Art of the Land of the Rising Sun. Japan

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Introduction

• The main task of aesthetic education in primary school is to involve students in an atmosphere of art, and this is only possible in a museum.
• The State Hermitage provides an opportunity to get acquainted with materials of fine and decorative art on a variety of topics. You can take a tour with children through its halls, as well as take a virtual tour on the Hermitage website/www.hermitagemuseum.org/, to get acquainted with the history of Japanese art and its culture.

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• Russia's largest collection of Japanese art from the 13th – 19th centuries contains about 8 thousand works. These are mainly monuments of the Tokugawa period (1603 - 1868) - the time of the last flourishing of traditional Japanese culture.
• The Hermitage houses 1,500 sheets of color woodcuts, including works by famous masters of Japanese engraving from the ser. XVIII to XX centuries (Syuzuki Harunobu, Utagawa Kunisada, Ichinosai Kuniyoshi, etc.); Japanese painting is represented by a few but interesting examples.

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• Japanese print
• Woodcut (from the Greek helon tree and grбpho I write, I draw), woodcut, one of the types of engraving.
• The printing form (cliché) is made by hand engraving.
• Japanese artist Utagawa Kunisada (1786-1864)

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Woodcut

• Japanese artist Ichinosai Kuniyoshi “Cherry blossoms”
• Sakura is the Japanese name for the decorative cherry tree and its flowers.

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• The most valuable part of the Hermitage's Japanese collection is the collection of netsuke - miniature sculpture of the 17th - 19th centuries, numbering more than a thousand works.
• All known schools of carving, all the most significant masters and subjects characteristic of netsuke are displayed in the Hermitage collection.
• Three monkeys playing Go
• Puppy on the mat

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Netsuke is a keychain or counterweight with which a tobacco pouch, a bunch of keys, or an intro-box for perfumes and medicines was attached to the belt. The need for such a device was caused by the lack of pockets in Japanese traditional costume. The specific artistic design of such a keychain (in the form of a carved sculpture, relief plate, etc.) was borrowed from China. Netsuke is both a utilitarian piece of costume, having a specific shape, and a work of art, decorated in a certain style. The main material for making netsuke was ivory.

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• Netsuke is both a utilitarian piece of costume, having a specific shape, and a work of art, decorated in a certain style. The main material for making netsuke was ivory.
• Professional craftsmen transform netsuke into an independent art form, with a specific set of forms, materials, range of subjects and symbolism.

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Theater of Japan

• One of the earliest types of theater was the no theater (Japanese 能 no: “talent, skill”), which developed in the 14th-15th centuries; actors played in masks and luxurious costumes. Theater is considered "masked" drama, but masks (o-mote) are worn only by shite and waki. In the 17th century, one of the most famous types of Japanese traditional theater developed - kabuki (Japanese 歌舞伎 “song, dance, skill”), the actors of this theater were exclusively men, their faces were made up in a complex way. The art of onnagata (Japanese: 女形 female character), actors playing female roles, is highly valued.

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Noh theater masks.

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• Noh theater costume
• Karigina
• First half of the 19th century. Silk

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• Kimono (Japanese 着物, kimono, “clothing”; Japanese 服, wafuku, “national clothing”) is traditional clothing in Japan.
• Since the mid-19th century, it has been considered the Japanese “national costume”. Also, kimono is the work clothes of geisha and maiko (future geisha).

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In the collection of applied art of the State Hermitage:

• edged weapons (blades, tsuba, menuki, etc.),
• collection of porcelain and ceramics
• (over 2000 copies),
• varnishes of the XIV -XX centuries,
• fabric and costume samples.

“Art of the 19th century in Russia” - Physical education. I. Repin was born on July 24, 1844 in the city of Chuguev. The world. Creating artistic images using paints. Conclusion. Literature. This is precisely why the 19th century was called “Golden”. You'll see, now they'll come closer, it's worth taking a look... They're getting closer. Works by A.S. Pushkin enters the life of a Russian person from early childhood.

“Art Project” - Questions. Ensuring: Working in a team and in groups creates a situation of success. Informational resources. Visual: Develop teamwork skills. Evaluation criteria. Abstract: Final collective work on the project. True. What is the interior of a peasant house like? In art, people express their soul, their mentality and character.

