Obzh factors of survival in natural conditions. Rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomous existence lesson
Lesson 1
Rules for safe behavior
in conditions of forced autonomous existence
The main reasons for forced autonomous existence
Modern civilization and the technological revolution have surrounded man with a certain comfort. The advent of modern designs of ships, airplanes, cars, the creation of effective means of radio communication, television and household appliances changed his life and taught him to live among the wild. It often happens that a person finds himself torn out of his usual way of life (Diagram 1).
Imagine that this happens in a deserted area, in the ocean, desert, impenetrable forest, tundra. In this case, the problem of autonomous existence (survival) in natural conditions immediately arises.
What is survival and autonomous existence?
Survival is an active activity aimed at preserving life, health and performance in extreme conditions.
Autonomous existence is the presence of a person in certain, often difficult, conditions of isolation, when the likelihood of help and the possibility of using technical and other advances is limited or excluded.
The main condition that determines the success of survival or death is a person’s mood to get out of this situation, his desire to return home, moral obligations to loved ones and society, and the consciousness that he still has a lot to do.
An emergency situation usually occurs suddenly, and its development cannot always be predicted. Therefore, the course of action in such situations depends on the specific situation.
The experience of many people who have been in extreme situations has made it possible to determine the general order of priority actions for victims of disaster (Diagram 2).
After emerging from a dangerous situation that directly threatens life, you need to decide what to do: wait for help on the spot or try to get to the nearest populated area.
The decision to remain at the scene of an accident is made in cases where:
A distress signal or message about the scene of an incident is transmitted using an emergency radio;
the location of the incident is not precisely determined, the terrain is unfamiliar and difficult to pass (mountains, forests, deep ravines, swamps, thick layer of snow cover, etc.);
the location of the nearest settlement and the distance to it are unknown;
Most people cannot move independently due to their injuries.
Having decided to stay at the scene of the accident, you must adhere to the basic rules of safe behavior that will allow you to survive and wait for help from rescuers.
The decision to leave the scene of the accident is made if:
The location of the nearest populated area is known exactly, the distance to it is small, the state of people’s health allows it to be overcome;
there is an immediate threat to life: a forest fire, a break in the ice field, a flood, etc.;
people cannot be detected by rescuers at this site due to the dense vegetation surrounding them;
There has been no communication or help for three days.
At the scene of the incident, you need to indicate the direction of your departure: lay out an arrow, make notches in the trees, tie together tufts of grass, etc.
Questions and tasks
1. Name the main reasons for forced autonomous existence in natural conditions.
2. Give examples (from life, books or films) of human survival in the natural environment. What qualities help people in trouble survive?
3. What priority actions should be taken by victims of disaster in a deserted area?
4. In what cases do they decide to stay at the scene of an accident?
5. In what cases is it decided to leave the scene of an accident?
Exercise 1
From the reasons listed below, select those that can lead to forced autonomous existence in natural conditions:
a) loss of some food products;
b) late registration of the tourist group before going on the route;
c) loss of orientation on the terrain during a hike;
d) loss of compass;
e) accident of vehicles in the natural environment;
f) major forest fire;
g) lack of means of communication.
Task 2
Factors of survival in conditions of forced autonomous existence include: personal factors, psychological factors, material factors, natural factors. There is a missing link in the above chain. Find him.
Task 3
The procedure for action in various emergency situations in the natural environment is not the same and depends on the specific situation. From the following cases, select those in which the team leader must decide to leave the scene of the accident:
a) the group cannot be detected by rescuers due to the dense vegetation surrounding it;
b) the direction to the nearest populated area and its distance are unknown;
c) the location of the incident is not precisely determined, the terrain is unfamiliar and difficult to pass;
d) there is no communication or assistance for three days;
e) there is an immediate threat to human life;
f) a distress signal or message about the location of an incident is transmitted using an emergency radio station;
g) the location of a populated area is known exactly, and the state of health of people allows them to overcome the distance to it.
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Rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomous existence lesson
The main reasons and problems of the forced autonomous existence of humans in nature
The main reasons that lead a person to a forced autonomous existence in natural conditions are identified.
Emergency situations (AS) in the natural environment include:
— accidents in air and railway transport;
— accidents in sea and river transport;
— accidents and breakdowns of vehicles.
An emergency situation usually occurs suddenly, and its development cannot always be predicted in advance. In connection with this circumstance, the procedure for action in such situations depends on the specific situation.
A person, finding himself in conditions of autonomous existence in nature, must solve numerous and complex problems associated with his survival. This situation leaves a certain imprint on the state and behavior of a person. He finds himself in conditions for which he was not specifically prepared; his life and health depend only on himself. A person’s safety in these conditions depends entirely on his spiritual and physical qualities, his general preparation for being in the natural environment and the ability to mobilize all his knowledge, life experience and skills to achieve a single goal: to survive and go out to people in the socio-natural environment familiar to humans. .
