Scientific photography. This dizzying view of the limestone rocks in China's Zhangjiajie National Forest Park is not for the faint of heart.
Anyone who claims that science is boring is sorely mistaken! This year, many discoveries have been made on the planet, countless bright natural phenomena and moments in the life of the world around us have been photographed.
Scientists, research photographers, and even ordinary people have captured these stunning images that prove how interesting and endless science is.
We hasten to introduce you to some of the scientific masterpieces.
(Total 25 photos)
1. As a result of the eruption of Mount Etna on the Italian island of Sicily, giant rings of clouds with a diameter of more than 100 meters could be observed in the sky.
3. At the very beginning of the outgoing year, on January 23, Chicago firefighters managed to put out a fire in one of the warehouses. And the record low temperature immediately turned the aftermath of the fire into a magical ice “castle.”
4. This composite composition depicts the November solar eclipse. The sun behind the moon creates incredible reflections of light.
5. The stunning Aurora light above the Arctic Circle was photographed in the early morning hours. Also known as the Northern Lights, the spectacular light show is created by fast-moving charged particles from the Sun.
6. This year the public learned about the existence of cute colorful corn. Moreover, you can already buy this “new colorful vegetable” in a number of online stores in the USA.
7. British research photographer Tim Flach created a series of photographs called “More Than Human,” which captures stunning moments of wild animal behavior. For example, the expressive gestures of a tiger.
8. When the Giant Magellan Telescope is ready, it will be 10 times more powerful than NASA's main telescope. The photo, however, shows a sculptural copy of the telescope, but its creators promise to install the telescope in Chile by 2020.
9. Nick Brandt took a series of photos of birds and bats on a lake in Tanzania that look like they are made of stone. This effect is actually caused by the high concentration of ash and salt in the lake water.
10. “A cafe in the town of Aquas Calientes in Peru attracts many wild parrots who beg for treats from tourists.” - says photographer Adam Lichshen, he managed to take this photo to participate in a competition from National Geographic. “The curious parrot looked at me with great interest, apparently he liked my camera.”
11. Sleep disorder researchers have discovered channels (blue in the photo) created by neurons to get rid of unnecessary emotions during a person's sleep. The photo captures a beautiful color scheme.
12. Olinkito is the first previously unknown mammal to be discovered in the Americas in 35 years. This relative of the raccoon turned out to be a cute little animal!
13. Record-breaking algae Enteromorpha algae blooms were observed off the coast of China. Although algae are not toxic, they consume a lot of oxygen, thereby causing significant environmental damage.
15. Photo of the year: during a rocket launch in Virginia, a frog thrown by a wave hit the camera lens and became a “hit” of the summer.
17. British ice cream guru Charlie Francis created glow-in-the-dark ice cream using synthesized jellyfish proteins - the same ones that allow these marine animals to produce light inside their bodies. The price of ice cream is only some $220.
18. London Zoo conducts an annual weighing of its pets, of which, by the way, there are more than 19,000. In the photo they are trying to cunningly weigh an anteater.
19. The first high-quality map of endangered forests on the planet. Between 2000 and 2012, we lost forests with a total area larger than Mexico and the state of Arizona combined... While only half of the state of Alaska gained new forests.23. Rows of parked cars during flooding in Connecticut in September.
24. A German zoologist photographer took this photo at a local zoo. It turns out that primates experience and show emotions such as love, sadness, joy and cruelty.
25. A tiny panda baby was born at an American zoo on August 23. During the first three weeks, the newborn not only had no hair, but even no sexual characteristics! Experts were able to determine the sex of the baby only 3 weeks after his birth.
Scientific photography is not only pictures of bacteria, stars, rare birds, animals, microbes and viruses obtained using microscopes, macro and telephoto lenses. MIPT press service photographer and graduate Evgeny Pelevin believes that the most important things in science often remain behind the scenes. Why there are so few photographs of Lev Landau, what exactly needs to be photographed and why photography should be developed in Russian laboratories - in the T&P material.
Evgeny Pelevin: “Science is made by people who also need to be photographed”
What is scientific photography? If we look at Wikipedia, we will find the following definition: “Scientific photography is a type of photography carried out for scientific research.” For example, we study bacteria and take a series of photographs of them under a microscope, which we then publish in our article or dissertation. Or an example from another area: we can photograph space objects in different ranges of electromagnetic radiation. The Sun can be viewed in infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma light. And in each case we will get important and useful results. Sometimes such pictures are even published in magazines like National Geographic. But science is not just about the research itself (although it can be stunningly beautiful).
