What is the opposition of images called in literature? Abstract: Contrasting images

Tolstoy in this novel showed and compared the two most important feelings inherent in a person. Love and hate. Levin felt love for all the people and problems surrounding him on his wedding day, and a feeling of hatred for Karenina at the moment of his near-death experiences. By contrasting these two heroes, one can see more broadly and more specifically one of the main goals of the novel, the meaning of which is to compare two types of love. A lost lady with high moral standards and beautiful appearance had one love - Anna Karenina, the second love - in a spiritually reborn gentleman, with his stubborn approach to figure everything out and the desire for happiness in life.

Anna Karenina's love was doomed from the very beginning. First, she cheated on her husband and betrayed her entire family. Secondly, all her love, despite strong passion and uncontrollable attraction, was based only on carnal need and selfishness. Anna wanted intense experiences, romance, passion, and carefreeness. Throughout Tolstoy's entire novel, Anna never once gave the concept of love, or explained the experience of this feeling. All the arguments that she came up with to denigrate her husband’s attitude towards her had no basis; she did it only because she wanted to somehow justify herself in her own eyes. After she realized that she was not receiving the attention that she so dreamed of in her relationship with her lover, her suspicious nature again began to come up with excuses for herself, accusing her lover of crimes that he did not commit. Precisely because it was not real, not pure love, or rather not love, but ordinary selfish lust, because of which her whole life was destroyed, she felt disgust and hatred. And hatred, of course, led to revenge. Revenge was death. This is the only way to get away from yourself, to escape from problems and shame. And at the same time it is revenge for neglecting her love.

We see a completely different picture in Levin’s relationship.

Let us remember that evening when Levin confessed his love to Kitty for the second time, and she reciprocated his feelings. He was filled with a feeling of delight and happiness - it was love. That evening, in order to somehow pass the time until the next day, he went with his brother to the meeting. At the meeting, everyone was arguing about the deduction of some amounts and about laying some pipes, they were very animatedly sarcastic to each other.

Levin listened to them and clearly saw that they were not angry, but that they were all such kind, nice people, and so it all went well, sweetly between them. What was remarkable for Levin was that now they were all visible to him through and through, and by small, previously unnoticeable signs, he recognized the soul of each and clearly saw that they were all kind. In particular, they all loved him, Levin, extremely much today. This was evident from the way they spoke to him, how affectionately, lovingly even all the strangers looked at him.

The man with whom he had previously felt some kind of dissatisfaction, now seemed smart and kind to him, invited him to drink tea. And Levin couldn’t even remember what irritated him about him, and stayed with him until 2 am. Upon returning to the hotel, the hero saw a footman whom he had not even noticed before, and he also turned out to be very smart and good, and most importantly, a kind person.

He ate almost nothing and could not sleep. Although the room was fresh, the heat stifled him. “All night and morning Levin lived completely unconsciously and felt completely removed from the conditions of material life. He felt completely independent of his body: he moved without muscle effort and felt that he could do anything. He was sure that he would fly up or move the corner of the house if necessary. And what he saw then, he never saw again. Especially the children going to school, the gray pigeons that flew from the roof onto the sidewalk, and the cods sprinkled with flour, which were put out by an invisible hand, touched him. These fish, pigeons and two boys were unearthly creatures. All this together was so extraordinarily good that Levin laughed and cried with joy.”

It was not an earthly feeling, a feeling of love. This love was expressed in everything, it filled him from the inside and illuminated everything around him. This relationship was truly built correctly. Levin didn't put future wife slave frames. He did not want to marry just to satisfy his natural desires. First of all, he wanted a family mutual love, without love he saw no point in it. He also built his relationships on complete openness and trust. And even though he was an unbeliever, he agreed to fast and go to Divine services. In principle, he wanted the same human happiness as Karenina, but everything that Levin did for this love indicates self-sacrifice. While Karenina did not sacrifice herself at all for the sake of her imaginary love. She sacrificed her family, her husband, her son, but not herself. She sacrificed everything that was built by the joint efforts of her family, that is, she destroyed everything that love should build.

