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Name: Ernest Miller Hemingway
Birthday: July 21, 1899
Place of Birth: Oak Park, Chicago, USA
Date of death: July 2, 1961
A place of death: Ketchum, USA

Biography of Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Illinois (USA) into a family of avid hunters. Both grandfather and father of young Hemingway loved to take a break from the bustle of the world in the company of their favorite gun. Ultimately, it played a role in both the life and death of the writer himself.

All his life, Hemingway was a morning person - he always woke up very early and worked until lunch. At this time, it was dangerous to distract him: physically strong, he could bloody the nose of even a friend with a professional boxing blow if he unexpectedly interfered with his train of thoughts.

Journalism helped Hemingway begin his writing career. His first place of work was the rather provincial newspaper The Kansas Star. It was here that he learned such a “verbal” reporter’s letter, thanks to which each of his works is read quickly and easily.

Hemingway always dreamed of living a life full of exploits. And when the opportunity arose to go to the front, even if not as a soldier, he took it (the fact is that due to vision problems, Ernest was not accepted for service). Hemingway worked on the front lines, delivering mail, food and tobacco to his comrades. Here he was seriously wounded: a mine that exploded nearby completely crushed his leg. As a result, the writer spent many months in a military hospital, underwent many operations and recovered. These events later formed the basis for the novel A Farewell to Arms! Interestingly, to write another of his books, “Death in the Afternoon,” Hemingway studied the art of bullfighting for many years.

The second war that the writer had to face in Spain was civil. He goes to the epicenter of events as a war correspondent, although at first he works as the author of the text for the film “Spanish Land”. At this time, Hemingway was lucky: he became the owner of a house and land in Cuba, where he had long dreamed of settling.

There were four women in Ernest's life, each of whom he loved. Young Hemingway fell in love with pianist Hadley, with whom he had his first son, John. Ernest's second passion was his work colleague Polina, a successful journalist. The difficult birth of his son seriously influenced the writer, resulting in the plot of the novel “A Farewell to Arms!” Ernest's third wife, Martha, became more of a front-line friend than a wife. As soon as the war ended, they separated. Hemingway's last crush was another journalist, Mary Welsh.

Another love of the writer is his yacht “Pilar”. He devoted a lot of his free time to fishing, and one episode from his life even served as the basis for the creation of the story “The Old Man and the Sea.” Yes, he really was left alone with a huge sea beast, and even in a boat carried eight miles from the shore.

In 1954, Ernest became a Nobel Prize laureate, but he did not attend the ceremony, citing the consequences of the plane crash. In fact, he was simply afraid of public events, and the very thought of having to dress elegantly and speak in front of a large audience scared him. In the last years of his life, Hemingway suffered from persecution delusions. Having lost the ability to write, he committed suicide on the night of July 2, 1961.

Ernest Hemingway, bibliography

All books by Ernest Hemingway:

Novels

1926 — “Spring Waters”
1926 - ""
1929 - ""
1937 — “To Have and Have Not”
1940 - ""
1950 — “Across the river, in the shade of the trees”
1952 - ""
1961 — “Miss Mary’s Lion”
1986 — “Garden of Eden”
1999 — “A Glimpse of Truth”

Collections

1923 - “Three stories and ten poems”
1925 — “In our time”
1927 - “Men without Women”
1933 - “The winner gets nothing”
1936 — “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”
1938 - “The Fifth Column and the First 49 Stories”
1969 - “The Fifth Column and Four Stories about the Spanish Civil War”
1972 - “The Nick Adams Stories”
1987 — “Collection of short stories by Ernest Hemingway”
1995 — “Ernest Hemingway: Collected Works”

Documentary prose

1932 — “Death in the Afternoon”
1935 - “Green Hills of Africa”
1962 - “Hemingway, Wild Time”
1964 - ""
1967 — “By-Line: Ernest Hemingway”
1970 - Ernest Hemingway: Cuban Reporter
1981 — “Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters”
1985 — “Dangerous Summer”
1985 - Dateline: Toronto
2000 — “Hemingway Fishing”
2005 — “Under Kilimanjaro”

Ernest Hemingway gave the reading world a lot of literary masterpieces. He wrote about what he learned, saw, and felt himself. This is probably why the works of Ernest Hemingway are so lively, rich and exciting. The basis of his novels and stories was life itself, in all its diversity. The simplicity of presentation, brevity of formulation and variety of illusions in Hemingway’s works introduced new colors into the literature of the 20th century and enriched it. In this article we will try to shed light on the facets of his creative life hidden from the reader’s eyes.