It is important to remember that science is made by people, who also need to be photographed. For example, Lev Landau, Nobel Prize winner in physics, became a legend during his lifetime, but how many photographs of him remain? Even just portrait photography, not to mention photographs of how he worked, conducted seminars, communicated with students? When a photographer captures such moments, he also captures the character of the person himself, his uniqueness. Landau is one of the most famous Soviet scientists, but even photographs of him are difficult to find. Things are even worse with other domestic Nobel laureates.
Science is done by living people, they are important and need to be filmed. It removes the barrier between researchers and society, it makes them more human, and it's actually just cool, because scientists are often very charismatic people. It is also important to remove the equipment they are working on. Laboratory technology is beautiful in itself. These are complex engineering structures, sometimes existing in single copies. My perception of the world was broken by one incident. I photographed a Lexus LX 570 car, the price of which is 7 million rubles. Serious, beautiful and expensive car. I hung around him all day, then I still had to tinker with editing the photo. The next day I came into the lab and was shooting a triple ion trap mass spectrometer that cost one million dollars. This is a unique device; it is not found anywhere else in Russia. At first glance it looks like a nondescript blue box. How to photograph in such a way as to highlight its beauty? To make it clear to the viewer why it is valuable? This is a whole science.
Photographing scientific instruments is not only cool and interesting, but also useful. Sometimes two research teams sit on different floors of the same building and do not know what equipment their neighbors have. As a result, samples have to be sent abroad to conduct research, when it would be enough to simply go down the stairs. If each team has photographs of their equipment on the website, then such a problem cannot arise in principle. Finally, there is a specifically Russian problem. Sometimes there are not just photographs of scientists or their research, but the most surprising thing is that sometimes there are no photographs of the research institutes themselves. Just for fun, try to find a photo of the Institute of Chemical Physics named after N.N. Semenov. Of course, good quality photographs of this building exist. They were made by reporters when there was a fire there.
Every year, Princeton University (New Jersey, USA) hosts the “Art of Science” competition. It clearly demonstrates the relationship between art and science. In 2001, the competition was won by the image “Chaos and Geomagnetic Inversion.” Over the past 160 billion years, the Earth's magnetic field has changed polarity several times. Such changes are chaotic and irregular.
We present interesting works exhibited at the competition in 2011.
In the photo: a deterministic model of changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
(Christophe Gissinger / Dept. of Astrophysical Sciences / Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory)
James Qian's photo of Wives received second place. It illustrates his research on an image division algorithm. "The algorithm used here involves recursively dividing the image into rectangular pieces," says Qian. “Each rectangle is evenly divided into two vertically or horizontally. The result is a set of rectangular fragments arranged in a dyadic tree.”
(Zhen James Xiang / Dept. of Electrical Engineering)
Planets form by the coagulation of dust particles into a gaseous protoplanetary disk, where the mass of the particles increases by more than 40 orders of magnitude. An important step is the formation of planetesimals from small stones. This image depicts the process: the aerodynamic interaction of gas and stones causes the fragments to compact and increase in size. These blocks become the building material from which the planet is created. A photograph of a hydrodynamic simulation of processes in a protoplanetary disk received third place.
(Xuening Bai / James M. Stone (fac) Dept. of Astrophysical Sciences Planets)
Arsenic sulfide solution creates bright spots when a thin layer of it is heated on glass.
Another photograph of a heated arsenic sulfide solution. Reminds me of a tropical fish from Disney cartoons.
(Yunlai Zha / Dept. of Electrical Engineering)
A pyramidal neuron from the hippocampus, the part of the brain where some types of memories are formed. In green are microtubules that create a structural network inside the neuron, and in red are insulin receptors, the protein surface of the cell that connects the neuron to other neurons. These connections are called synapses, and become stronger or weaker as events are recorded in memory.
(Lisa Boulanger / Dept. of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute)
Immunofluorescence image of the surface of the lungs of a bearded dragon (lizard) embryo. The image shows the formation of blood vessels in the embryo, cell nuclei are shown in red, cell membranes are shown in green.
(Celeste Nelson / Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering)
A wireless sensor based on a water-soluble base, transferred to a cow's tooth by dissolving the base with water. The graphene layer of the sensor, located under the electrodes, reacts to bacterial contamination. Data from such a sensor can be read wirelessly.