It was precisely because Levin’s love was pure that it had a future, it had further development.

“Levin had been married for three months. He was happy, but not at all as he expected. At every step he found disappointment in his old dreams and new unexpected charm. Levin was happy, but, having entered family life, he saw at every step that it was not at all what he had imagined. At every step he experienced what a person would experience if he admired the smooth, happy passage of a boat on the lake, after he himself sat in this boat. He saw that it’s not enough to sit upright without swaying, you also have to think, not for a minute forgetting where to swim, that there is water under your feet and you have to row, and that it hurts unaccustomed hands, that it’s easy to just look at it, but that although doing this is very joyful, it is very difficult.”

In this passage, the writer of the novel shows us that love, even with the right beginning, has great difficulties that must be overcome with great effort. Levin, like all men, involuntarily imagined family life only as the pleasure of love, which should not be hindered by anything and from which petty worries should not distract. Jealousy, possible betrayal, cooling of the feelings of the other half, love for another person - all the depressing feelings that Karenina experienced for Vronsky were also experienced by Levin for his wife. And despite all the doubts and disappointments, Levin understood everything and moved on, trying to overcome all difficulties.

After exploring love in Levin's life, we are left with only one important point in his life - “to believe or not to believe?” - this question arose before him after all the difficulties he had experienced: Kitty’s refusal, Kitty’s mutual love, family conflicts, the death of his brother, the birth of a child. All this in his life did not pass without a trace, but it helped him somehow settle down and gain a footing in this world. It is precisely such difficult turns in his fate that lead him to faith and need for God. And he, as if raising all his thoughts from the depths of his soul, ponders this necessary important question - to believe or not to believe?

Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov” is one of the most controversial works of Russian literature. It was in this novel that not only the epoch-making problems of changing the landowner's life and the morals of Goncharov's contemporary man were reflected. In “Oblomov” it is expressed in its own way revolutionary idea the formation of a new type of Russian person. This idea literally pushed the boundaries of the era, went beyond its limits.

The entire novel “Oblomov” is built on the device of antithesis. And the most important opposition was two heroes, two central figures works - Ilya Ilyich Oblomov and Andrei Stolts - characters who are often called antagonists to each other. But the confrontation and differences between the heroes will ultimately lead to some kind of compromise, a solution to a complex conflict.

Ilya Ilyich is a hero who is rarely called positive. This is a Russian gentleman, a landowner, accustomed to idleness. Oblomov proudly speaks about himself:

“I am a master. I can’t do anything.”

And he really doesn't know how to do anything. Since childhood, surrounded by servants, mothers and nannies, having grown up in the village, not knowing the difficulties of life, he was accustomed to the unhurried flow of life, to constancy - such was life in his home. It, as the author puts it, flowed “like a calm river.” And the word “deceased” was not chosen by chance: it is not just an outdated form of the word, but its double meaning. Life in Oblomovka is not only calm and measured. She is... dead, dying, fading. This is how the life of the main character turned out.

However, it is impossible to name Oblomov negative character. He is the embodiment of Russian morality, Russian mentality, an example of Russian character. Oblomov is generous, kind and soft, gentle. He is honest not only with those around him, but also with himself: he is disgusted by the hypocrisy of the St. Petersburg world, therefore Ilya Ilyich prefers laziness to empty activity. His idle lifestyle is the result of an extreme manifestation of precisely Russian quality, love for humanity. This is a real protest to secular society.

From childhood, Ilya Ilyich was surrounded by care, attention, and kindnessed by his parents and servants, who adored little Ilyusha. But this love acquired an exaggerated character, turned out to be excessive and led to the death of the hero. Since childhood, not accustomed to bothering himself (after all, there were servants in the house who were needed precisely for work), he could not bring himself to act even when it was necessary. As Goncharov accurately put it, “it all started with the inability to put on stockings, and ended with the inability to live.”

