as Senyushka has two money - so Semyon and Semyon, but Senyushka has no money - nothing Semyon "; "There was money - the girls loved Senya, but there was no money - the girls forgot Senya"; "As misfortunes come upon Foma, so people will leave Foma");
laziness and carelessness at work (“The girl Gagula sat down to spin and fell asleep”; “Live, Ustya, in a hurry”; “Nesterka’s husband, and six children: we are lazy to work, but we are afraid to steal - how can you live here?”);
drunkenness (“Ivan was there, but he became a blockhead, and all the wine is to blame”; “Tatyana is wandering around drunk,” “Tatyana gasped, having given her husband drunk”);
adultery (“It seems from Thomas that he is grieving for his godfather”);
vanity and pride (“And our Olena became neither a peahen nor a raven”);
enmity with neighbors, scandals, curses, insolence (“Dmitry and Boris fought over the garden”);
slander, condemnation, slander (“Akulina cooked up, scolded about Peter”);
mismanagement (“Goodness came to Thomas, but went between his hands”);
doing good deeds for show (“Uncle Filat gave a couple of ducklings: there, he says, they are flying”).
A number of proverbs contain the idea that everyone has what they deserve (“Like Ananya, such is his Malanya”; “Like Dema, such is his home”; “Like Martyn, such is his altyn”); “ As is Pakhom, such is the hat he wears”; “As is Savva, such is his glory”; “As is Aksinya, such is Botvinya”; “As is on Thomas, so is himself”).
It is especially noteworthy that there are significantly fewer proverbs praising a person for any positive qualities: “Business Melania even comes to mass with a spinning wheel.”
Proverbs included in the second group paint pictures of the difficult life of the Russian people: “Ermoshka is rich: there is a goat and a cat (he got a cat and a cat)”, “Hungry Fedot and empty cabbage soup for the hunt (and radish with kvass for honey)”, “Until now Makar I dug vegetable gardens (ridges), and now Makar has become a governor,” “When Ivashka has a white shirt, then Ivashka has a holiday.”
The third group includes proverbs that assess the personal qualities of a character, based on random associations of his name under the influence of rhyme: “Even if he’s a blockhead, yes Ivan”, “Foma of the great mind”, “Ananya in people, a rascal at home”, “Dema, Dema , you should have stayed at home,” “There was kvass, but Vlas drank.”
Analyzing the above, we can draw the following conclusions: the majority of proverbs containing proper names condemn human vices and shortcomings (51% of proverbs), stupidity and stubbornness, ingratitude and ignorance, as well as drunkenness are most zealously denounced; proverbs depicting the life of the Russian people make up 27% of the total number of proverbs under consideration; this group of proverbs tells about poverty, hopelessness and difficult working conditions of ordinary people; the smallest group consists of proverbs that characterize characters based on random associations of their names under the influence of rhyme (22% of proverbs); The proper names found in the last group of proverbs, the bearers of which are the “lower classes,” represent their owner as a stupid person, a simpleton and a loser.
Questionnaire
I conducted a study by surveying my classmates. The survey was structured in the form of a discussion on the topic “Proper names in Russian proverbs and sayings.” For this purpose, I selected several proverbs with traditionally used Russian proper names, as anthroponyms of Russian proverbs and sayings.