“Beauty in art” - I. Aivazovsky “The Ninth Wave”. K. Korovin “Roses”. Centuries passed. I. Levitan “Golden Autumn”. I. Levitan “Birch Grove”. Phloxes." The beautiful in life and works of art. Some people have achieved great skill in drawing. I. Shishkin “Rye”. I. Kramskoy “Bouquet of flowers. Man has always wanted to capture the beautiful, that which surprised and pleased.

“Creativity in art” - Bogdanov-Belsky. 1915. World of Art. 1916-1920. The founders of the “World of Arts” were the artist A. N. Benois and theater figure S. P. Diaghilev. He was buried in the cemetery of Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois. Symbolism and Art Nouveau as stylistic trends of the early 20th century. I will bow my head silently at your feet. Artists organized exhibitions under the auspices of the World of Art magazine.

“Art of the 20th Century” - Outline: Conclusion. The novel is written in the form of a diary. characteristics of the era Sections on art representatives. Sections on art. Visual range illustration. Representatives. Existentialism arose in philosophy in the 20s. 20th century. The novel “The Glass Bead Game” depicts a reality that practically does not exist.

“Russian Decorative Art” - State Armory Chamber. Russian porcelain reaches European levels. Moscow becomes the capital of a mighty power. Wood carving, painting. Pano. First half of the 19th century. Tile from the 17th century. Gold, pearls, and precious stones are used in abundance in artistic embroidery. Imperial Porcelain Factory.

In the IX - X centuries. Secular painting appeared in Japan - Yamato-e , which developed in the palaces of the nobility. Painting artistsYamato-eThey painted landscapes, court scenes, and flowers on silk and paper with bright colors with the addition of gold. Pictures in shapehorizontal scrolls - emakimono looked at on the table, andvertical scrolls - kakimono decorated the walls of the front rooms. Painters often illustrated famous novels of their contemporaries.

In the 14th century - 14th centuries. in Buddhist monasteries, monk-artists began to paint pictures on paper with ink , using all the richness of its shades, from silver-gray to black.Artist Toba Shozo(second half of the 12th century)on long scrolls he spoke about the tricks of frogs, hares and monkeys. Allegorically depicting monks and laity under the guise of animals, he ridiculed the greed and stupidity of the monks.

Artist Toyo Oda, orSesshu(XV century), painted nature at different times of the year. His scrolls have survived"Winter landscape", "Autumn", "Four Seasons"and a number of other paintings.

The appearance ofpopular portrait in painting. Artists painted such portraits of famous commanders and rulers of Japan. Portrait of the artist's workFujiwara Takanobu depicts a military leader - rulerMinamoto Yerimotoin dark clothes, sitting on the floor according to Japanese custom. His body seems to be bound by a hard fabric. The artist focused all his attention on the stern, arrogant face, creating the image of a cruel, powerful man.

In the XVII - XIX centuries. Trade and crafts are developing in the cities. For the urban population, artists madeengravings , which were printed in large quantities from wooden boards on thin paper. The demand for them was very great: every person could now, instead of an expensive and sometimes inaccessible scroll painting, buy an elegant engraving that was clear to him in meaning. And the characters in the engravings are already different. These are actors and geishas, ​​couples in love, artisans at work. Artists often created festive, very elegant surimono engravings, which included poems wishing happiness. Colored Japanese prints are recognized throughout the world. Famous engraverUtamaro (1753—1806) was famous for his images of young women, and artistsHokusai (1760—1849) AndHiroshige (1797—1858) - with their landscapes. Dedicated his creativity to images of actorsSharaku (XVIII century). He showed them in a variety of roles, often with faces distorted by suffering and anger.

Engravings by artist Hokusai.

White rain under the mountain

First half of the 19th century

Hokusai was born in 1760 in Edo. He created about 30 thousand drawings and engravings. Hokusai's best and most important works were his series of landscapes. Already an old man, Hokusai wrote: “At the age of 6, I tried to correctly convey the shapes of objects. Over the course of half a century I painted a lot of paintings, but until I was 70 I did nothing significant.

The oldest art form in Japan is sculpture. Beginning with Jomon era various ceramic products (ware), clay idol figurines are also known dogu .