(Manu Sebastian Mannoor, Michael McAlpine / Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering)
Ferrofluid is a liquid containing small metal particles and having ferromagnetic properties. Ferrofluids are used in electronics, space technology and medicine, but are also an excellent 3D model for magnetic field imaging. The peculiarity of a ferrofluid is that it has the properties of a liquid and a solid at the same time. The state of this substance depends on the presence or absence of a magnetic field. Both “water” and “lotus” on its surface are the same substance.
(Elle Starkman/Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory)
This 15-micron marine organism was photographed using a PRISM electron microscope, which takes black-and-white images. Later you can assign shades of gray, like the orange and green in the photo.
(Nan Yao, Gerald Poirier, Shiyou Xu / PRISM Imaging and Analysis Center)
To understand what substances in nature are made of, scientists build particle accelerators in which beams of particles collide. Small accelerators are created to simulate the behavior of particles. This tabletop model was created using a ring stand from a chemistry lab, two metal spheres, and a power source. Charged dust particles are placed in the space between the ring and the spheres, and are repelled or attracted depending on the voltage surges. Due to their gravity, dust particles do not have time to react to changes in voltage, and are simultaneously repelled and attracted, that is, they become trapped.
(Photo by Elle Starkman, Joe Caroll, Gary Stark and Andy Carpe Erik Gilson.)
The top photo shows one large spotted nymphalid seeing another from different distances. Top right - this is how one butterfly sees another from a distance of 18 centimeters, bottom left - from a distance of 7 centimeters. Bottom right is a photograph. At a distance of 18 centimeters, with a smooth movement of the eye, the phenomenon of coincidence of spots on the wings with the facets of the butterfly’s eye occurs. Perhaps this is why their “mating dances” take place at such a distance.
(Henry S. Horn / Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology)
Photograph of a coplanar superconducting line taken using a microscope with a red light filter. The stardust at the bottom of the test tube is actually impurities on the surface of the conductor that appeared during its production.
(Devin Underwood, James Raftery, Will Shanks / Dept. of Electrical Engineering)
Hybrid nano-photovoltaic cells provide the opportunity to economically convert solar energy into electrical energy. Zinc oxide nanostructures can have very wide applications, but it is important to be able to control their size and position to produce effective nano-devices. This is a micrograph of zinc oxide nanostructures created using low-temperature hydrothermal methods. From this far-from-ideal structure, nano-matrices of ideal configuration are obtained, which look much more boring.
(Luisa Whittaker and Yueh-Lin "Lynn" Loo / Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering)
Shots of caustics from lighting a glass teapot from different angles. In the center - the light falls at an angle of 90 degrees, then 75, 60, 54, 30 and 15 degrees. The farther from the center, the smaller the angle. That is, in the picture in the upper left corner the light falls almost horizontally from the lower right.
(Rafi Romero / 2012 Dept. of Computer Science)
Beautiful geometric curves are all around us - in mollusk shells and the shapes of galaxies. The photo shows part of the laser. "By combining helical and straight semiconductors, we have achieved a design that simplifies the operation of quantum cascade and possibly other types of lasers," says Peter Liu. “The photograph shows a top view of the laser. The surface of the device is coated with gold for better current conductivity.”
(Peter Q. Liu / Dept. of Electrical Engineering Spirals)
Simulation of the space around a black hole. The outgoing flow of matter is driven by magnetic fields that prevent matter from falling onto the surface of the black hole. The point in the center is the black hole. Gray lines show flows of matter, red lines show magnetic lines, green lines show the boundaries between attracted and repelled matter.
(Alexander Tchekhovskoy, Ramesh Narayan, Jonathan C. McKinney / Princeton / Harvard / Stanford)
Anyone who claims that science is boring simply hasn't seen these amazing photographs taken by different photographers in different countries around the world. Throughout 2013, many scientific discoveries, unexplained phenomena and simply amazing moments occurred, which were reflected in the photo. Scientists, professional photographers, and even ordinary people have managed to capture extraordinary events that open our eyes to the world and remind us how interesting and incredible science can be. Photo taken by Rolf Maeder shows a thunderstorm over the Grand Canyon.