There are two groups of survival factors in conditions of autonomous existence (according to A.G. Maslov) - factors influencing the state of human health in an extreme natural situation:
Natural and environmental: air temperature, O2 content in the air, water sources, precipitation, relief, wind, air humidity, electromagnetic field disturbances, solar radiation, fauna, flora, changes in photoperiodism (polar day and night)
Stressors: overwork, physical pain, cold, heat, fear, loneliness, despondency.
And factors that ensure survival in extreme natural situations:
Anthropological: training to act in conditions of extreme existence, will to live, motivation, adaptation to climate conditions, moral and volitional qualities.
Physical condition: physical endurance, body reserves
Mental state: active-transformative activity, psychological preparedness.
Logistics: clothing, rescue equipment, available materials.
Emergency supplies: radio communications, alarms, emergency food, camp equipment, emergency first aid kit, emergency water, emergency flotation equipment
Experience shows that people who, due to various circumstances, find themselves face to face with nature, can maintain their strength for quite a long time, reliably and safely carry out their life activities, and protect themselves from adverse factors. When encountering unexpected obstacles along the way, you should not rush; you should try to find the least risky way to overcome them. You can’t panic, you need to conquer your fear, control your emotions and actions. It should be remembered that a person who knows how to maintain composure has a greater chance of surviving in an extreme situation.
The natural environment and its physical and geographical conditions are also important for human life. By actively influencing the human body, it increases or shortens the period of autonomous existence, promotes or hinders the success of survival. Each of the natural zones determines the specifics of human life: behavior patterns, methods of obtaining food, construction of shelters, the nature of diseases and measures to prevent them, etc.
During an autonomous existence, a person has to deal with other stressors: physical pain, thirst, hunger, cold, heat, loneliness, overwork, despondency, etc. When these conditions occur, it is important to take targeted actions to prevent the threshold values (limits) of these psychological conditions from being exceeded. Achieve training rather than destructive effects of stress. Otherwise, the human body, having exhausted its internal capabilities, will begin to collapse.
Physical pain. Physical pain is a reaction of the body that performs a protective function. A person lacking volitional sensitivity is in serious danger because he cannot eliminate the threatening factor in a timely manner. But on the other hand, pain causes suffering, irritates, distracts a person, and prolonged, severe, incessant pain affects his behavior and all his activities. By focusing on solving some very important task, a person is able to “forget” about pain for a while, cope with even very severe pain, and overcome it.
Cold. By reducing physical activity and performance, the cold stressor has an impact on the human psyche. Not only the muscles become numb, the brain and will become numb, without which any struggle is doomed to failure. Therefore, in a zone of low temperatures, for example in the Arctic, human activity begins with measures to protect against the cold: building shelters, lighting a fire, preparing hot food and drinking.
Heat. High environmental temperatures, especially direct solar radiation, cause significant changes in the human body, sometimes in a relatively short time. Overheating of the body disrupts the functions of organs and systems, weakens physical and mental activity. Exposure to high temperatures is especially dangerous when there is a lack of drinking water, because in this case, along with overheating, dehydration of the body develops. Construction of a sun-protective awning, limitation of physical activity, and economical use of water supplies are measures that significantly alleviate the situation of people in distress in the desert or tropics.
Thirst. Thirst, being a normal signal for a lack of fluid in the body, when it is impossible to satisfy it due to the lack or absence of water, becomes a serious obstacle to human activity in the case of autonomous existence. Thirst takes over all his thoughts and desires, they focus on the only goal - to get rid of this painful feeling.
Hunger. The set of sensations associated with the body’s need for food can be considered a typical, albeit somewhat delayed, stress reaction. It is known that a person can go without food for a long time, maintaining working capacity, however, many days of fasting, and especially with a lack of water, weakens the body, reduces its resistance to cold, pain, etc.
Since the emergency food ration is usually designed for only a few days of subcompensated nutrition, the source of food supplies should be the external environment through hunting, fishing and collecting wild edible plants.
Overwork. A peculiar state of the body that occurs after prolonged (and sometimes short-term) physical or mental stress. Overwork is fraught with potential danger, since it dulls a person’s will and makes him compliant to his own weaknesses. It prepares a person for the psychological attitude: “This work is not urgent, it can be postponed until tomorrow.” The consequences of this type of installation can be very serious. Correct, even distribution of physical activity and timely rest, which should be done as fully as possible by all available means, allow you to avoid overwork and quickly restore strength.
To move correctly in the natural environment, you need to know how to navigate the terrain. To live in natural conditions for at least one day, you need the ability to provide yourself with food and water, build temporary shelter from bad weather, and also take care of personal safety.