Childhood and adolescence

Ernest Hemingway (photos provided from various periods of the writer’s life) was born at the turn of the century: July 21, 1899. His parents lived at that time near Chicago, in a small town called Oak Park. Ernest's father, Clarence Edmont Hemingway, worked as a doctor, and his mother, Grace Hall, devoted her entire life to raising children.

From early childhood, his father instilled in Ernest a love of nature, hoping that he would follow in his footsteps - study natural science and medicine. Clarence often took his son fishing and taught him everything he knew. By the age of eight, little Ernie knew the names of all the plants, animals, fish, and birds that could be found in the Midwest. Young Ernest's second passion was books - he could sit for hours in his home library, studying historical literature and the works of Darwin.

The boy's mother made her own plans for her son's future - she forced him to play the cello and sing in the church choir, often even to the detriment of his schoolwork. Ernest Hemingway himself believed that he had no vocal abilities, so he avoided painful musical torture in every possible way.

Summer trips to the north of Michigan, where the Hemingways owned the Windmere cottage, were real happiness for the young naturalist. Walking in the quiet, unusually beautiful places near Walloon Lake, next to which the family home was located, was a joy for Ernest. Nobody forced him to play and sing; he was completely free from the hustle and bustle of household chores. He could take a fishing rod and go to the lake all day, forget about time, walking in the forest or playing with the Indian boys from the neighboring village.

Passion for hunting

Ernest had a particularly warm relationship with his grandfather. The boy loved to listen to stories about life from the lips of the old man, many of which he later transferred into his works. In 1911, Ernie’s grandfather gave him a gun, and his father introduced him to an ancient man’s pastime—hunting. Since then, the guy has another passion in life, to which he will later devote one of his first stories. Most of the work will be occupied by descriptions of his father, whose personality and life always worried Ernest. For a long time after the tragic death of his parent (Clarence Edmont Hemingway committed suicide in 1928), the writer tried to find an explanation for this, but never found one.

Reporting

After school, Ernest did not go to university, as his parents wanted, but moved to Kansas City and got a job as a correspondent for a local newspaper. He was entrusted with the area of the city where the station, the main hospital and the police station were located. Often during working hours, Ernest had to deal with hired killers, prostitutes, scammers, witness fires and other not very pleasant incidents. He scanned every person that fate encountered for the young man like an X-ray - he observed, tried to understand the true motives of his behavior, caught his gestures, his manner of speaking. Later, all these experiences and thoughts will become the plots of his

While working as a reporter, Ernest Hemingway learned the main thing - to express his thoughts accurately, clearly and specifically, without missing a single detail. The developed habit of always being in the center of events and the formed literary style will subsequently become the basis of his creative success. Ernest, who is full of paradoxes, loved his job very much, but left it to voluntarily go to war.

This terrible word "war"

In 1917, the United States announced its entry into the First World War, encouraging young men to put on military uniforms and go to the battlefield. Ernest, with his romantic nature, could not remain indifferent and wanted to immediately become part of this event, but met stiff resistance from his parents and doctors (the guy had poor eyesight). However, Ernest Hemingway managed to get to the front in 1918, enrolling in the ranks of Red Cross volunteers. All those interested were sent to Milan, where their first task was to clear the territory of an ammunition factory that had been blown up the day before. On the second day, young Ernest was sent to a front-line detachment in the town of Shio, but even there he was not able to witness real military operations - playing cards and baseball, which most soldiers did, did not in any way resemble the guy’s ideas about war.

Having volunteered to deliver food to soldiers directly on the battlefield, in the trenches, in an ambulance, Ernest Hemingway finally achieved his goal. "A Farewell to Arms!" - an autobiographical work in which the writer conveyed all the emotions and observations of that period of his life.

First love

In July 1918, a young driver, while trying to save a wounded sniper, came under bullets from Austrian machine guns. When he was brought half-dead to the hospital, there was no living space on him - his whole body was covered with wounds. Having removed twenty-six fragments from the body and treated all the wounds, the doctors sent Ernest to Milan, where he had his shot kneecap replaced with an aluminum prosthesis.

Ernest Hemingway (a biography from official sources confirms this) spent more than three months in a Milan hospital. There he met a nurse with whom he fell selflessly in love. Their relationship was also reflected in his novel “A Farewell to Arms!”