IN Kofun era were installed on the graves Haniwa - sculptures made of burnt clay , at first simple cylindrical shapes, and then more complex ones - in the form of people, animals or birds.

The history of sculpture in Japan is associated with the appearance in the country Buddhism . Traditional Japanese sculpture is most often statues of Buddhist religious concepts ( tathagata , bodhisattva etc.) One of the most ancient sculptures in Japan is a wooden statue of Buddha Amitabha in the temple Zenko-ji . IN Nara period Buddhist statues were created by government sculptors. IN Kamakura period blossomed Kay school , of which he was a prominent representative Unkei . Buddhism had a strong influence on the development of Japanese art. Many works represent the image of Buddha, so numerous statues and sculptures of Buddha were created in temples. They were made of metal, wood and stone. Only after some time did masters appear who began to make secular portrait sculptures, but over time the need for them disappeared, so sculptural reliefs with deep carvings began to be used more and more often to decorate buildings.

As the main material for sculptures (as in Japanese architecture) it was used tree . Statues were often covered varnish , gilded or brightly colored. Also used as material for statues bronze or other metals.

In the 8th century, with the strengthening of temples and the expansion of their interests, the appearance of Buddhist sculpture also changed. The number of statues has increased, and the technique of making them has become more complex. An important place, along with the statues of the highest deities, began to be given in the temple to the figures of demigods - defenders and guardians of the countries of the world. They were usually made from brightly colored clay and were endowed with a special position of poses and gestures. These are the statues of the kings - guardians from the monasteryT o d a i d z i. The statues of higher deities also become different. Proportions became more correct, facial expressions more earthly.

In the XII - XIV centuries. Along with statues of Buddhist deities, and often instead of them, true portrait statues of monks, warriors, and noble dignitaries appeared in temples. In the severity of the faces of these figures sitting in deep thought or standing, made of wood and painted, and sometimes even dressed in natural clothes, Japanese sculptors conveyed enormous inner strength. In these creations, Japanese masters came close to revealing the depths of a person’s inner world.

The miniature Japanese sculpture netsuke is known throughout the world. Its main purpose is to serve as a keychain pendant. With the help of netsuke, wallets, tobacco pouches, and boxes for perfumes or medicines were attached to the belt of traditional Japanese kimono clothing.Each figurine had a hole for a cord on which the necessary items were hung, since clothes at that time did not have pockets. Netsuke figurines depicted secular characters, gods, demons, or various objects that had a special secret meaning, for example, a wish for family happiness. Netsuke are made of wood, ivory, ceramics or metal.The art of netsuke, like the art of carving theatrical masks, is a traditional national phenomenon of Japanese culture. Netsuke are full of expression images of people, animals, birds, flowers, plants, individual objects, often small flat boxes, skillfully decorated with patterned carvings.

The flow of new artistic themes into Japan was reflected in the creation of monumental, heroic images. The main one says thisshrine of the monastery To dai dzi - 16 m bronze statueBUDDS - RUSSIANS. The huge figure of the deity is a true wonder of the world. It united all types of art - casting, chasing, forging.

The manufacture of edged weapons was elevated to the level of art in Japan, bringing the manufacture of the samurai sword to perfection. Swords, daggers, frames for swords, elements of combat ammunition served as a kind of men's jewelry, indicating belonging to the class, so they were made by skilled craftsmen, decorated with precious stones and carvings. Japanese folk crafts also include ceramics, lacquerware, weaving, and wood engraving. Traditional ceramic products are painted by Japanese potters with various patterns and glazes.

By the 1st millennium BC. e. These include magnificently crafted asymmetrical vessels, sculpted from gray, blue, pinkish clay and decorated with relief patterns in the form of a rope. Therefore the vessels(and this entire period)are calledjomon("rope"). It is believed that they served for sacrifices

In the XVII - XIX centuries. Numerous Japanese artistic products have gained worldwide fame. Japanese ceramics are striking in their naturalness and variability of patterns. You can always feel the hand of a master in it, who knows how to give each item unique beauty and surprise, softness of shape and plasticity. Porcelain, embroidery, ivory carvings, bronze figures and vases, and enamels are also very colorful and picturesque. But especially famous were products made of black and gold lacquer, which was extracted from the resin of the lacquer tree and painted. Famouswas a master of varnishes Ogata Korin (1658 - 1716), who created a number of remarkable lacquer boxes and paintings on screens.