Questions
1 What associations did these proverbs evoke in you?
2 What properties do you think the hero has?
3 In your opinion, the properties of the hero in different proverbs are similar or different.
| Name | Meaning | Researched proverbs | Questionnaire analysis |
| Egor | Egor (from the Greek farmer) in Russian dialects means ‘a rogue, a person of dubious behavior. | “Fedora does not marry Yegor; but Fedora goes, but Egor doesn’t take it”; “There is a saying for every Yegorka”; “Not every saying is for our Yegorka” “Egor talked like crazy, but everything was out of time.” | 13% consider it positive 46% consider it negative 41% consider him a person of questionable behavior 27% believe that the proverbs are similar 73% believe that proverbs are different |
| Phillip | Acts as a simpleton, a loser, a dupe. | “They drank at Fili’s and beat Filya” “Philip is used to everything” “They put Filya in damn bast shoes (they deceived him)” “Filka sleeps without bedding” | 18% consider it positive 56% think he's a simpleton 27% consider him a loser 96% believe that the proverbs are similar 4% believe that proverbs are different |
| Makar | Makar has to be the scapegoat. He is poor and homeless, ignorant, obedient and respectful, and most importantly irresponsible (“Poor Makar gets all the shots. | “At Makar’s, just warm up (i.e. snot.) steam” “Makar is coming for Vespers from the dogs to the tavern” “Poor Makar gets all the trouble” | 4% consider it positive 24% consider it negative 17% consider him a scapegoat 55% consider him poor 72% believe that the proverbs are similar 28% believe that proverbs are different |
Conclusion: In the situation with the names Philip and Makar, the meaning of a personal name in the structure of a proverb and saying differs from the name in everyday communication. There is no usual connection between a name and an individual person. A proverb is applied in life to a specific situation and to a specific person who has his own name, which does not coincide with the name in the proverb. An anthroponym acquires a generalized meaning, gravitating toward a common noun. The development of the figurative basis of the name, its rethinking occurs on the basis of random associations.
Conclusion
Having analyzed the thematic group of proverbs and sayings that include personal names in their structure, we can draw the following conclusions:
Proverbs play an important role in folk life: they serve as guiding principles for activity; they are referred to to justify their actions and actions, they are used to accuse or denounce others.
Personal names in proverbs are important because they specify a certain quality, help to compare different people and indicate the strengths and weaknesses of a person.
Most of the names used in oral folk art are not originally Russian; they are borrowed mainly from Greek, Hebrew, and Latin.
The most common names in proverbs and sayings are the names Ivan, Thomas, Erema, Makar and Malanya, which have a common meaning and create the image of a stupid, lazy person, a simpleton and a buffoon.
In Russian folklore, stable sayings with proper names are widely used, in which personal names are used for rhyme and consonance of measure: such, for example, are proverbs in which they are mentioned: Andrey is a mouthful, Vavilo is a snout, Ivan is a blockhead, Martyn is an altyn, Roman is pocket, Savva – glory, Fedora – fool, etc.
In all proverbial sayings, people of well-known properties usually bear the same name, which has one meaning: Andrei is a crook, Ivanushka and Emelya are fools, Fomka and Sergei are thieves, rogues, Kuzka is a wretched man, Petrak is a farm laborer, etc.
Bibliography:
Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people. M.: Bustard, 2007. 814 p.
Kondratyeva T.N. Metamorphoses of one's own name. Kazan, Linguistics, 1983. 238 p.
Lazutin S.G. Poetics of Russian folklore. M.: Higher School, 1989. 345 p.
Mokienko V.M. Into the depth of the proverb. M.: Education, 1995. 256 p.
Parfenova N.N. Personal names in small folklore genres in the aspect of linguoculturology. M.: Education, 1995. 295 p.
Dictionary of Russian folk dialects / Ch. ed. Filin F.P. – 3rd ed. L.: Nauka, 1998. 1047 p.
Uspensky L.V. You and your name. L.: Children's literature, 1972. 264 p.
To the question Give proverbs and sayings with proper names. a) Grishka b) Zakhar c) Semyon given by the author European the best answer is Stupid Avdey was stabbed in the neck.
The master of the house is like Adam in heaven.
There was kvass, but Vlas drank it, and it will reach the one who brewed it.
Our Grishka does not burp.
Danilo was really hammering, but the hammering went wrong.
Every Demid strives for himself.
Every Demid strives to himself.
Dmitry and Boris fought over the garden.
There is a saying for every Yegorka.
Emelya went, we still have a week to wait.
Ermoshka is rich: he has a goat and a cat.
Ermoshka is rich: he has a cat and a cat.
There was Ivan, but he became a fool, and it’s all his fault.
Ivan plays the pipe, and Marya tells the news.
Until they knew it, they called him Ivan, but when they found out, they called him a blockhead.
With a name - Ivan, and without a name - a blockhead.
In people there is Ilya, but at home there is a pig.
I went to Kirilo’s feast and was given a punch there.
Klim thinks he wants to cut a wedge.
In Makar's house there is a cat, a mosquito and a midge.
Yesterday Makar was digging ridges, and today Makar has become a governor.
Where does Makar drive his calves?