Stolz is the complete opposite of Oblomov. Even outwardly he is opposed to the main character. If Ilya Ilyich is a lush, soft man, with gentle hands, then Stolz resembles a “blooded English horse” - sharp, with sharp facial features, with fast speech. Stolz's father is an active man. He taught his son to work, to achieve everything on his own, so as not to be lost in life. But this man did not give him enough love - what Ilya Ilyich had in abundance.

Two people are two opposites, an acute social contradiction. A successful, but dry-hearted person - and kind, sympathetic, but absolutely helpless. Goncharov finds a solution to this confrontation between activity and spirituality, a kind of compromise. And this... little Andryusha Oblomov is the son of the Russian soul Oblomov, raised and raised by the German Stoltz, accustomed to work.

The author undoubtedly assumes that the confusion of these opposites will lead to good result. Andryusha will be the one ideal person of his - and new, too - time, since he will absorb best qualities antagonist heroes.

This idea of ​​the formation of a new type of person, of course, goes beyond the boundaries of its era. Like Turgenev, who at one time predicted the emergence of the Bazarov generation, Goncharov creates the appearance of a new type of personality, which is destined to change its era - and the time that will follow it.

Antithesis is a means of expression that is often used in the Russian language and in Russian literature because of its powerful expressive possibilities. So, antithesis definition is such a technique in artistic language when one phenomenon is contrasted with another. Those who want to read about the antithesis of Wikipedia will certainly find there different examples from poems.

I would like to define the concept of “antithesis” and its meaning. She has great importance in language, because it is a technique that allows compare two opposites, for example, “black” and “white”, “good” and “evil”. The concept of this technique is defined as a means of expressiveness, which allows you to very vividly describe an object or phenomenon in poetry.

What is antithesis in literature

Antithesis is an artistic figurative and expressive means that allows you to compare one object with another based on oppositions. Usually she's like artistic medium, is very popular among many modern writers and poets. But in the classics you can also find great amount examples. Within the antithesis can be opposed in meaning or in their properties:

• Two characters. This most often happens in cases where positive character opposed to negative;
• Two phenomena or objects;
• Different qualities of the same object (looking at the object from several aspects);
• The qualities of one object are contrasted with the qualities of another object.

Lexical meaning of trope

The technique is very popular in literature because it allows you to most clearly express the essence specific subject through opposition. Typically, such oppositions always look lively and imaginative, so poetry and prose that use antithesis are quite interesting to read. She happens to be one of the most popular and known means artistic expression literary text, be it poetry or prose.

The technique was actively used by the classics of Russian literature, and modern poets and prose writers use it no less actively. Most often, the antithesis underlies contrast between two characters in a work of art, When positive hero is opposed to negative. At the same time, their qualities are deliberately demonstrated in an exaggerated, sometimes grotesque form.

Skillful use of this artistic technique allows you to create living figurative description characters, objects or phenomena found in one or another work of art(novel, story, story, poem or fairy tale). It is often used in folklore works(fairy tales, epics, songs and other genres of oral folk art). During runtime literary analysis text, you must definitely pay attention to the presence or absence of this technique in the work.

Where can you find examples of antithesis?

Antithesis examples from literature can be found almost everywhere, in the most different genres fiction starting from folk art (fairy tales, epics, legends, etc. oral folklore) and ending with works modern poets and writers of the twenty-first century. Due to its characteristics of artistic expression, the technique is most often found in the following genres of fiction:

• Poems;
• Stories:
• Fairy tales and legends (folk and author's);
• Novels and stories. In which there are lengthy descriptions of objects, phenomena or characters.

Antithesis as an artistic device

As a means of artistic expression, it is built on the opposition of one phenomenon to another. A writer who uses antithesis in his work chooses the most character traits two characters (objects, phenomena) and tries to reveal them as fully as possible by contrasting each other. The word itself, translated from ancient Greek, also means nothing more than “opposition.”