Homecoming

In January 1919, Ernest returned home to the United States. He was greeted as a real hero, his name could be seen in all the newspapers, the King of Italy awarded the brave American the Military Cross and the Medal of Valor.

Over the course of a year, Hemingway healed his wounds with his family, and in 1920 he moved to Canada, where he continued his correspondent research. The Toronto Star newspaper, where he worked, gave the reporter freedom - Hemingway was free to write anything, but received a salary only for approved and published materials. At this time, the writer created his first serious works - about the war, about forgotten and useless veterans, about the stupidity and outrage of power structures.

Paris

In September 1921, Hemingway started a family; his chosen one was the young pianist Hadley Richardson. Together with his wife, Ernest realizes another dream - he moves to Paris, where, in the process of careful, conscious study of the fundamentals of writing, he hones his literary skills. Hemingway described life in Paris in the book “A Holiday That Always Be With You,” which became famous only after his death.

Ernest had to work long and hard to provide for himself and his wife, so he sent his essays to the Toronto Star newspaper weekly. The editors received from their now freelance correspondent what they wanted - a description of the life of Europeans in detail and without embellishment.

In 1923, Ernest Hemingway, whose stories had already been read by thousands of people, enriched his experience with new acquaintances and impressions, which he would later convey to the reader in his works. The writer becomes a frequent visitor to the bookstore of his friend Sylvia Beach. There he rents books and also meets many writers and artists. Hemingway developed warm friendships with some of them (James Joyce).

Confession

The writer's first literary works, which brought him fame, were written by him in the period from 1926 to 1929. “The Sun Comes Out,” “Men Without Women,” “The Winner Takes Nothing,” “The Killers,” “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” and, of course, “A Farewell to Arms!” won the hearts of American readers. Almost everyone knew who Ernest Hemingway was. Reviews about his work, although they were contradictory (some considered the writer immensely talented, others - mediocre), but they further fueled public interest in his works. His books were bought and read even during the economic crisis in the United States.

Life on the move

Ernest often moved from place to place; most of all in his life he loved to travel. So, in 1930, he once again changed his place of residence, this time stopping in Florida. There he continues to create, fish and hunt. In September 1930, Hemingway was involved in a car accident, after which he recovered his health within six months.

In 1933, an avid hunter sets off on a long-planned trip to East Africa. There he experienced a lot: successful fights with wild animals, contracting a serious infection, and exhausting long-term treatment. He recorded his impressions of that period of his life in a book called “The Green Hills of Africa.”

Ernest Hemingway couldn't sit still. The writer's biography contains information that he could not remain indifferent to and went there as soon as the opportunity arose. There he became the screenwriter of a documentary film about the course of hostilities in Madrid called “Land of Spain.”

In 1943, Ernest Hemingway returned to the profession of journalist and went to London to cover the events of World War II. In 1944, the writer took part in combat flights over Germany, led a detachment of French partisans, and fought bravely on the battlefields of Belgium and France.

In 1949, Hemingway moved again - this time to Cuba. His best story was born there, “The Old Man and the Sea,” for which the writer was awarded the Pulitzer and Nobel Prizes.

In 1953, Ernest again travels to Africa, where he is involved in a serious plane crash.

Tragic end of the story

In addition to the fact that the writer suffered from many physical illnesses in the last years of his life, he experienced deep depression. He always felt like he was being watched by FBI agents, that his phone was being tapped, his letters were being read, and his bank accounts were being regularly checked. For treatment, Ernest Hemingway was sent to a psychiatric clinic, where he was forcibly given thirteen sessions of electroconvulsive therapy. This led to the writer losing his memory and no longer being able to create, which further worsened his condition.

A few days after being discharged from the clinic, Ernest Hemingway shot himself with a gun at his home in Ketchum. 50 years after his death, it became known that this was not at all groundless - the writer was indeed carefully monitored.

The great writer Ernest Hemingway, whose quotes are now known by heart to millions of people around the world, lived a difficult, but bright and eventful life. His wise words and works will forever remain in the hearts and souls of his readers.

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park (Illinois, USA), in the family of a doctor.

During First World War the young man did not join the army because, due to an injury, he had practically no vision in one eye. However, in 1918, Hemingway went to the Italian front as a Red Cross volunteer. Three months later, the future writer was seriously wounded. After the mine explosion, there were 237 fragments in his body.

In 1920, Hemingway, who returned from the war, married Halley Richardson. Family life with her lasted only four years.