Maxim was basking in a circle of aspens.
Good Martin, if there is altyn.
Martin got his hands on the soap.
Hood Matvey, when he does not know how to treat guests.
Our Mishka does not take extra.
God is not Nikita, he will break the ties.
Each Nikita is busy taking care of his belongings.
The truth went to Peter and Paul, but lies spread throughout the earth.
Hood Roman when your pocket is empty.
There was Savva, there was glory.
To the good Savva, kindness and glory.
There was money - the girls loved Senya, but when there was no money - the girls forgot Senya.
Every Semyon is smart to himself.
Our Sergunko is not squeamish - he eats gingerbread even if it is not written.
Styopka deftly built the stove: the chimney is high, and the smoke pulls into the gateway.
Our Taras is no worse than you.
Not every Taras is good at singing along.
Hungry Fedot wants empty cabbage soup.
Hungry Fedot is keen on turnips.
Fedot, but not the same one.
Filat Every Filat in his own way.
Uncle Filat gave a couple of ducklings: there they are, he says, flying.
Filya was strong - all his friends flocked to him, but trouble came - everyone left the yard.
They beat Foma for Eremin's guilt.
Foma has a great mind, but his sum is great.
Lie to someone who doesn’t know Thomas, and I’m his brother.
They talk about Thomas, and he talks about Yerema.
Good came to Foma, but went between his hands.
I am for Thomas, and he is for Yerema.
Every Yakov blathers to himself.
Yakov, Yakov! Not all of you would yakal.
Each Alenka praises her cow.
Don’t brag, Nastya: I was a little tense, and even then I lost it.
Nastya went through adversity.
Arinushka Marinushka is no worse.
Grandmother Varvara was angry with the world for three years; And so she died, so that the world did not recognize her.
I went to Varvara for reprisals.
For a prince - a princess, for a boyar - Marina, and for everyone - their own Katerina.
She did not grieve, did not cry - Martha went for Jacob.
Ulyana Ulyana woke up neither late nor early - everyone was leaving work, and she was right there.
Fedora is great and stupid.
Fedora is great, but the support is at an angle.
Now we move on to Russian proverbs, which it would also be nice for each of us to know.
Russian proverbs and sayings, as everyone knows, this is folk wisdom that came to us from life experience. Now let's look at the most frequently used among them among the people, as well as their interpretations, among other things. For convenience, Russian proverbs and sayings are presented alphabetically.
Russian proverbs and sayings and their meaning
Appetite comes with eating.
The deeper you delve into something, the more you understand and recognize it.
A woman with a cart makes it easier for a mare.
About the departure of an unnecessary person who is not so useful to anything.
Trouble doesn’t walk through the forest, but through people.
Misfortunes with people are the real trouble, and not with what surrounds them.
Misfortunes never come alone.
She will definitely take at least one more with her.
Poverty is not a vice.
You should not judge people for poverty, since it is not their negative quality.
You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without difficulty.
Nothing can be achieved without persistence and effort.
Take care of your dress again, and take care of your honor from a young age.
About norms of behavior in society, etc. And if something is lost or torn, it will no longer be possible to restore it.
God saves man, who save himself.
It is easier for a person who is prudent and careful in his decisions and actions to avoid dangers and unjustified risks.
Free cheese only comes in a mousetrap.
Rarely is anything free given to us without pitfalls, without a catch.
God marks the rogue.
Evil deeds and other negative qualities do not go unpunished.
For a big ship, a long voyage.
A person with great abilities gets great opportunities.
If you suffer for a long time, something will work out.
If you really try in a difficult matter, you can achieve at least something.
Paper will endure anything.
Paper, unlike people, will tolerate any lie, any mistake written on it.
Being a guest is good, but being at home is better.
Home comfort, created with your own hands or the hands of a loved one, cannot be replaced by any visit.
In a healthy body healthy mind.
By keeping the body healthy, a person also maintains mental well-being.
Every family has its black sheep.
In any family or team there will always be a person with negative qualities.
In crowded but not mad.
A little inconvenience for everyone is better than a more serious problem for just one.
Still waters run deep.
Quiet and calm-looking people often hide a complex nature.
They don’t go to someone else’s monastery with their own rules.