Tidal waves in China's Zhejiang province
In September, tourists photographed tidal waves caused by a powerful typhoon in China's Zhejiang province. The storm claimed the lives of two people in the Philippines, and the number of casualties in Taiwan reached 9 people.The photographer captured the extraordinary “humanity” of animals
British photographer Tim Fletch created a series of photographs called "More Than Human" that capture the emotions of wild animals in close-up, including this stunning shot of a wet tiger. 'Suicidal' Antarctic voyage reaches first stage
In January, Ranulph Fiennes and his crew of 5 set sail to conquer the Antarctic continent during the winter months (it should be noted that no one had attempted such a thing before). In this photo, the ship has reached the first polar ice floes - large pieces of floating ice that shift into one continuous mass. This colorful corn is not fake!
This year, Glass Gem corn became available to the general public. This rainbow-colored corn can now be purchased online through Native Seeds/Search, a nonprofit conservation organization. A giant telescope will be able to take the most accurate pictures of the night sky
The giant Magellan Telescope boasts a resolving power 10 times greater than that of the Hubble Space Telescope. The photo is just an artistic rendering, but the actual telescope is expected to be launched in northern Chile in 2010. Aurora in the morning in the Arctic
This spectacular light show is created by the rapid movement of particles charged from the Sun, which collide with the Earth's magnetic field at both poles. Photographer Nick Brandt captured these stone sculptures on Lake Natron in Tanzania
In the photographs, the animals look more like stone statues; in reality, this phenomenon occurs due to the high content of soda ash and salt in the lake. A walk through Peru showed the dangers of climate change
Journalist Justin Catanoso, biology professor Mili Silmon and his team hiked through Manu National Park to see first-hand the wonders of the Peruvian rainforest. Climbing to 13,000 feet above sea level, they began their journey above the clouds. This amazing composite image shows us what the Sun looks like during a total solar eclipse
In this photo taken during a solar eclipse in November, you can see the Sun setting behind the Moon. You can also see the solar corona outflow - charged particles emerging from behind the Sun's surface that can be seen during an eclipse, when the star's actual mass is obscured. Volcano Etna produces perfect smoke rings
This year's eruption at Mount Etna changed the shape of its crater, causing perfect smoke rings to emerge from the volcano. Strokkur Geyser in Iceland erupts every 4-8 minutes, releasing a jet of water 130 feet high
This happens because the hot magma beneath the Earth heats the water until the steam forces it out of a hole in the ground. In May, scientists were able to photograph a hydrogen chemical bond for the first time.
It is due to these bonds that double chains of DNA molecules are formed, and water acquires its unique properties. Incredible wildlife photos from the National Geographic Traveler competition
A cafe in the Cusco region of Peru has become a favorite spot for wild parrots, who come here to feast on seeds and fruits left for them. Photographer Adam Lichtzein took a photo of this curious baby peeking out of a leaf to get a good look at the photographer. Apparently, he was amused by the strange man with the camera, because... The parrot allowed the photographer to come closer so the camera could better illuminate its beautiful feathers. Scientists have finally found the true purpose of sleep
Sleep researchers have discovered tubules (shown in blue), formed by the contraction of neurons, that allow the brain to clear unnecessary information during sleep. These massive mirrors will provide the people of a Norwegian city with sunlight
Giant mirrors installed on a mountainside are designed to bring sunlight to the town of Ryukan throughout the winter. Being in the shadow of the mountains, the city does not receive direct sunlight between September and March. The mirrors will be adjusted so that, following the sun, they reflect light down onto the city. The best 3-D map of the Milky Way ever made
Using two sets of data obtained from the European Space Observatory (ESO), scientists were able to project the most accurate 3-D maps of the Milky Way to date. Scientists have discovered a new species of mammals living in Ecuador
Olinguito is the name given to this charming carnivorous animal discovered in North and South America. A relative of the raccoon, Olinguito is extremely cute. Chinese beaches turn green due to foul-smelling 'sea lettuce' bloom
A record bloom of Entomorpha sprouts algae has invaded Chinese beaches in Shandong province. And although they are not poisonous to people, algae take away most of the oxygen from other marine life, causing great harm to the ecosystem. Chinese smog can be seen even from space
This satellite image shows just how bad the smog problem has become for the country. Air pollution in some parts of China exceeds standards set by the World Health Organization by 40 times. Astrophotographer Bill Snyder captured The Cygnus Wall, the most active star-forming region in the constellation Cygnus.