American Educational Program. Writers - Ernest Hemingway. Part 1

Hemingway began writing under the influence of communication with members of a literary circle, in which he met J. Joyce, Ezra Pound. A feature of Hemingway's work was a specific realism with a strong existentialist shade. The writer sought to “penetrate into the very essence of phenomena” and “tell the truth.”

Hemingway’s first book, “Three Stories and Ten Poems,” was published in 1923. In 1925, the collection “In Our Time” was published; in 1926, the novels “Spring Waters” and “The Sun Also Rises”; in 1927 . – collection of stories “Men without Women”.

American Educational Program. Writers - Ernest Hemingway. Part 2

During this period, the writer became quite famous. He begins to fruitfully collaborate with the publishing house of Charles Scribner. In 1927, Hemingway married a second time, to German journalist Pauline Pfeiffer. Around the same time, the novel “A Farewell to Arms!” appeared, which made the author truly famous. Next were written: “Death in the Afternoon” (1932), “Green Hills of Africa” (1935), etc.

The writer traveled a lot. His travel experiences were reflected in many works, such as Death in the Afternoon and The Snows of Kilimanjaro.

In 1936, Hemingway organized a fundraiser and clothing drive for Republicans fighting in Spain. He himself went to Spain to fight in the foreign legion against Francoists. During this period, the novel “To Have and Have Not” (1937), the play “The Fifth Column” (1938), the script “Spanish Land” (1938), and the novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls” (1940) were created .).

Ernest Hemingway in the cockpit of his yacht Pilar. Photo ok. 1950

During World War II, Hemingway was actively involved in anti-fascist agitation.

In 1952, the story “The Old Man and the Sea” was published. In 1954, the writer received the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his narrative mastery, once again demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence he had on modern style."

On June 21, 1961, Hemingway committed suicide by shooting himself. The reason was severe depression, which had tormented him for a long time.

Ernest Miller Hemingway (English: Ernest Miller Hemingway; July 21, 1899, Oak Park, Illinois, USA - July 2, 1961, Ketchum, Idaho, USA) - American writer, journalist, winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in a privileged suburb of Chicago - the town of Oak Park (Illinois, USA). His father, Clarence Edmont Hemingway, was a doctor, and his mother, Grace Hall, devoted her life to raising children.

From early childhood, his father tried to instill in Ernest a love of nature, dreaming that he would follow in his footsteps and study medicine and natural history.

When Ernie was 3 years old, his father gave him his first fishing rod and took him fishing with him. By the age of 8, the future writer already knew by heart the names of all the trees, flowers, birds, fish and animals that lived in the Midwest.

Another favorite pastime for Ernest was literature. The boy sat for hours reading books that he could find in the home library; he especially liked works and historical literature.

Mrs. Hemingway dreamed of a different future for her son. She forced him to sing in the church choir and play the cello. Many years later, already an elderly man, Ernest will say: “My mother didn’t let me go to school for a whole year to study music. She thought I had ability, but I didn’t have any talent.”.

Nevertheless, resistance to this was suppressed by his mother - Hemingway had to study music every day.

In addition to their winter home in Oak Park, the family also had a cottage, Windmere, on Walloon Lake. Every summer, Hemingway and his parents, brothers and sisters went to these quiet places.

For the boy, trips to Windmere meant complete freedom. No one forced him to play the cello, and he could mind his own business - sit on the shore with a fishing rod, wander through the forest, play with children from an Indian village.

In 1911, when Ernest was 12 years old, Grandfather Hemingway gave him a 20-gauge single-shot shotgun. This gift strengthened the friendship between grandfather and grandson. The boy loved listening to the old man’s stories and retained good memories of him throughout his life, often transferring them into his works in the future.

Hunting became Ernest's main passion. Clarence taught his son how to use weapons and track animals. Hemingway dedicated some of his first stories about Nick Adams, his alter ego, to hunting and his father figure. His personality, life and tragic end - Clarence will commit suicide - will always worry the writer.

Being a naturally healthy and strong young man, Hemingway was actively involved in boxing and football. Ernest later said: “Boxing taught me to never stay down, to always be ready to attack again... fast and hard, like a bull.”.

During his school years, Hemingway made his debut as a writer in a small school magazine, The Tablet. First, “The Court of Manitou” was published - an essay with northern exoticism, blood and Indian folklore, and in the next issue - a new story “It's All About the Color of the Skin” - about the behind-the-scenes and dirty commercial side of boxing. Further, mainly reports were published about sports competitions and concerts. Particularly popular were snide remarks about the “high life” of Oak Park. At this time, Hemingway had already firmly decided for himself that he would be a writer.