In someone else's team, you should not behave only according to your own rules and procedures.
We see the speck in someone else's eye, but we don't notice the log in our own.
The mistakes and shortcomings of the people around you are more noticeable than your own.
Live forever, learn forever, but you will die a fool.
About the impossibility of knowing everything, even with a constant and persistent acquisition of knowledge.
I picked up the tug - don’t say it’s not strong.
Once you take up a task, bring it to the end, despite the difficulties.
The bird is visible in flight.
About people who, through their deeds and their appearance, show others their nature.
Water wears away stones.
Even minor work, manifested long and persistently, gives good results.
Pound water in a mortar and there will be water.
About doing a stupid thing that does not bring anything useful.
The wolf's legs feed him.
To earn a living, you need to move, be active, and not sit still.
If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest.
If you are afraid of difficulties or dangerous consequences, then you should not start any business.
All diseases are caused by nerves.
Anger, resentment and resentment weaken the immune system, which leads to the formation of diseases. Avoid anything that makes you nervous. Be patient.
Everything will be ground - there will be flour.
Any problem sooner or later turns into a good result.
All is well that ends well.
If the ending of something is good, then there is nothing to worry about.
Everything has its time.
Everything happens at the appointed time, not earlier and not later.
Everyone goes crazy in their own way.
Each person has their own advantages and disadvantages.
Every cricket knows its nest.
Everyone should know their place and not interfere with someone else’s.
Every bast in line.
Everything can be useful, everything can be used; any mistake is blamed.
Where there is anger, there is mercy.
Not everything can be done with just anger; over time, mercy comes.
Where wood is cut, chips fly.
In any business there are always losses, costs...
Needed where was born.
About a place of birth that would not be worth leaving forever.
Where it's thin, that's where it breaks.
What is strong always remains strong, and the weakest link always cracks.
The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.
It's scary to take on a task until you finally take it on.
The need for invention is cunning.
The need and poverty of a person make him more intelligent and inventive.
Mountain does not converge with mountain, but man does not converge with man.
About people, despite the mountains, who are capable by nature of understanding and meeting halfway.
One grave will correct a hunchback, but a club will correct a stubborn one.
It is difficult and sometimes impossible for a person to get rid of his bad habits.
Prepare a sleigh in the summer and a cart in the winter.
Before you start anything, you must first prepare.
They do not look at a given horse's teeth.
For any gift you are supposed to thank and rejoice at it, they say, take what you give.
Two bears do not live in the same den.
About two rivals vying for leadership. There is no room for two owners in one house.
The master's work is afraid.
The work carried out by the master is completed efficiently and quickly.
Time for business, time for fun.
Most of your time should be spent on study and work, and only partly on entertainment.
For a dear friend and an earring.
For a good friend or loved one, you don’t feel sorry for even the most valuable.
Debt good turn deserves another.
A good attitude towards people will definitely return in kind.
Expensive egg for Easter day.
It's always nice to get what you expect at the right time, in the right place.
Friendship is friendship, and service is service.
Friendly relationships should not affect work relationships, however, and vice versa.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
Only a friend will do everything possible for you to save you in a difficult situation.
There is no law for fools.
Only an intelligent person gives in to the rules; fools have no time for them anyway.
A bad example is contagious.
About imitation of a bad example, a bad deed of another person.
Living life is not a field to cross.
Life is a complicated thing, living it is not so easy.
If you chase two hares, you won’t catch either.
It is impossible to achieve two goals at the same time; everything must be done sequentially.
You can't see the forest for the trees.
By focusing on little things or on the same thing, it is impossible to see the main thing.
The Forbidden fruit is sweet.
Taking someone else’s or forbidden things is much more pleasant than taking your own.
Make a fool pray to God, and he’ll bruise his forehead.
An overly zealous person can harm the business.
It is not worth it.
The money spent on something is not justified by the results obtained.
You can't erase a word from a song.
It is impossible to change or hide something with words without distorting reality.
If only I knew where to fall, I would have laid out straws.
About caution, forethought, so that there is no trouble.
Each sandpiper praises its swamp.
Every person praises the place in which he lives, but everything else is foreign and unusual.
Everyone judges for himself.
The way a person is, that’s how those around him seem to be.