Snyder took this image over 18 hours at the Heavens Mirror Observatory in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. To achieve a high-quality image, he used the Planewave 17 telescope for his work. “The Cygnus Wall” is one of the highest concentrations of star formation. It is located approximately 1,800 light years from Earth. The most spectacular photo from the life of wildlife
A photographer from the USA, observing how a female jaguar tried to attack a male near a river in Brazil, captured this moment. Photographer Sergey Gorshkov witnessed the eruption of the Plosky Tolbachik volcano. 
The volcano erupted once in 36 years. The photo was among the winners of the Wildlife Photographer of the Year - 2013 competition. This is an aerial photograph of the beauty of Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia
The park consists of Cascade Lakes, which vary in color from green and blue to gray. The lakes were formed from natural dams that were filled with water. A British pilot took a photo of the Soyuz spacecraft carrying the Olympic torch on its way to Sochi
This sculpture, called Cloud Gate, nicknamed "Bob", is covered in 10cm of snow.
The photo was taken on March 5 in Chicago, Illinois. Briton Charlie Francis has created glow-in-the-dark ice cream using a jellyfish protein that allows sea creatures to emit light within themselves.
By the way, the cost of ice cream is 220 dollars. This photo of a dead fish shows what happens when waste is dumped into the water.
More than 10,000 fish were found dead this fall in a lake in the Chinese city of Shenzhen. What is the reason you ask? Sewage and waste flowing from sewer pipes directly into the water. And this is not the first time this has happened - last year 50,000 fish swam on the surface in a local lake near an industrial area. New species of tyrannosaurus discovered
In November, paleontologists said they had discovered a new species of dinosaur, Luthronax argestes, or "blood king," a relative of the Tyrannosaurus rex whose name means "king of the mountains." In Northern Ireland, a farmer grazing sheep was buried under a snowdrift.
Heavy snowfall last winter caused snowdrifts to reach 18 feet, leaving at least 140,000 homes and businesses without power. Dr. Kieran Boyle from the University of Glasgow took a photo of a brain cell located in the hypothalamus at the moment of exciting contact
A volcanic eruption in Indonesia leads to a state of emergency in the country.
This photo shows the Indonesian active volcano Sinabung, which has been actively spewing lava and ash for the past couple of months. The photographer took this eerie photo on the morning of November 25th. In November, seismologists discovered an active volcano hiding under a massive sheet of ice in West Antarctica.
For the first time, it was possible to photograph magma in motion so far from the coast. Mount Sydney is the youngest volcano rising above the ice of West Antarctica in the Excom Range. A team of seismologists has discovered new volcanic activity beneath the ice about 30 miles from Mount Sydney. The Earth looks like a tiny ball in this photo taken from the planet Saturn.
The Cassini spacecraft, a collaboration with NASA, has captured a colossal image of Earth far beyond Saturn. This was the third time in the history of space that people were able to take photos from outside our solar system. Every year at London Zoo, workers weigh and measure its inhabitants.
This process is quite long, because... There are about 19,000 animals in the zoo. Here we see how worms can be used to make Tammy the anteater stand still on a scale. Incredible footage of wildfire fighting in California
The fire department posted on its Facebook page a photo of a fire being extinguished near Los Angeles. This is a DC-10 based air tanker flying over a residential area. New maps show the extent to which the world's forests are being destroyed
The world's first high-resolution map of forest cover changes over the past 12 years shows where on Earth forests are disappearing at an alarming rate. Between 2000 and 2012, 888,000 square meters were destroyed. km. forests (an area the size of Mexico City and Arizona), while only 309,000 sq. km. forests were restored (the area of half of Alaska). Photo of a thunderstorm in Falls Kiva (Utah, USA) took second place in the National Geographic Traveler photo competition - 2013
Such a pig, swimming peacefully near the island of Big Major Cay, can be seen in the Bahamas
When people brought pigs to the island, they showed no fear of watercraft, because... this way they get a lot of free food. Rare 5-meter fish caught off the coast of California
This dead king oar was found on a beach on Catalina Island in Southern California. It took 15 people to pull this fish ashore. First complete color map of Mercury
This is truly a fascinating sight. NASA has compiled a map of the closest planet to the Sun - Mercury. NASA's Messenger probe, entering orbit, took pictures of this still mysterious planet. A mini-submarine allowed us to look at the bottom of an Antarctic lake for the first time
A submarine the size of a baseball bat has allowed researchers to penetrate the depths of Lake Whillans in Antarctica. The lake is one of the last unexplored places on Earth. The video camera first captured images at a depth of 800 meters through a deep borehole. Stunning aerial photo of Colorado floods
A field of parked cars and trucks was partially submerged in Greeley after September flooding destroyed an area the size of Connecticut. German photographer Wolf Ademite took this photo at the local zoo.