After graduating from school, he decided not to go to university, as his parents demanded, but moved to Kansas City, where he got a job at the local newspaper The Kansas City Star. Here he was responsible for a small area of the city, which included the main hospital, train station and police station. The young reporter went to all the incidents, got acquainted with brothels, encountered prostitutes, hired killers and swindlers, visited fires and prisons.

Ernest Hemingway observed, remembered, tried to understand the motives of human actions, captured the manner of conversations, gestures and smells. All this was stored in his memory, so that later they could become the plots, details and dialogues of his future stories. Here his literary style and habit of always being in the center of events were formed. The newspaper's editors taught him precision and clarity of language and tried to suppress any verbosity and stylistic negligence.

Hemingway wanted to serve in the army, but due to poor eyesight he was denied for a long time. But he still managed to get to the front of the First World War in Italy, signing up as a volunteer driver for the Red Cross.

On the very first day of his stay in Milan, Ernest and other recruits were thrown straight from the train to clear the territory of an exploded ammunition factory. A few years later he would describe his impressions of his first encounter with war in his book "A Farewell to Arms!".

The next day, young Hemingway was sent as an ambulance driver to the front in a detachment stationed in the town of Schio. However, almost all the time here was spent in entertainment: visiting saloons, playing cards and baseball. Ernest could not endure such a life for long and achieved a transfer to the Piave River, where he began servicing army shops. And soon he found a way to be on the front line, volunteering to deliver food to soldiers directly into the trenches.

On July 8, 1918, Hemingway, while rescuing a wounded Italian sniper, came under fire from Austrian machine guns and mortars, but survived. At the hospital, 26 fragments were removed from him, and Ernest had more than two hundred wounds on his body. Soon he was transported to Milan, where doctors replaced the shot kneecap with an aluminum prosthesis.

On January 21, 1919, Ernest returned to the United States as a hero - all the central newspapers wrote about him as the first American wounded on the Italian front. And the King of Italy awarded him the silver medal “For Military Valor” and the “Military Cross”. The writer himself later said: "I was a big fool when I went to that war. I thought we were a sports team and the Austrians were the other team competing.".

Hemingway spent almost a whole year with his family, healing his wounds and thinking about his future.

On February 20, 1920, he moved to Toronto, Canada, to return to journalism. His new employer, the Toronto Star newspaper, allowed the young reporter to write on any topic, but only published materials were paid.

Ernest's first works - "Nomadic Exhibition of Paintings" and "Try a Free Shave" - ridiculed the snobbery of art lovers and the prejudices of Americans. Later, more serious materials appeared about the war, about veterans who no one needs at home, about gangsters and stupid officials.

During these same years, the writer had a conflict with his mother, who did not want to see Ernest as an adult. The result of several quarrels and skirmishes was that Hemingway took all his belongings from Oak Park and moved to Chicago. In this city, he continued to collaborate with the Toronto Star, while simultaneously doing editorial work at the Cooperative Commonwealth magazine.

September 3, 1921 Ernest married young pianist Hadley Richardson and together with her he went to Paris (France), to the city that he had long dreamed of.

In Paris, the young Hemingway couple settled in a small apartment on Rue Cardinal Lemoine near Place Contrescarpe. In the book Ernest wrote: “There was no hot water or sewerage here. But there was a good view from the window. There was a good spring mattress on the floor, which served us as a comfortable bed. There were paintings on the wall that we liked. The apartment seemed bright and cozy.”.

Hemingway had to work hard to earn a living and be able to travel around the world during the summer months. And he began submitting his stories to the Toronto Star weekly. The editors expected from the writer sketches of European life, details of everyday life and customs. This gave Ernest the opportunity to choose topics for his essays and develop his own style on them.

Hemingway’s first works were essays ridiculing American tourists, “golden youth” and playmakers who flocked to post-war Europe for cheap entertainment (“This is what Paris is like,” “American Bohemia in Paris,” etc.).

In 1923, Ernest met Sylvia Beach, the owner of the Shakespeare and Company bookstore. Warm friendly relations began between them. Hemingway often spent time at Sylvia’s establishment, rented books, and met Parisian bohemians, writers and artists, who were also regulars at the shop.