As it comes back, so will it respond.
Any actions towards people around you, good or bad, eventually turn out to be the same.
Whatever you name the ship, that’s how it will sail.
What you set your mind to is what you will get.
You can't spoil porridge with oil.
What is useful and pleasant cannot cause harm, even if there is too much of it.
Fight fire with fire.
To eliminate the results of an action, therefore, by the same means that caused this action.
The end is the crown of the whole thing.
It is important to complete any task.
Finished the job - go for a walk safely.
Once you finish your work, you can rest peacefully without thinking about it.
The horse has four legs and even then stumbles.
Even the most intelligent, dexterous and skillful people can sometimes make mistakes.
A penny saves the ruble.
To accumulate a lot, you must not neglect the little.
The hut is red not in its corners, but in its pies.
The owner of the house is valued not by wealth, but by hospitality.
Who seeks will always find.
When a person really tries to search, he really finds.
Whoever gets up early, God gives him.
He who is not lazy to get up early will have a longer day and a more luxuriant harvest.
Where the needle goes, so goes the thread.
About a person dependent on someone or about close attachment to each other.
Strike while the iron is hot.
While the opportunity allows, it is better to act, otherwise it may not exist later.
The chicken pecks one grain at a time, but is full.
By doing something regularly, even if only a little at a time, you can achieve results.
You can't break through walls with your forehead.
It is impossible to go against the authorities.
They don't hit someone who is lying down.
It is not customary to finish off someone who is injured or in trouble.
A fly in the ointment.
When everything is good, any, even minor, dirty trick can ruin everything.
Better the bitter truth than a sweet lie.
You won't get far with a lie, unlike the truth, no matter what it is.
Better to see once than hear a hundred times.
You should not believe words, you should only look at actions.
Better late than never.
It is better to do something at least someday than not to do it at all.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
It is better to have something small and quite accessible than something large and difficult to achieve.
Love for all ages.
A person has the ability to fall in love at absolutely any age.
If you like to ride, you also like to carry a sled.
To achieve something in your life, make an effort.
The less you know the better you sleep.
The more you know, the more excitement and worry there is.
The world is not without good people.
There will always be generous people with a desire to help in someone else's troubles.
Young is green.
Young people, unlike adults, are not mature enough in their knowledge.
Silent means consent.
Silence is like an assumption of an affirmative answer.
Moscow was not built in a day.
Everything complex and perfect is never given at once, only with a gain of experience.
In the absence of fish, cancer is a fish.
In the absence of something better, something worse may come in handy.
Trust in God, and don’t make a mistake yourself.
You should not rely solely on God when doing anything. Do everything yourself, and God only supports.
Every man to his own taste.
Tastes and preferences of different people may differ from each other.
You can't please everyone.
You can't please everyone, no matter what you do. Even if you are an angel, someone may not like the rustling of your wings.
Simplicity is enough for every wise man.
No matter how wise and perspicacious a person is, he can be deceived.
The animal runs towards the catcher.
It is easier for those who are brave, persistent, and stubborn to achieve anything they want.
There is no trial.
About the humble acceptance of the absence of something or the refusal of a request.
They carry water to the offended.
A person is forced to be able to forgive. And an offended person looks of no interest to anyone.
Hope dies last.
Even with disappointment or complete failure, there is still hope for the best.
Gruzdev called himself get in the body.
If you boast or promise to do something, do it.
You won't be nice by force.
No one can be forced to love against their will.
It is not God who burns the pots.
Each person is doomed to cope with his tasks himself, and not rely only on God alone.
Don't sit in your own sleigh.
Equivalent to the expression “Mind your own business.”
Not everything is Maslenitsa, there is also Lent.
Life is not always a holiday. It comes in changeable stripes.
All that glitters is not gold.
Any thing or entity, no matter how beautiful it looks, is not determined only by external signs. The internal signs are more important.
If you don't know the ford, don't go into the water.
Before you do anything, you should know how it is done.
Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends.
Money disappears the first time you go to the store, but friends remain forever.
It is not the place that makes the person, but the person the place.
A person with a bad position can be an excellent worker, but with a good position - vice versa.
Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
While there is an opportunity, it is better to carry out your plans right away, in order to avoid acquiring laziness and regret.