Active and appropriate use makes the literary text more expressive, lively, interesting, helps to most fully reveal the characters of the characters, the essence of specific phenomena or objects. This is what determines the popularity of the antithesis in the Russian language and in Russian literature. However, in others European languages this is a remedy artistic imagery is also used very actively, especially in classical literature.

In order to find examples of antithesis during the analysis of a literary text, you must first examine those fragments of the text where two characters (phenomena, objects) are not considered in isolation, but are opposed to each other from different points of view. And then finding a reception will be quite easy. Sometimes the whole meaning of a work is built on this artistic device. It should also be borne in mind that the antithesis can be explicit, but maybe hidden, veiled.

Find the hidden antithesis in art literary text It’s quite simple if you read and analyze the text thoughtfully and carefully. In order to teach how to correctly use a technique in your own literary text, you need to familiarize yourself with the most striking examples from Russian classical literature. However, it is not recommended to overuse it so that it does not lose its expressiveness.

Antithesis is one of the main means of artistic expression, widely used in the Russian language and in Russian literature. The technique can easily be found in many works of Russian classics. They actively use it and modern writers. The antithesis enjoys well-deserved popularity because it helps to most clearly express the essence individual heroes, objects or phenomena by contrasting one character (object, phenomenon) with another. Russian literature without this artistic device is practically unthinkable.

Antithesis is a sharp rhetorical opposition of images, states or concepts related to each other inner meaning or a shared device. in literature? Numerous examples where opposing or sharply contrasting concepts and images are juxtaposed to enhance the impression explain this. Moreover, the stronger the contrast, the brighter the antithesis.

A.S. Pushkin used such comparisons as “poetry - prose”, “wave - stone”, “ice - fire”. N.A. Nekrasov and S.A. Yesenin they turn into oxymorons: “poor luxury”, “sad joy”.

The role of antithesis is manifested in exact subordination, for example: “I caught up with snowstorms while I was writing about the summer”; “There was an honest conversation, but everything was muddied.”

But this does not have to be done, for example: “Okay, they sang, but they didn’t get it out,” “The praise sounds beautiful, but it’s bitter.” Here are some concepts started singing And didn't pull it out, sounds And bitter are not in a logical subordination of opposites like water and flame or light and darkness, but the concepts are taken with a certain specification, although there is no precision and logical clarity, as is often found in proverbs.

How to make the antithesis expressive?

Enhancing expressiveness is achieved in the following ways:

The contrast can be semantic: “Having twisted everything, we got to the point.” Both words and constructions are contrasted.

Antithetical concepts (containing opposition) can collectively express something common, for example, antithesis in literature, as seen in Derzhavin’s hero, where he calls himself both a king and a slave, portrays a contrasting

The antithetical image often plays a supporting role in the contrasted one, which is the main one. The expressed object is characterized by only one member of the antithesis, where the second has a purely auxiliary function: “For ideal forms no content needed."

Comparison can express the choice of alternative solutions: ““To share or not?” - thought the calculator.”

You can use phonetic similarity, for example, “teach - get bored.”

The antithesis may contain not two, but more contrasting images, i.e. be polynomial.

Antithesis: examples from literature

Contrasts in works are used in titles, character characteristics, images and themes. What is antithesis in literature? The general definition does not fully reveal its meaning. It becomes clearer and more multifaceted when analyzing famous works.

Roman L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

The title of the work is rich in meaning, despite the fact that a simple antithesis is used. Peace is presented as the antithesis of war. In drafts, the author tries to vary this word, trying to find the best solution.

In the work, Tolstoy creates two poles: good and evil or peace and enmity. The author sharply contrasts the characters with each other, where some are the bearers of life, while others are the bearers of discord. Throughout the novel, comparisons “wrong - right”, “spontaneous - reasonable”, “natural - ostentatious” constantly appear. All this is manifested through images, for example, Natasha and Helen, Napoleon and Kutuzov. The antithesis “false - true” is manifested in the absurd situation of a duel in which Pierre Bezukhov found himself.