One of the most interesting and significant for young Ernest was his acquaintance with Gertrude Stein. She became an older and more experienced comrade for Hemingway; he consulted with her about what he wrote and often talked about literature. Gertrude was dismissive of working at the newspaper and constantly insisted that Ernest's main purpose was to be a writer. Hemingway looked with great interest at James Joyce, a frequent visitor to Sylvia Beach's shop. And when Joyce’s novel “Ulysses” was banned by censors in the USA and England, he, through his friends in Chicago, was able to organize the illegal transportation and distribution of books.

Ernest Hemingway's first real success as a writer came in 1926 after the publication of "And the Sun Rises"- a pessimistic, but at the same time brilliant novel about the “lost generation” of young people who lived in France and Spain in the 1920s.

Ernest Hemingway published a collection of short stories in 1927. "Men Without Women", and in 1933 - "Winner takes nothing". They finally established Hemingway in the eyes of readers as a unique author of short stories. Among them, “The Killers,” “The Short Happiness of Francis Macomber,” and “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” became especially famous.

And yet, most people remember Hemingway for his novel. "A Farewell to Arms!"(1929) - a love story between an American volunteer and an English nurse, set against the backdrop of the battles of the First World War. The book was an unprecedented success in America - even the economic crisis did not hinder sales.

In early 1930, Hemingway returned to the United States and settled in Key West, Florida. Here he became interested in fishing, traveled on his yacht to the Bahamas, Cuba and wrote new stories. According to biographers, it was at this time that the fame of a great writer came to him. Everything marked by his authorship was quickly published and sold in numerous editions. In the house where he spent several of the best years of his life, a museum of the writer was created.

In the fall of 1930, Ernest was involved in a serious car accident, which resulted in broken bones, a head injury, and an almost six-month recovery period from his injuries. The writer temporarily abandoned the pencils with which he usually worked and began typing.

In 1932 he took up the novel "Death in the Afternoon", where he described bullfighting with great accuracy, presenting it as a ritual and a test of courage. The book again became a bestseller, confirming Hemingway's status as America's number one writer.

In 1933, Hemingway began writing a collection of short stories, The Winner Takes Nothing, the proceeds of which he planned to use to fulfill his long-time dream of an extended safari in East Africa. The book was again a success, and at the end of that year the writer went on a trip.

Hemingway arrived in the area of Lake Tanganyika, where he hired servants and guides from among representatives of local tribes, set up a camp and began to go hunting.

In January 1934, Ernest, returning from another safari, fell ill with amoebic dysentery. Every day the writer’s condition worsened, he became delirious, and his body was severely dehydrated. A special plane was sent from Dar es Salaam for the writer, which took him to the capital of the territory. Here, in an English hospital, he spent a week undergoing a course of active therapy, after which he began to recover.

Nevertheless, this hunting season ended successfully for Hemingway: he shot three lions, and his trophies also included twenty-seven antelopes, a large buffalo and other African animals. The writer's impressions of Tanganyika are recorded in the book "Miss Mary's Lion", which Hemingway dedicated to his wife and her long hunt for a lion, as well as in the work “The Green Hills of Africa” (1935).

The works were essentially Ernest's diary as a hunter and traveler.

At the beginning of 1937, the writer finished another book - "To have and not to have". The story gave the author's assessment of the events of the Great Depression era in the United States. Hemingway looked at the problem through the eyes of a man, a Florida resident who, escaping poverty, becomes a smuggler. Here, for the first time in many years, a social theme appeared in the writer’s work, largely caused by the alarming situation in Spain. The Civil War began there, which greatly worried Ernest Hemingway. He took the side of the Republicans who fought General Franco and organized a collection of donations in their favor. Having collected money, Ernest turned to the North American Newspaper Association with a request to send him to Madrid to cover the progress of the fighting. A film crew was soon assembled, led by film director Joris Ivens, who intended to make a documentary film “Land of Spain”. The screenwriter of the film was Hemingway.

During the most difficult days of the war, Ernest was in Madrid, besieged by the Francoists, in the Florida Hotel, which for a time became the Internationalist Headquarters and the Correspondents' Club.

During the bombing and shelling, the only play was written - "Fifth column"(1937) - about the work of counterintelligence. Here he met an American journalist Martha Gellhorn, who upon returning home became his third wife. From Madrid the writer traveled to Catalonia for some time, since the battles near Barcelona were particularly brutal. Here, in one of the trenches, Ernest met the French writer and pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and the commander of the international brigade, Hans Kale.

Impressions from the war were reflected in one of Hemingway's most famous novels - "For whom the Bell Tolls"(1940). It combines the vividness of the pictures of the collapse of the republic, comprehension of the lessons of history that led to such an ending, and the belief that the individual will survive even in tragic times.

