National winter holiday of the Bashkirs presentation. Bashkir people: culture, traditions and customs

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Traditions of the Bashkir people Completed by: teacher of MKDOU No. 8 Nuretdinova E. N.

Southern Urals - Homeland of Bashkiria

Cold sky, transparent distances, huge frozen rocks. It was not for nothing that this region was given a proud name - the Urals.

Ural means land of gold. The Ural is a deep expanse of rivers. These are forests that, like packs of wolves, surrounded the foothills of the mountains in a ring.

The distances sparkle with the light of factories, Trains thunder between the blocks of rocks. It was not for nothing that this region was given a proud name - the Ural!

This is a land of free steppes and forests.

The land of deep rivers and bright lakes.

A land of fertile plains and mountain ranges.

More than a hundred nationalities live in the Southern Urals.

Bashkirs - “Bashkort”: “bash” - head, “court” - wolf.

Culture of the Bashkir people

Bashkirs are experienced livestock breeders

Skilled beekeepers

Behind the loose sands, Behind the Nogai steppes, high mountains rise with emerald valleys.

Rivers, bright lakes, fast streams.

There the steppes are undulating with grass, feather grass, and decorated with flowers.

That is my native land. Country of free Bashkirs!

Since ancient times, he was held in high esteem by the Tatars and Bashkirs. He is covered in the spirit of friendship - the whole world celebrates him!

Bashkir songs are beautiful and melodious

Bashkir dances are laconic and dynamic

Yurta is a Bashkir national dwelling.

The Bashkir land keeps many traditions and legends.

Bashkirs are hospitable hosts.

Tradition of welcoming guests. Bashkirs are very hospitable hosts. It doesn’t matter who fate brings to their doorstep: an invited guest or an uninvited one, a generous holiday treat will definitely be placed on the table. The guest will be greeted with cordiality and warmth. When parting with guests, the Bashkirs have a wonderful tradition: to give guests small gifts, as a sign that their arrival brought happiness to the house, and to invite them to visit again.

Bashkir cuisine is unique and tasty

Honor and respect for elders.

Tradition is honoring elders. Among the strong and respected traditions, I would especially like to highlight the veneration of elders. In a Bashkir family, grandparents are considered the main ones, and the youngest representative of the family is obliged to know the names of all his ancestors going back seven generations! What about families, family life?! The desire to start a family and have children is the dream of every Bashkir. Love for children is as strong and boundless as veneration of ancestors!

The Ural region, native space, beauty... Wherever you go, don’t forget!

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Prepared and conducted by the teacher of GBOU School 1195 DO SP No. 3 Yulia Yuryevna Fufaeva. On the topic: “Culture and traditions of the Russian people.” The final leisure educational activity together with...

The culture and traditions of the Russian people are an integral part of the education of the younger generation and an indispensable means of shaping the spiritual world of children. Introducing students to the culture...

• The kurai flower is a symbol of the seven Bashkir tribes.

• Bashkortostan is a multinational republic. Representatives of more than 70 nations and nationalities live on its territory. The most numerous of them are Bashkirs (21.9%), Tatars (28.4%) and Russians (39.3%). The remaining nationalities together make up 10.4% of the population of Bashkortostan. In total, representatives of over 130 nationalities live in Bashkortostan.

• The population in Russia is 1345.3 thousand people, including 863.8 thousand people in Bashkiria.
• They live in the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, and Tyumen regions. They live throughout Russia.

• They speak the Bashkir language of the Turkic group of the Altaic family; dialects: southern, eastern, the northwestern group of dialects stands out. Russian and Tatar languages ​​are widespread.
• Russian and Tatar languages ​​are widespread.
• Writing based on the Russian alphabet.
• Believers Bashkirs are Sunni Muslims.

• Bashkirs are Turkic-speaking nomads who began their movement to present-day Bashkiria in the 4th century. from the southern steppe strip. The Southern Urals and the adjacent steppes, where the formation of the people took place, have long been an arena of active interaction between different cultures and languages.
• In the 1st millennium AD e. The penetration of nomadic Turks into the Southern Urals begins, displacing and partly assimilating the aborigines; Turkic tribes obviously played a decisive role in the formation of the language, culture and physical appearance of the Bashkirs.

• The traditional occupation of the Bashkirs has long been semi-nomadic cattle breeding; they bred mainly horses, as well as sheep, cattle, and camels. Other activities included hunting, fishing, and beekeeping. Ancillary occupations and crafts were developed - weaving, woodworking, blacksmithing and jewelry. A special role was played by the processing of hides and skins and the manufacture of clothing and shoes from them.