The Arctic and the tropics, mountains and deserts, taiga and the ocean - each of these natural zones is characterized by its own characteristics that determine the specifics of human life (rules of behavior, methods of obtaining water and food, construction of a shelter, the nature of diseases and measures to prevent them, methods of movement around the area ). The more severe the environmental conditions, the shorter the period of autonomous existence, the more stress the fight against nature requires, the more strictly the rules of behavior must be followed, the more expensive the price that is paid for each mistake.
Conclusions on the first chapter
Autonomous existence is the most dangerous extreme or emergency situation, since the situation of a person who finds himself alone with the natural environment usually arises unexpectedly and forcedly, and outside help is problematic.
The autonomous existence of a person in nature is his independent existence in natural conditions. The results of such a person’s stay in nature depend on his ability to provide his vital needs for food, heat, water for a certain time without outside help, using the available supplies or gifts of nature.
The autonomous existence of a person in natural conditions can be voluntary or forced.
Voluntary autonomy is a situation when a person or a group of people, of their own free will, for a specific purpose, for a certain time, switches to independent existence in natural conditions.
Forced autonomy is a situation when a person accidentally, due to circumstances beyond his control, finds himself in the natural environment and is forced to independently provide for his vital needs in order to survive and return to people.
The main reasons that lead a person to a forced autonomous existence in natural conditions are.
1. Natural emergencies (ES) are natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes, forest fires).
2. Extreme situations (ES) in the natural environment:
a) a sharp change in natural conditions (sharp cold snap, rain, blizzard, blizzard, heavy snowfall, frost, drought, etc.);
b) loss of orientation on the ground during a walk, hike, expedition;
c) loss of a group on the route during a walk, hike, expedition.
A favorable outcome of autonomous existence depends on many reasons: physical and psychological state, water supplies, food, the effectiveness of emergency equipment, etc. The external environment and climatic conditions are important for ensuring human life in conditions of autonomous existence. Environmental factors influencing a person are very diverse. These are temperature and humidity, wind, solar radiation and much more. From the psychophysical qualities of a person: will, determination, composure, ingenuity, physical fitness, endurance. But sometimes these important qualities are not enough for salvation. People die from heat and thirst, not suspecting that there is a life-saving source of water three steps away, they freeze in the tundra, unable to build a shelter from the snow, they die of hunger in a forest teeming with game, they become victims of poisonous animals, not knowing how to provide first aid. medical assistance for a bite.
The basis for success in the fight against the forces of nature is a person’s ability to survive. To survive means to act actively, expediently, using your knowledge, experience, ingenuity, using available equipment and available means with maximum efficiency to protect against the adverse effects of the external environment and meet the body’s needs for water and food. The main postulate of survival: a person can and must maintain health and life in the harshest climatic conditions if he is able to take advantage of everything that the surrounding nature provides.
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Home > Lesson
Topic: “Rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomy in natural conditions.”
Compiled by: Skotnikov Yu.Yu., teacher-organizer of life safety at the Malivka Secondary School.
1. Familiarize students with extreme survival factors
2. Talk about the body’s responses.
3. Study the basic rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomy.
4. Development of horizons.
5. Fostering a sense of mutual assistance and camaraderie.
What is autonomous existence? (6 minutes)
This is the existence of one person or a group of people who, by chance, find themselves in an extreme situation, alone with nature. It can be voluntary (if in this situation there are people whose professions involve working in natural conditions, for example, geologists, oil workers, etc.) or forced.
All around is unfamiliar, sometimes hostile, harsh nature. Where should you focus your efforts to overcome difficulties? How to hold out until help arrives, maintaining life and health?
But this is not easy, and not only because the supplies of water and food are limited, but, most importantly, a person in conditions of autonomous existence is adversely affected by various natural factors, which often turn out to be extreme, that is, extremely strong, causing disruption of the functional activity of the body , putting him on the brink of disaster. The human body responds to the influence of various stimuli with nonspecific reactions aimed at maintaining homeostasis: the constancy of the internal environment. Such reactions are called stress. Under conditions of autonomous existence, these changes in the functional activity of organs and systems gradually intensify, but to a certain extent remain reversible, i.e. return to normal after eliminating the influencing factors. This period is called the maximum permissible period of autonomous existence.
2. Survival factors (8 minutes)
The duration of the maximum permissible period of autonomous existence depends on many reasons: subjective and objective, called survival factors. These factors can be divided into three groups: anthropological, natural and environmental, and material and technical.
The first group includes the state of health, the reserve capabilities of the body, ensuring its resistance to the effects of heat, cold, deprivation, etc., the constancy of the internal environment - homeostasis. This includes psychological preparedness, motivation, volitional qualities, active-transformative activity, on which the predominance of positive or negative emotions will depend. Important elements of this group are the ability to act in conditions of autonomous existence and the will to live.