Music and theater. Sounds Japanese music for Kabuki theater. Teacher: This music that you just heard is known and loved by all the people of Japan. It can accompany theatrical performances

One of the earliest types of theater was theater But - "talent, skill" formed in XIV - XV centuries , the actors played in masks and luxurious costumes. Theater is considered "masked" drama, but masks (o-mote) are worn only by shite and waki. female image), actors performing female roles.In Kyoto, the second capital of Japan, there is a monument to the famous Okuni, considered the founder of the Kabuki theater. The word “kabuki” is a noun derived from the verb “kabuku,” which literally means “to deviate.” Many customs of the Kabuki theater are still alive today - for example, a fine imposed on an actor who made some mistake on stage. The offender must treat each actor who was involved in the episode with a bowl of noodles. If the stage was large, the fine was serious. Besides the theater But and kabuki existstraditional puppet theater bunraku . Some playwrights, for example, Chikamatsu Monzaemon wrote plays for bunraku, which were later staged on the “big stage” - in kabuki.

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Japanese culture is a unique, original phenomenon not only in the context of global culture, but also among other eastern cultures. It has developed continuously since the 10th and 11th centuries. From the 17th to the mid-19th century, Japan was practically closed to foreigners (connections were maintained only with the Netherlands and China). During this period of isolation in Japan, national identity was creatively developed. And when, after several centuries, the rich traditional culture of Japan was finally revealed to the world, it had a strong influence on the subsequent development of European painting, theater and literature. Japanese civilization was formed as a result of complex and multi-temporal ethnic contacts. Japanese culture, unlike Indian and Chinese, was just being born at the turn of the Middle Ages, so it was characterized by increased dynamism and special sensitivity to the perception of foreign influences.

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In Japanese mythology, the divine spouses Izanagi and Izanami were considered the ancestors of everything that exists. From them came a triad of great gods: Amaterasu - the goddess of the Sun, Tsukiyomi - the goddess of the Moon. Susanoo - the god of storms and wind. According to the ideas of the ancient Japanese, the deities did not have a humanoid or bestial appearance, but were embodied in nature itself - in the Sun, Moon, mountains and rocks, rivers and waterfalls, trees and herbs, which were revered as spirits-kami (“kami” in translation from Japanese means "divine wind"). This deification of nature underlies the national Japanese religion, which is called Shintoism (from the Japanese “Shinto” - “way of the gods”).

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According to the Kojiki, the oldest monument of Japanese language and literature, the sun goddess Amaterasu gave her grandson Prince Ninigi, the deified ancestor of the Japanese, the sacred Yata mirror and said: “Look at this mirror as you look at me.” She gave him this mirror along with the sacred sword Murakumo and the sacred jasper necklace of Yasakani. These three symbols of the Japanese people, Japanese culture, and Japanese statehood have been passed down from time immemorial from generation to generation as a sacred relay of valor, knowledge, and art.

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In the history of Japanese culture and art, one can distinguish three deep, still living currents, three dimensions of Japanese spirituality, interpenetrating and enriching each other: Shinto (“the path of heavenly deities”) - the folk pagan religion of the Japanese; Zen is the most influential movement of Buddhism in Japan (Zen is both a doctrine and a lifestyle, similar to medieval Christianity and Islam); Bushido (“the way of the warrior”) - the aesthetics of samurai, the art of the sword and death.

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Jasper is the oldest symbol of Shinto ideas, which is based on the cult of ancestors. The mirror is a symbol of purity, dispassion and self-deepening, expressing the ideas of Zen in the best possible way. The sword (“the soul of the samurai,” as an ancient Japanese proverb says) is a symbol of Bushido. The three named trends in Japanese culture and art cannot, of course, be isolated in their pure form. At the same time, they to a certain extent determine the sequence of development of Japanese culture.

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The earliest, already in the 3rd-7th centuries, an ideological and artistic complex associated with Shinto was formed. It was dominant during the era of the formation of the Yamato state, retained its position during the period of the first penetration of Buddhism, and finally practically merged with it (8th century). These early centuries pass, as it were, under the sign of jasper. Then, with its roots in the warlike era of Yamato, gradually maturing, they emerged at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries as the established ideological and artistic system of ethics and aesthetics of bushido: culture under the sign of the sword. Since the 13th century, it has continued its development in close interaction and interpenetration with the Buddhist Mahayana teachings of Zen. Intertwined in both ideological and purely artistic manifestations, Zen and Bushido defined Japanese national culture almost until our 21st century.