Alemait studied primates for a long time and came to the conclusion that they, like people, can show love, sadness, joy and cruelty. Business Insider photographer Robert Johnson took a picturesque photo during his tour of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
This landscape contrasts greatly with the hard and gloomy life of prisoners and military personnel who are stationed in the local prison. Newly discovered planet GJ504 b glows thanks to its heat
The planet also shimmers in all shades of purple. It has the smallest mass, orbiting a star similar to our Sun. The planet was discovered using direct exposure technology, which allowed scientists to determine its color. This dizzying view of the limestone rocks in China's Zhangjiajie National Forest Park is not for the faint of heart.
These giant towers are all that remains of quartzite sandstones that have been eroded by water for millions of years. This panda cub was born on August 23rd, weighing just 137 grams.
The baby does not yet have the black and white spots characteristic of pandas, and doctors will not be able to find out the gender of the baby for another 2-3 weeks. A South African photographer found this blue-gray noddy bird entangled in the huge web of a red-legged golden spider.
If you think that this spider is not capable of eating a whole bird, then you are deeply mistaken. Spiders of this species reach the size of a human hand. Unique photo: a golden eagle attacked a sika deer
Digital camera traps have captured rare footage of a golden eagle attacking a deer in southern Russia. The cameras were originally installed by the Zoological Society of London and the Wildlife Conservation Society to film Siberian tigers. Imagine their surprise when they saw such a fight on camera. Remains of an Apollo 11 rocket engine recovered from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean
The rocket's two engines were discovered last March by an expedition led by Jeff Bezos, the owner of Amazon. Scientists used underwater equipment to rebuild the F-1 rocket engine, the most powerful engine used to launch spacecraft on the Apollo missions. Without exaggeration, a test tube burger will save the world
A breakthrough in food evolution: Dutch scientist Mark Post artificially grew a hamburger from a test tube. The scientist assured that such a product requires less costs than is necessary to maintain livestock. Of course, this project has not yet been fully finalized, but the scientist predicts that in 20-30 years the synthetic burger will be available for sale. Hunters from Mississippi caught the largest alligator ever to live in the states
This 330 kg beast breaks the record as the heaviest alligator caught in American waters. And although it is 4 meters in length, this alligator is still inferior to its predecessor by 5 cm, caught in 2008. Stunning photo of a solar eclipse
This silhouette of a bird was captured during a partial solar eclipse in southern Lebanon. A rare hybrid solar eclipse means that an annular solar eclipse (when only the visible part of the Sun appears as a bright ring around the Moon) develops into a total solar eclipse (when the Moon completely obscures the Sun). Enlarged photo of animals that don't get enough recognition
Patrick Keyan's microphotographs capture the beauty of the world's tiniest creatures. It seems that in this photo the dragonfly is smiling at us. Widely used in almost all areas of natural and applied sciences.
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Types of scientific photography
Photographic registration of objects in visible light
The most widespread type of scientific photography. It is used in almost all branches of science. The purpose of photographic recording is to preserve the image of the subject being photographed at a given point in time for the purpose of subsequent analysis of the characteristics of the object, such as linear and angular dimensions, relative position of parts, brightness, color, transparency of individual areas.
For this type of shooting, both general-purpose photographic equipment and specialized cameras can be used. When photographing, it is important to accurately know the image scale and shooting parameters. This is achieved by shooting a specialized high-contrast scale bar or grid at the same time as the subject, and documenting the shooting parameters in a journal. When shooting, filters are often used.
Photo recording of oscillograms
Before the advent of digital oscilloscopes, the main method of recording waveforms was photographic. Both special photo oscilloscopes were produced (light-beam with direct recording on photographic material, electron-beam combined with a photographic camera), and special attachments to ordinary oscilloscopes that made it possible to record an oscillogram on the screen with a SLR camera. Cathode ray tubes of oscilloscopes intended for photographing oscillograms had not a green, but a blue screen glow, since photographic films are sensitive mainly to the short-wave region of the spectrum.
Photo recording of spectrograms
Finds application in optical spectrometry. It is carried out using specialized cameras on photographic films sensitized in a wide range of wavelengths. Currently, it is carried out using photosensitive CCD lines.