• The traditional rural settlement of the Bashkirs was the aul. Under conditions of nomadic life, its location changed; permanent settlements appeared with the transition to sedentary life, as a rule, on the site of winter roads. At first they were characterized by a cumulus layout, then it gave way to a street layout, in which each grouping of related families occupied separate ends, streets or blocks. The number of households varied from several dozen to 200-300 or more; in settlements there were 10-20 households.

• Islam.
• Writing for Bashkir
• language was first created on the basis of Arabic graphics, in 1929 it was translated into Latin, and since 1939 - into Russian graphics.

• The basis of the Bashkir women's costume is a body dress (kuldek) with frills, decorated with a woven pattern and embroidery. Frills, cuffs, and pintucks on the chest appeared on dresses only at the beginning of the 20th century. The turn-down collar was usually made of factory-made, softer fabric (satin, chintz), and the chest slit was fastened with lace. The hem and sleeves are bordered by red stripes of a braided pattern, and the red satin collar is embroidered with counted satin stitch. The tunic-like cut of clothing is the most common in the national costume of the peoples of the region.

• The folk clothing of the Bashkirs unites the traditions of steppe nomads and local settled tribes.

• Meat and dairy foods predominated; products of hunting, fishing, honey, berries and herbs were consumed.

• The main folk holidays were celebrated in spring and summer.
• On the eve of spring field work, and in some places after it, a plow festival (Sabantuy, Habantuy) was held, which included a common meal, wrestling, horse racing, running competitions, archery, and competitions with a humorous effect.

• The Bashkirs retained elements of traditional beliefs:
• reverence for objects (rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, etc.) and phenomena (winds, snowstorms) of nature, heavenly bodies, animals and birds (bear, wolf, horse, dog, snake, swan, crane, golden eagle, falcon and etc., the cult of rooks was associated with the cult of ancestors, dying and reviving nature).
• Among the numerous host spirits (eye), a special place is occupied by the brownie (yort eyyahe) and the water spirit (hyu eyyahe).
• The supreme heavenly deity Tenre subsequently merged with the Muslim Allah.
• The forest spirit shurale and brownie are endowed with the features of Muslim shaitans, Iblis, and genies.
• The demonic characters bisura and albasty are syncretic.
• The interweaving of traditional and Muslim beliefs is also observed in rituals, especially homeland and funeral rituals.

450 years together. Bashkirs. Sverdlovsk Regional International Library. Information publication. The Bashkirs of the Sverdlovsk region, the indigenous population of the Urals, live in all cities and districts of the region. Most of them are villagers. Places of compact residence are Krasnoufimsky, Mikhailovsky, Nizhneserginsky, Artinsky, Kamensky districts. Together with all the people in 2007, the Ural Bashkirs celebrate the 450th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Bashkiria into Russia - they celebrate it as a holiday of indestructible friendship and brotherhood of the Bashkir and Russian peoples, all the peoples of our Motherland. Joining Russia had great progressive significance for Bashkiria, contributing to the awakening of productive and creative forces, familiarization with economic experience, Russian culture and social thought. The friendship of the Russian and Bashkir peoples grew stronger and was tempered in the joint struggle for the integrity and independence of Russia. The Bashkirs fought bravely in the militia of Minin and Pozharsky, in the Azov campaigns of Peter 1, in the Northern and Seven Years' Wars. In the Patriotic War of 1812, Bashkiria fielded 19 cavalry regiments. In recognition of their military merits, in the Leipzig Museum, next to the names of Russian divisions, the names of Bashkir units are carved in gold letters. For many centuries, our peoples have fought against social and national oppression. An expressive example of the union of working people of different nationalities was the Peasant War led by Emelyan Pugachev, in which the Bashkir people took an active part, bringing forward from their midst a talented commander, thinker and poet - the legendary Salavat Yulaev. The raid of the South Ural partisans on the rear of the White Guards under the command of V.K. Blucher entered the annals of the military partnership as a bright page. Thousands of Bashkirs fought bravely as part of the Red Army units commanded by M.V. Frunze and V.I. Chapaev.