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The oldest monuments of art in Japan date back to the Neolithic period (8th century - mid-1st millennium BC): ceramic dishes with lush molded decoration, stylized figurines of idols, anthropomorphic masks. At the end of the Neolithic - the beginning of the early Iron Age (5th century BC - 4th century AD), along with dugouts and huts, granaries were built from logs - rectangular in plan, without windows, with a gable roof, raised by pillars above earth. In the first centuries of our era, with the establishment of the Shinto religion, the main sanctuaries of Japan in Ise and Izumo (550) were built in the form of granaries on vast, pebble-covered areas surrounded by fences. With the simplicity and clarity of their designs, they laid the foundation for the tradition of Japanese architecture. Household ceramics acquired clarity of form and rigor of geometric patterns, and ritual bronze swords, mirrors, and bells became widespread. In the 4th-6th centuries, with the formation of the state of Yamato (in the center of the island of Honshu), grandiose burial mounds of rulers were built. Located on their surface are clay figurines of magical purposes (“haniwa”) - warriors, priests, court ladies, animals, etc. - are distinguished by the lively spontaneity of facial expressions and gestures.

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The Middle Ages, which lasted over a thousand years (VI-XIX centuries), was the most fruitful for Japanese art. A significant event in the development of Japanese culture was the introduction of the Buddhist faith at the end of the 5th century. Along with writing and a sophisticated continental culture brought by Buddhist monks, the new religion marked the beginning of Japan's contact with the rest of the Asian world.

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With the spread of Buddhism, intensive construction of Buddhist monasteries began, dating back to Korean and Chinese models. The most famous was Horyuji (late 6th - early 7th centuries) - a small temple complex located outside the city of Nara, the site of the most important monuments of Japanese Buddhism, as well as the oldest wooden buildings in the world. The temple ensemble included: a multi-tiered pagoda, the main temple - the condo (Golden Hall), a hall for sermons, a repository of Buddhist sutras, monks' homes and other buildings. The temple buildings were located on a rectangular square surrounded by two rows of walls with gates. The buildings were erected on the basis of a post-and-beam frame structure. Red-lacquered columns and brackets supported a massive tiled, curved, one- or two-tier roof. The “miracle of beauty” of the Horyuji ensemble lies in the amazing balance and harmony of two buildings of different shapes - the temple with its light, as if floating roofs and the upward pagoda, ending with a spire with nine rings - a symbol of the Buddhist celestial spheres.

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Another significant phenomenon of Japanese sculpture of this period is the figures of meditating or praying monks, with soulful and emphatic realism conveying not only their physical features, but also spiritual ecstasy and prayerful concentration.

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The main event in the architecture of the XII-XIII centuries. was the restoration of buildings in the old capital of Heijo (modern Nara), destroyed and burned during internecine wars. Thus, in 1199, the Great South Gate of the Todaiji ensemble was re-erected and the Daibutsuden (Big Buddha Hall) was restored.

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The tea ceremony (chado), philosophical “rock gardens”, short and succinct tercet-reflections (haiku) - everything is cultivated under the sign of self-deepening and insight, under the sign of the mirror. This is how the thousand-year relay of Japanese culture and Japanese art, “programmed” in the ancient myth of the three treasures, takes place.

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Ikebana is the traditional Japanese art of flower arranging. Literally, ikebana means “flowers that live.” In European art, the composition of a bouquet demonstrates the skill of the person who created it, while the creators of ikebana strive to reveal not their preferences and tastes, not their individuality, but the natural essence of the plants presented in ikebana, the deep meaning of their combinations and arrangement - the composition as a whole. In addition, Europeans for the most part strive for pomp, elegance, and richness of color, while Japanese ikebana masters strive for extreme rigor, even laconicism in form, sometimes limiting themselves to two or three branches and paying special attention to the simplest and most modest plants. This art form, which originated in India and penetrated into Japan along with Buddhism from China, became widespread in this country and began to play a significant role in the cultural life of its society.