In 1941, Hemingway went to Baltimore, where he bought a large sea boat from a local shipyard, giving it the name Pilar. He moved the ship to Cuba and was engaged in sea fishing there until December 7, 1941, when Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor base and the Pacific Ocean turned into an active combat zone.

In 1941-1943, Ernest Hemingway organized counterintelligence against Nazi spies in Cuba and hunted for German submarines in the Caribbean on his boat. After this, he resumed his journalistic activities, moving to London as a correspondent.

In 1944, Hemingway took part in combat bomber flights over Germany and occupied France. During the Allied landings in Normandy, he obtained permission to participate in combat and reconnaissance operations. Ernest led a detachment of French partisans numbering about 200 people and took part in the battles for Paris, Belgium, Alsace, and in breaking through the Siegfried Line.

In 1949, the writer moved to Cuba, where he resumed his literary activities. There was a story written there "The Old Man and the Sea"(1952). The book talks about heroic and doomed resistance to the forces of nature, about a man who is alone in a world where he can only rely on his own perseverance, faced with the eternal injustice of fate. The allegorical tale of an old fisherman battling sharks that have torn apart a huge fish he caught is marked by the traits most characteristic of Hemingway as an artist: a dislike of intellectual sophistication, a commitment to situations in which moral values are clearly manifested, and a spare psychological picture.

In 1953, Ernest Hemingway received the Pulitzer Prize for his story The Old Man and the Sea. This work also influenced Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.

In 1956, Hemingway began work on an autobiographical book about Paris in the 1920s - "A holiday that is always with you", which was published only after the death of the writer.

He continued to travel and in 1953 he was involved in a serious plane crash in Africa.

In 1960, Hemingway left the island of Cuba and returned to the United States, to the town of Ketchum (Idaho).

Hemingway suffered from a number of serious illnesses, including hypertension and diabetes, but for “treatment” he was admitted to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester (USA). He fell into a deep depression about the surveillance. It seemed to him that FBI agents were following him everywhere and that bugs were placed everywhere, phones were tapped, mail was read, and his bank account was constantly being checked. He could mistake random passers-by for agents. But in the early 1980s, when E. Hemingway’s FBI file was declassified, the fact of surveillance of the writer was confirmed - over the last five years of the writer’s life, two new reports were added to the file.

They tried to treat Hemingway according to the laws of psychiatry. Electroconvulsive therapy was used as treatment. After 13 electroshock sessions, the writer lost his memory and the ability to create. Here's what Hemingway himself said: “These doctors who gave me electric shocks don’t understand writers... If only all psychiatrists learned to write fiction in order to understand what it means to be a writer... what was the point in destroying my brain and erasing my memory, which represents my capital, and throw me to the sidelines of life?.

During treatment, he called his friend from a phone in the clinic corridor to report that bugs were also placed in the clinic. Attempts to treat him in a similar way were repeated later. However, this did not give any results. He could not work, was depressed, suffered from paranoia and increasingly talked about suicide. There were also attempts (for example, an unexpected jerk towards an airplane propeller, etc.) from which it was possible to save him.

On July 2, 1961, at his home in Ketchum, a few days after being discharged from the Mayo Psychiatric Clinic, Hemingway shot himself with his favorite gun without leaving a suicide note.

Ernest Hemingway Family:

1. First wife - Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (1891-1979). Son - Bumby John (1923-2000). Granddaughters: Margot (1954-1996), Mariel (born 1961).

2. Second wife - Paulina Pfeiffer (1895-1951). Sons: Patrick (b. 1928), Gregory (1931-2001). Grandson: Sean Hemingway (b. 1967).

3. Third wife - Martha Gellhorn (1908-1998).

4. Fourth wife - Mary Welsh (1908-1986).

Bibliography of Ernest Hemingway:

Novels:

1926 - The Torrents of Spring
1926 - The Sun Also Rises (Fiesta)
1929 - Farewell to arms! / A Farewell to Arms
1937 - To Have and Have Not
1940 - For Whom the Bell Tolls / For Whom the Bell Tolls
1950 - Across the River and Into the Trees
1952 - The Old Man and the Sea (story) / The Old Man and the Sea
1970 - Islands in the Ocean / Islands in the Stream
1986 - The Garden of Eden
1999 - A Glimmer of Truth / True at First Light

Collections:

1923 - Three Stories and Ten Poems
1925 - In Our Time / In Our Time
1927 - Men Without Women / Men Without Women
1933 - Winner Take Nothing
1936 - The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories
1938 - The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories
1969 - The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War
1972 - Stories about Nick Adams / The Nick Adams Stories
1987 - Collection of short stories by Ernest Hemingway / The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway
1995 - Ernest Hemingway: Collected Works / The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway

Documentary prose:

1932 - Death in the Afternoon
1935 - Green Hills of Africa / Green Hills of Africa
1962 - Hemingway, The Wild Years / Hemingway, The Wild Years
1964 - A holiday that is always with you / A Moveable Feast
1967 - By-Line: Ernest Hemingway / By-Line: Ernest Hemingway
1970 - Ernest Hemingway: Cuban Reporter / Ernest Hemingway: Cub Reporter
1981 - Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters / Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917-1961
1985 - The Dangerous Summer
1985 - Dateline: Toronto / Dateline: Toronto
2000 - Hemingway on Fishing / Hemingway on Fishing
2005 - Under Kilimanjaro / Under Kilimanjaro.

Hemingway received wide recognition thanks to his novels and numerous stories, on the one hand, and his life, full of adventures and surprises, on the other. His style, concise and intense, greatly influenced American and British literature of the 20th century.

Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in a privileged suburb of Chicago - the town of Oak Park, Illinois, USA. His father, Clarence Edmont Hemingway (1871-1928), was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall (1872-1951), devoted her life to raising children. In a family where, besides him, there were also 5 brothers and sisters: Marcelina (1898-1963), Ursula (1902-1966), Madeline (1904-1995), Carol (1911-2002), Lester (1915-1982). His favorite pastimes as a child were reading books, fishing and hunting, a love for which was instilled in Hemingway by his father. Many years later, childhood impressions and experiences will be conveyed in stories about Nick Adams - Ernest's alter ego. Being a naturally healthy and strong young man, Hemingway was actively involved in boxing and football.

His literary vocation manifested itself during his school years, where he made his debut in a small school newspaper. These are mainly reports about sports competitions and concerts. Particularly popular were snide remarks about the “high life” of Oak Park. All these first literary experiments were given to Ernest without much difficulty. And already in those years he firmly decided to become a writer. The first stories were published in the school magazine "Tablet" in 1916. First, “The Court of Manitou” is a boy’s work with northern exoticism, blood and Indian folklore. And in the next issue, Ernest published a new story, “It’s All About the Color of the Skin,” about the behind-the-scenes and dirty commercial side of boxing.

In the summer of 1916, after school, Ernest, seeking to gain independence from his parents, goes with a friend on an independent trip to Northern Michigan. There he experiences a lot of impressions that will later be included in many of the writer’s works.

After this summer, a story appeared: “Sepi Zhingan” - about a hunter from the Ojibway tribe, talking about blood feud. These first stories by Ernest had considerable success among schoolchildren.

After graduating from school, he decided not to go to university, as his parents demanded, but moved to Kansas City, where he got a job at the local Star newspaper. Here his literary style and habit of always being in the center of events were formed. He had to work as a police reporter - Ernest got acquainted with brothels, encountered prostitutes, hired killers, and was present at fires and accidents.

World War I

Hemingway really wanted to serve in the army, but due to poor eyesight he was denied. But he still managed to get to Italy during the First World War, getting a job as a Red Cross driver. At first, Ernest ended up in the rear and worked as a driver in the cities of Milan and Scio, but the desire to get to the front line was so strong that, having learned about active hostilities on the Piave River, he voluntarily transferred there.

Every day he looked for a reason to be on the front line, delivering food to the soldiers directly into the trenches. Ernest quickly became friends with Italian officers and soldiers, who called him “Little Americano” because of his age.

On July 8, 1918, he was wounded on the Austro-Italian front, near Fossalta di Piave. There were more than 200 fragments of a mine in his body, and his kneecap was shot through by a bullet. At the hospital, Ernest fell in love with nurse Agnes von Kurowski. Hemingway never forgot these most vivid impressions of his youth. This period of Hemingway's life is depicted in Richard Attenborough's biopic In Love and War (1996) and the book A Farewell to Arms (1929).

In January 1919, Ernest returned to the United States as a hero - all the central newspapers wrote about him as the first American wounded on the Italian front. The King of Italy awarded him a silver medal for valor and the Military Cross.

Paris and the first success as a writer

Fourth wife - Mary Welsh (1908-1986).

Hemingway had many years of correspondence with Marlene Dietrich, which was published 15 years after her death.