Don't spit in the well - you'll need some water to drink.
You should not spoil your relationship with a person, no matter what he is. But in the future it can turn out to be very useful, and even save a life.
Not caught - not a thief, not caught - not cheated.
A person is not guilty of an offense until proven guilty.
Don't dig a hole for someone else - you yourself will fall into it.
A person who does bad things to another person suffers himself, having encountered the consequences of his own actions.
Don't cut the branch you're sitting on.
Don’t do stupid things and evil, because you yourself can choke on the same thing.
The devil is not as scary as he is painted.
An indication of exaggeration of the significance of any negative phenomenon.
Man does not live by bread alone.
A person has not only material qualities, but also spiritual ones.
There is no smoke without fire.
Nothing happens just like that, for example, there is no gossip without reason.
Every cloud has a silver lining.
In any difficult situation, you can always extract something pleasant and useful.
Burnt on milk - blows on the water.
Having made a mistake once, in the future you become more careful and prudent.
There is safety in numbers.
It is more difficult to withstand something alone, to win a fight, than with someone else.
One head is good, but two are even better.
Two people will be able to solve any problem better and faster, unlike one.
One swallow does not make spring.
The very first and only sign of a phenomenon is not the phenomenon itself.
From love to hate one step.
It won't be difficult to anger a person and make him hate you.
No one is immune from the event.
No matter how hard you try to prevent trouble, it can still happen.
It's a double-edged sword.
For every desired action there is a reaction.
The first pancake is lumpy.
Anything doesn't always work out really well the first time.
Stretch your legs along the clothes.
About living according to your means, income, in accordance with your capabilities.
They meet you by their clothes, they see them off by their intelligence.
A meeting with a person is valued according to external signs, and parting is valued according to internal, mental ones.
Even a sword does not cut a guilty head.
Those who voluntarily admit their guilt should not be seriously punished.
Repetition is the mother of learning.
The more you repeat, the better you know.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
If you do nothing, nothing will come of it.
Until the thunder strikes, the man will not cross himself.
A person will drag out his illness or other problem until the last moment, until it resolves completely.
Trying is not torture, and demand is not a problem.
There is nothing stopping you from at least trying to do something rather than not doing it at all.
After a fight they don’t wave their fists.
It is unacceptable to change anything when it is too late.
If you hurry, you will make people laugh.
Any task should be done calmly, slowly, in order to avoid a funny situation.
Forewarned is forearmed.
What you are warned about, you are ready for.
When trouble comes, open the gate.
Misfortune never comes alone. Therefore, you need to be more careful and prepared for anything.
The frightened crow is afraid of the bush.
If a person is truly scared, he will be afraid of everything that surrounds him.
For a drunk, the sea is knee-deep, and the puddle is up to his ears.
A drunk person is drawn to actions that he would never dare to do if he were sober.
Once a year the stick shoots.
Very rarely, but still the impossible may well become possible.
One born to crawl cannot fly.
If a person is born a fool, then he will die a fool.
Fish looks for where it is deeper, and man looks for where it is better.
About people who want better devices for their lives.
The fish rots from the head.
If the government is bad, so will its subordinates.
Birds of a feather flock together.
Close people easily find a common language.
To live with wolves is to howl like a wolf.
When joining any community, life according to their principles is not excluded.
Out of sight, out of mind.
The human principle is to forget someone with whom you do not see or communicate.
Whoever you hang out with, that's how you'll gain.
Whom you communicate with, make friends with, you adopt his views, habits, etc.
With your loved one and in the hut is paradise.
It’s good to be with your loved one anywhere and under any conditions.
The light did not converge like a wedge.
If everything is good at a certain facility, you shouldn’t make do with it alone.
Our people - we will be numbered.
Close people are doomed to help each other without asking for anything in return.
I can't bear my own burden.
What you personally receive is easier to bear, unlike the tolerability of someone else’s.
Your shirt is closer to your body.
Your own interests are more important than the interests of other people.
A holy place is never empty.
If a good place is empty, someone else will immediately take it.
Seven do not wait for one.
They won’t wait for one latecomer when everyone is already gathered and ready for business.
Seven times measure cut once.
Before you do anything, you must first think carefully, provide for everything, in order to avoid an accident.