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It was in Japan that ikebana, going beyond the ritual rite of offering symbolically significant flowers to the Buddha, as well as revered ancestors, became a special form of art, widely introduced into various spheres of public life. Simplicity as a sign of originality and the individual as a sign of the whole - this is the credo of true ikebana artists. Their creations in this sense resemble Japanese haiku poems: they are distinguished by the same brevity, depth and perfection. The art of ikebana in modern Japan is one of the most popular; it is perceived as a symbol of national identity and as the embodiment of high artistic taste, recognized throughout the world.

Masterpieces of Japanese Architecture For centuries, palaces and temples in Japan were built in the Chinese style, but the national architecture of Japan has a characteristic appearance. One of the oldest architectural structures in Japan is the Buddhist monastery of Horyuji in the city of Nara, the first capital of the Japanese state. The palace complex, created in the best traditions of Chinese architecture, is a unique phenomenon. For centuries, palaces and temples in Japan were built in the Chinese style, but the national architecture of Japan has a distinctive appearance. One of the oldest architectural structures in Japan is the Buddhist monastery of Horyuji in the city of Nara, the first capital of the Japanese state. The palace complex, created in the best traditions of Chinese architecture, is a unique phenomenon. Horyuji Monastery. 607 Nara. Horyuji Monastery. 607 Nara.

Particularly noteworthy are the Golden Hall and the pagoda, which form the basis of the monastery. The Golden Hall is a rectangular two-story building in plan, standing on a stone foundation and supported by 26 columns. Two massive curved gray-blue tiled roofs emphasize the solemn character of the structure. Horyuji Monastery. 607 Nara. Horyuji Monastery. 607 Nara. Golden Hall and Pagoda. Golden Hall and Pagoda.

The Golden Pavilion in Kyoto became a true masterpiece of Japanese architecture - a classic example of exquisite Japanese architecture. The pavilion owes its unusual name to its three-tiered roof with slightly raised edges, which was once covered with gold sheet plates. The architects carefully thought out the layout and location of the building. It rises on the shore of a small lake on light columns, reflected in the water with all the richness of curved lines, carved walls and patterned cornices. The Golden Pavilion in Kyoto became a true masterpiece of Japanese architecture - a classic example of exquisite Japanese architecture. The pavilion owes its unusual name to its three-tiered roof with slightly raised edges, which was once covered with gold sheet plates. The architects carefully thought out the layout and location of the building. It rises on the shore of a small lake on light columns, reflected in the water with all the richness of curved lines, carved walls and patterned cornices. Golden Pavilion. 16th century Kyoto. Golden Pavilion. 16th century Kyoto.

Golden Pavilion. 16th century Kyoto. The backdrop is lush evergreen vegetation. The walls of the temple are painted golden, so that in the rays of the dazzling sun reflected in the mirror-like surface of the lake, it presents an unusually beautiful sight. The backdrop is lush evergreen vegetation. The walls of the temple are painted golden, so that in the rays of the dazzling sun reflected in the mirror-like surface of the lake, it presents an unusually beautiful sight.

During the period of internecine wars and the struggle for the unification of the country, defensive structures began to be built. It is no longer churches and monasteries that play a leading role in architecture, but castles of unprecedented size and splendor, surrounded by several rings of powerful defensive walls, and watchtowers victoriously rising to the sky. During the period of internecine wars and the struggle for the unification of the country, defensive structures began to be built. It is no longer churches and monasteries that play a leading role in architecture, but castles of unprecedented size and splendor, surrounded by several rings of powerful defensive walls, and watchtowers victoriously rising to the sky. One of the most picturesque castles of that time is Himeji Castle near the city of Kobe. The snow-white towers and walls of the castle, rising above the powerful stonework, gave it another name - White Heron Castle. One of the most picturesque castles of that time is Himeji Castle near the city of Kobe. The snow-white towers and walls of the castle, rising above the powerful stonework, gave it another name - White Heron Castle. Himeji Castle - 1609 Kobe Himeji Castle - 1609 Kobe

Himeji Castle - 1609 Kobe

Himeji Castle - 1609 Kobe. Himeji Castle - 1609 Kobe. Himeji Castle is a huge and complex complex of architectural structures with many labyrinths, secret passages and buildings inside the walls. Himeji Castle is a huge and complex complex of architectural structures with many labyrinths, secret passages and buildings inside the walls.