The Russian Federative Republic is a multinational state; representatives of many nations live, work and honor their traditions here, one of which is the Bashkirs living in the Republic of Bashkortostan (capital Ufa) on the territory of the Volga Federal District. It must be said that the Bashkirs live not only in this territory, they can be found everywhere in all corners of the Russian Federation, as well as in Ukraine, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan.

The Bashkirs, or as they call themselves the Bashkorts, are the indigenous Turkic population of Bashkiria; according to statistics, about 1.6 million people of this nationality live on the territory of the autonomous republic; a significant number of Bashkirs live in the territory of Chelyabinsk (166 thousand), Orenburg (52.8 thousand) , about 100 thousand representatives of this nationality are located in the Perm Territory, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan regions. Their religion is Islamic Sunnism. Bashkir traditions, their way of life and customs are very interesting and differ from other traditions of the peoples of Turkic nationality.

Culture and life of the Bashkir people

Until the end of the 19th century, the Bashkirs led a semi-nomadic lifestyle, but gradually became sedentary and mastered agriculture, the eastern Bashkirs for some time practiced going on summer nomads and in the summer they preferred to live in yurts; over time, they began to live in wooden log houses or adobe huts, and then in more modern buildings.

Family life and the celebration of folk holidays of the Bashkirs almost until the end of the 19th century was subject to strict patriarchal foundations, which in addition included the customs of Muslim Sharia. The kinship system was influenced by Arab traditions, which implied a clear division of the line of kinship into maternal and paternal parts; this was subsequently necessary to determine the status of each family member in matters of inheritance. The right of minority was in effect (predominance of the rights of the youngest son), when the house and all the property in it, after the death of the father, passed to the youngest son, the older brothers had to receive their share of the inheritance during the life of the father, when they got married, and the daughters when they got married. Previously, the Bashkirs married their daughters quite early; the optimal age for this was considered to be 13-14 years (bride), 15-16 years (groom).

(Painting by F. Roubaud "Bashkirs hunting with falcons in the presence of Emperor Alexander II" 1880s)

The rich Bashkorts practiced polygamy, because Islam allows up to 4 wives at the same time, and there was a custom of conspiring with children while still in their cradles, the parents drank bata (kumiss or diluted honey from one bowl) and thus entered into a wedding union. When marrying a bride, it was customary to give a bride price, which depended on the financial status of the newlyweds’ parents. It could be 2-3 horses, cows, several outfits, pairs of shoes, a painted scarf or robe; the mother of the bride was given a fox fur coat. In marriage relations, ancient traditions were respected; the rule of levirate (the younger brother must marry the wife of the elder) and sororate (the widower marries the younger sister of his late wife) were in effect. Islam plays a huge role in all spheres of public life, hence the special position of women in the family circle, in the process of marriage and divorce, as well as in inheritance relations.

Traditions and customs of the Bashkir people

The Bashkir people hold their main festivals in spring and summer. The people of Bashkortostan celebrate the Kargatuy “rook holiday” at the time when the rooks arrive in the spring, the meaning of the holiday is to celebrate the moment of nature’s awakening from winter sleep and also an occasion to turn to the forces of nature (by the way, the Bashkirs believe that it is the rooks that are closely connected with them) with a request about the well-being and fertility of the coming agricultural season. Previously, only women and the younger generation could participate in the festivities; now these restrictions have been lifted, and men can also dance in circles, eat ritual porridge and leave its remains on special boulders for rooks.

The plow festival Sabantuy is dedicated to the beginning of work in the fields; all residents of the village came to the open area and participated in various competitions, they wrestled, competed in running, raced horses and pulled each other on ropes. After the winners were determined and awarded, a common table was set with various dishes and treats, usually a traditional beshbarmak (a dish of crumbled boiled meat and noodles). Previously, this custom was carried out with the goal of appeasing the spirits of nature so that they would make the land fertile and it would produce a good harvest, and over time it became a regular spring holiday, marking the beginning of hard agricultural work. Residents of the Samara region have revived the traditions of both the Rook's holiday and Sabantuy, which they celebrate every year.

An important holiday for the Bashkirs is called Jiin (Yiyyn), residents of several villages took part in it, during it various trade operations were carried out, parents agreed on the marriage of their children, and fair sales took place.

Bashkirs also honor and celebrate all Muslim holidays, traditional for all adherents of Islam: these are Eid al-Fitr (the end of fasting), and Kurban Bayram (the holiday of the end of the Hajj, on which it is necessary to sacrifice a ram, a camel or a cow), and Maulid Bayram (famous for the Prophet Muhammad).