Photo registration in the infrared and ultraviolet ranges
It is used in cases where it is necessary to study the optical characteristics of an object in invisible regions of electromagnetic radiation. It is implemented using special cameras with lenses that are transparent to the infrared (ultraviolet) part of the spectrum. Shooting will be performed only with light filters.
X-ray photography
Used in applications of introscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, astrophysics. The main problem is the practical impossibility of focusing X-ray radiation. Therefore, X-ray images are taken on large photographic materials.
Photo registration of ionizing particles
Photographic materials are generally sensitive to ionizing particles. This sensitivity can be caused either by the direct effect of an ionizing particle on the molecules of a photographic emulsion or the electronic components of a digital photo matrix cell, or indirectly through optical radiation created by the interaction of an ionizing particle with a substance (luminescence, Cherenkov radiation).
Microphotography
Astronomical photography
Stroboscopic photography
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Excerpt characterizing Scientific Photography
“Count Rostov asked you to come to dinner with him today,” he said after a rather long and awkward silence for Pierre.- A! Count Rostov! – Pierre spoke joyfully. - So you are his son, Ilya. As you can imagine, I didn’t recognize you at first. Remember how we went to Vorobyovy Gory with m me Jacquot... [Madame Jacquot...] a long time ago.
“You’re mistaken,” Boris said slowly, with a bold and somewhat mocking smile. – I am Boris, the son of Princess Anna Mikhailovna Drubetskaya. Rostov's father is called Ilya, and his son is Nikolai. And I didn’t know any m me Jacquot.
Pierre waved his arms and head as if mosquitoes or bees were attacking him.
- Oh, what is this! I got everything mixed up. There are so many relatives in Moscow! Are you Boris...yes. Well, you and I have agreed. Well, what do you think about the Boulogne expedition? After all, the British will have a bad time if only Napoleon crosses the canal? I think the expedition is very possible. Villeneuve would not have made a mistake!
Boris knew nothing about the Boulogne expedition, he did not read the newspapers and heard about Villeneuve for the first time.
“We are more busy here in Moscow with dinners and gossip than with politics,” he said in his calm, mocking tone. – I don’t know anything about it and don’t think anything about it. Moscow is most busy with gossip,” he continued. “Now they’re talking about you and the count.”
Pierre smiled his kind smile, as if afraid for his interlocutor, lest he might say something for which he would repent. But Boris spoke distinctly, clearly and dryly, looking directly into Pierre’s eyes.
“Moscow has nothing better to do than gossip,” he continued. “Everyone is busy with who the count will leave his fortune to, although perhaps he will outlive us all, which is what I sincerely wish...
“Yes, this is all very difficult,” Pierre picked up, “very difficult.” “Pierre was still afraid that this officer would accidentally get into an awkward conversation for himself.
“And it must seem to you,” Boris said, blushing slightly, but without changing his voice or posture, “it must seem to you that everyone is busy only with getting something from the rich man.”
“So it is,” thought Pierre.
“But I just want to tell you, in order to avoid misunderstandings, that you will be very mistaken if you count me and my mother among these people.” We are very poor, but I, at least, speak for myself: precisely because your father is rich, I do not consider myself his relative, and neither I nor my mother will ever ask or accept anything from him.
Pierre could not understand for a long time, but when he understood, he jumped up from the sofa, grabbed Boris’s hand from below with his characteristic speed and awkwardness and, flushed much more than Boris, began to speak with a mixed feeling of shame and annoyance.
- This is strange! I really... and who could have thought... I know very well...
But Boris interrupted him again:
“I’m glad I expressed everything.” Maybe it’s unpleasant for you, excuse me,” he said, reassuring Pierre, instead of being reassured by him, “but I hope I didn’t offend you.” I have a rule of saying everything directly... How can I convey it? Will you come to dinner with the Rostovs?
And Boris, apparently having relieved himself of a heavy duty, getting out of an awkward situation himself and putting someone else in it, became completely pleasant again.
“No, listen,” Pierre said, calming down. – You are an amazing person. What you just said is very good, very good. Of course you don't know me. We haven’t seen each other for so long... since we were children... You can assume in me... I understand you, I understand you very much. I wouldn't do it, I wouldn't have the guts, but it's wonderful. I am very glad that I met you. It’s strange,” he added, after a pause and smiling, “what you assumed in me!” - He laughed. - Well, so what? We'll get to know you better. Please. – He shook hands with Boris. – You know, I have never been to the count. He didn’t call me... I feel sorry for him as a person... But what to do?