Lawless Heart.
About the inability to control your feelings.
No matter how much you feed the wolf, he still looks into the forest.
It is impossible to change the natural instincts and inclinations of another person.
Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.
About foreshadowing something, like in a fairy tale, it’s quick and easy, but in reality it’s more complicated.
Miser pays twice.
Unlike buying a cheap thing and then buying an expensive one because the cheap one breaks down soon, it is better to immediately buy an expensive and high-quality thing for a long time.
Tears of sorrow will not help.
Don't be discouraged if you can get rid of grief. And if the problem is inevitable, there is no point in shedding tears.
The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it.
Once you find yourself in an awkward situation and say a bad word, it is impossible to go back.
The word is silver, silence is gold.
It is a matter of honor to say something useful, but it is better to remain silent about useless and empty chatter.
The earth is full of rumors.
A person knows secret information thanks to rumors.
A dog can be a biter from a dog's life.
An unkind, aggressive person often becomes like this due to the conditions of his life: from a lack of love, care from people around him, frequent misfortunes, etc.
He ate the dog and choked on his tail.
It is impossible to do anything big without tripping over a small thing.
There are no boundaries for perfection.
No matter how hard you try to improve the situation, you can always do better.
Nightingales are not fed fables.
Talking cannot feed those who are hungry. He should be offered food.
An old bird is not caught with chaff.
It is difficult to trick an experienced person with anything, to lead him into a dead end.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
Old, proven, long-familiar, predictable is much more reliable, as opposed to new, unfamiliar, not yet tested by everyday situations.
The well-fed cannot understand the hungry.
The difficulty of one is incomprehensible to another until he stoops to this difficulty himself.
Patience and a little effort.
Patience and perseverance in work will overcome all obstacles.
Be patient, Cossack - you will become an ataman!
Encouragement to become a patient person when any difficulty is nothing.
Three doctors are no better than one.
Similar to the proverb Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
The more people take on one task, the less attention is paid to it.
Fear has big eyes.
About fearful people who perceive everything small and insignificant as large and terrible.
An agreement (agreement) is more valuable than money.
A respectful contract, unlike money, can be lost forever. Its terms and conditions must be strictly adhered to.
A drowning man clutches at a straw.
A person in trouble is ready to do anything to save himself. Even if the method does not give much results.
The morning is wiser than the evening.
In the morning, decisions are made more effectively, as opposed to a tired evening.
Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
Learning is the path to knowledge, achievements, success. And lack of learning is the cause of developmental retardation and lack of culture.
Well, where we do not.
Often a person underestimates where he is now and overestimates the features of the place where he has not yet been.
The bad (bad) grass is out of the field.
You should get rid of anything harmful or unnecessary so that things go faster.
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
The success of any business can only be said if it has a visible result.
Man is the architect of his own happiness.
To be happy, you need to do something, and not wait until it comes on its own.
Man proposes, but God disposes.
You should not be one hundred percent sure of the success of an action or enterprise that has not yet taken place.
Whatever you boast about, you will be left without.
A person who talks a lot about his happiness remains without it.
What the hell is not joking (while God sleeps).
Anything can happen, anything can happen.
What we have, we don’t keep, and when we lose it, we cry.
The true value of something or someone is noticed when we are deprived of it.
What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an axe.
What is written, once it has become known, cannot be changed.
What goes around comes around.
Good or evil done by someone returns over time.
To get to know a person, you have to eat a ton of salt with him.
To get to know a person well, you need to live with him for a long time, overcoming various difficulties in life with him.
Someone else's soul is darkness.
No matter how well we know a person, his thoughts will always be a mystery. And a person’s external appearance is not always a reflection of his soul.
I’ll take away someone else’s trouble with my hands, but I won’t apply my mind to mine.
Other people's troubles seem more solvable, easier, unlike your own.
Murder will out.
The secret always becomes clear. And the lie will definitely come out over time.
Cabbage soup and porridge are our food.
About the habit of eating simple food.
The apple never falls far from the tree.
What parents are like, their children have the same mentality.
The language will take you to Kyiv.
By asking people you can get anywhere.
Teach your grandmother to suck eggs.
An inexperienced person can teach little to an experienced one.