Roman F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Dostoevsky's methods are completely different, since he has slightly different views on man. His heroes combine good and evil, compassion and selfishness. The internal trial of conscience over Raskolnikov is the greatest punishment for the crime. Dostoevsky's heroes have a dispute not between personalities, but between their ideas, leading to moral tragedy. Before the crime, Raskolnikov was and after the author gives him a description of the killer.

Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Shift in public consciousness in the mid-19th century was reflected in the novel “Fathers and Sons”, in which main character opposed to everyone around him. The main thing here is the conflict of generations, the cause of which is attachment. Conflicts with friends are caused by differences of beliefs and uncompromisingness. Defending their ideals and defeating the enemy becomes the goal in itself of the heroes.

Some of them look funny because of their limitations. Trying to overcome it, they try to implement new ideas in order to assert themselves. Turgenev uses the technique of antithesis as At the same time, living images, their relationships are better revealed, and the plot develops.

Thus, it becomes clear what antithesis is in literature. The works of the classics clearly demonstrate this

Conclusion

To compare contrasting or opposing concepts, in order to enhance the impression, antithesis is used. Examples from the literature indicate that it can be the main principle of construction as individual parts, and the whole work.

IN in a broad sense antipodes are entities opposite to each other. The term is borrowed from where it denoted opposing things, phenomena and quantities. The concept is used in physics, philosophy, literature and other areas of science and art.

Where do the Antipodes live?

In terms of geography, we can, for example, call the inhabitants of New Zealand and Spain antipodes, since these countries are located in strictly opposite points of the planet.

Explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, among other meanings, unanimously highlight the following: antipodes are people opposing views, beliefs, actions, etc. It is with this meaning that literary device, with the help of which the author creates a picture of life and expresses his concept.

The antipodean hero is interesting not only from the point of view plot collisions. His presence creates a conflict and helps the reader take a closer look at the main character, see the hidden motives of his actions, and thoroughly understand the idea of ​​the work.

Russian classics are rich in such literary pairs that represent the antipodes. Moreover, these characters can not only be enemies, but that does not prevent them from being antipodes. Onegin and Lensky, about whom Pushkin says that they are “like ice and fire”, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, Grinev and Shvabrin, Oblomov and Stolz, the Karamazovs - Ivan and Alyosha - this is not a complete series of names.

Eternal duel

In A. Griboyedov’s brilliant comedy “Woe from Wit,” the ardent and witty Chatsky also has antipodes. This is, first of all, the “modest” Molchalin. These people would not be placed side by side at all - they are so far from each other in their way of thinking, but they are only brought together by one object of love - Sofya Famusova. Both heroes are smart in their own way, but this intelligence is different. Molchalin, convinced that “one must depend on others,” won recognition for his obsequiousness, courtesy, pragmatic professionalism and caution. In contrast, the sincere, talented, independent Chatsky, who “wants to preach freedom,” is recognized by the majority as crazy. The common sense of the conformist Molchalin, it would seem, triumphs over the “crazy” daring rejection of vulgarity, hypocrisy and stupidity. However, sympathies are still on the side of the freedom lover Chatsky, who leaves Moscow with broken hearted. The presence of an antipodean hero in the play makes the conflict especially expressive and emphasizes how typical the fate of a loner who decides to contradict the majority is.

The secret of true love

In F. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment,” it is not immediately possible to recognize the antipodes of the main character. At first glance, Svidrigailov and Luzhin seem completely opposite to Raskolnikov, from whom the hero wants to protect and save people. However, we gradually understand that Raskolnikov, absorbed in his idea, is, rather, their double - in the inhuman, cynical and criminal content of this idea. Nevertheless, Raskolnikov has antipodes - this is Porfiry Petrovich. The latter was fascinated by similar Raskolnikov views in his youth, but his conscience did not allow him to follow this path. And Sonya also “transgressed,” but not by taking the lives of others, but by sacrificing herself for the sake of others. Thanks to this contrast, the author helps us understand what true essence Christian charity and love.