Himeji Castle - 1609 Kobe Himeji Castle - 1609 Kobe More than ten gates of various designs had to be passed through to get to the central tower - the main citadel of the castle. More than ten gates of various designs had to be passed through to get to the central tower - the main citadel of the castle.

Staircase of Himeji Castle. Kobe. Staircase of Himeji Castle. Kobe.

Garden and park art of Japan The origins of garden and park art of Japan go back to antiquity, when people worshiped water, rocks, mountains, stones... In the minds of the Japanese, water is a mirror of the world, the embodiment of peace, appearing as an endless play of reflections. Water is the embodiment of fluidity, change and transformation of life. The origins of Japanese gardening art go back to antiquity, when people worshiped water, rocks, mountains, stones... In the Japanese mind, water is a mirror of the world, the embodiment of peace, appearing as an endless play of reflections. Water is the embodiment of fluidity, change and transformation of life. Garden of the Sambo Monastery. 16th century Garden of the Sambo Monastery. 16th century

The stones were considered to be created from “the purest energy of Heaven and Earth.” Bringing stones into the garden and arranging them correctly means introducing a circulation of energy into the garden space, embodying the idea of ​​the world in miniature. Stones are messengers of the eternal, evoking thoughts about the past. The stones were valued for the play of colors, patterns, veins on the surface, the presence of voids, and the ability to make a sound when struck with an iron stick. The stones were considered to be created from “the purest energy of Heaven and Earth.” Bringing stones into the garden and arranging them correctly means introducing a circulation of energy into the garden space, embodying the idea of ​​the world in miniature. Stones are messengers of the eternal, evoking thoughts about the past. The stones were valued for the play of colors, patterns, veins on the surface, the presence of voids, and the ability to make a sound when struck with an iron stick. Daisen-in Garden. Kyoto. 16th century Daisen-in Garden. Kyoto. 16th century

Japanese masters made their unique contribution to the development of landscape gardening art. When starting to create a garden, the artist first of all chose its type: a tree garden, a rock garden or a water garden. Japanese masters made their unique contribution to the development of landscape gardening art. When starting to create a garden, the artist first of all chose its type: a tree garden, a rock garden or a water garden.. Daisen-in Garden of Daitokuji Monastery

In a tree garden, the main semantic accents are provided by skillfully arranged trees of various species. In the garden of water, the main role is played by water, presented in all its changing manifestations (quiet creeks and ponds, springs and streams, waterfalls and trickles). The beauty of water is complemented by the beauty of living wood and dead stone. In a tree garden, the main semantic accents are provided by skillfully arranged trees of various species. In the garden of water, the main role is played by water, presented in all its changing manifestations (quiet creeks and ponds, springs and streams, waterfalls and trickles). The beauty of water is complemented by the beauty of living wood and dead stone. Silver pavilion. 15th century. Silver pavilion. 15th century.
In the famous Reanji rock garden in Kyoto ("Flat Garden") there are no mountains, no water, no trees, not a single flower. There is nothing in it that changes, grows and fades, is exposed to time. Everything here creates an atmosphere of philosophical self-deepening, focusing a person on the main thing - on the experience of space. But this external staticity is in fact changeable and conditional. The garden changes every moment, it is unique at different times of the day and year. In the famous Reanji rock garden in Kyoto ("Flat Garden") there are no mountains, no water, no trees, not a single flower. There is nothing in it that changes, grows and fades, is exposed to time. Everything here creates an atmosphere of philosophical self-deepening, focusing a person on the main thing - on the experience of space. But this external staticity is in fact changeable and conditional. The garden changes every moment, it is unique at different times of the day and year. Reanji Rock Garden. 16th century Kyoto. Reanji Rock Garden. 16th century Kyoto.

Reanji Rock Garden. 16th century Kyoto Reanji Rock Garden. 16th century Kyoto Fifteen large stones of mountain origin and light sea sand - these are all the components of this unusual garden. The stones are surrounded by dark green moss and arranged in groups in a small area. Fifteen large stones of mountain origin and light sea sand are all the components of this unusual garden. The stones are surrounded by dark green moss and arranged in groups in a small area.