The second group consists of environmental factors that have an adverse effect on the human body: temperature and humidity, solar radiation, wind, low barometric pressure, etc. This includes the physical and geographical features of the area of autonomous existence: flora and fauna, water sources, photoperiodism, etc. .
The third group combines factors that protect a person from environmental influences: clothing, emergency equipment, as well as improvised means used to build a shelter, make a fire, give signals, etc.
3. Mental reactions (10 minutes)
Significantly complicating autonomous existence is the occurrence of mental reactions caused by extreme exposure, the basis of which is fear.
The anxiety reaction manifests itself either in a passive form - cessation of active activity, a kind of numbness, insensitivity to what is happening, a kind of paralysis of the will, or in an active form - panic, the desire to escape from current events.
12-25% experience hysterical reactions. They manifest themselves either in sudden motor agitation, tears, sometimes in meaningless actions inappropriate to the situation, or in a deep stop - indifference to what is happening, complete inactivity.
Since a number of factors - cold, heat, hunger, pain, despondency, fear - lead to the development of stress, they began to be called stressors.
Stressors arise as a result of human interaction with the environment: heat and cold injuries, poisoning caused by the bite of poisonous snakes, arachnids, insects, eating the meat of certain fish, shellfish, poisonous plants, contact with poisonous plants, infection with natural focal diseases, mountain sickness etc.
Pain. Injuries, inflammatory processes, exposure to high or low temperatures, acids, alkalis, etc. accompanied by pain, which is a kind of protective reaction of the body. It is no coincidence that even in ancient times pain was called the “watchdog” of the body. Indeed, a person deprived of pain sensitivity can receive severe, sometimes fatal injuries, since he will not be able to promptly eliminate the cause that threatens his health. But it is pain that can prevent a person from fighting and acting adequately. Therefore, provide first aid to the victims.
Cold. Heat. By reducing a person’s physical activity and performance, temperature aggressors have an impact on the human psyche. Not only the muscles become numb, but also the brain and will, without which any struggle is doomed to failure.
Therefore, you need to take shelter from cold, heat and wind, protect the body from hypothermia or overheating, depending on the area and weather conditions.
Hunger. A person can go without food for a long time, maintaining working capacity, but many days of fasting weakens the body, reduces its resistance to cold, pain, etc.
Thirst. Can cause more serious harm to the human body than starvation. Thirst, being a normal signal of a lack of fluid in the body, when it is impossible to satisfy it due to lack or absence of water, becomes a serious obstacle to human activity. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately establish the daily consumption rate of water and food, and leave an emergency supply for emergencies. Organize a search for food and water.
Overwork. This is a condition of the body that occurs after prolonged physical stress. It is fraught with potential danger, since a person’s will is dulled and makes him compliant to his own weaknesses. Correct distribution of physical activity and timely rest, which should be done as fully as possible by all available means, allow you to avoid overwork and quickly restore strength.
Loneliness often has a strong impact on the human psyche.
“Complete loneliness is unbearable,” argued the fearless Alain Bombard, who wrote “Overboard of his own free will.”
They fight loneliness in different ways - read poetry out loud, try to remember the most pleasant moments in life, discuss their plans out loud, etc. They try to distract themselves with active physical work to improve their home, etc.
Panic. One of the most powerful emotional forms generated by fear. The word “panic” comes from the name of the ancient god Pan, who inspired insurmountable horror in people and animals. Panic manifests itself as confusion and confusion. A person in a state of panic always considers the situation to be life-threatening and loses control over his actions.
Only decisive action can stop panic.
The chances of survival depend on the following factors:
The ability to apply existing knowledge and strictly comply with the requirements of staying in a particular area.
Reasonableness and initiative.
The ability to analyze and take into account your mistakes.
To survive means to solve the most important problems:
Eliminate panic in any way.
Analyze the situation and outline ways out of it.
To provide possible conditions for survival (to be able to shelter from cold, heat and wind, to protect the body from hypothermia or overheating, to establish a daily water consumption rate, and to leave an emergency supply for emergencies; if necessary, make a decision to independently go to populated areas, the task of accurately determining your location, terrain orientation.) The main task of autonomous existence is to survive with the least possible losses.
To test students' knowledge, a test is conducted (attached)
(Section “autonomous human existence.”)
1 . Select indirect signs of edible plants
A) Bright color of the fruit;
B) Bird droppings on branches;
B) The bark is gnawed by animals;
D) Small plant height;
D) The fruits are pecked by birds;
E) Dried plant;
G) Many seeds at the base of the tree;
H) The fruits of the plant were found in nests;
I) When the plant breaks, it secretes milky sap;
J) A plant with an unpleasant odor.
Answer: b, c, d, g, i.
2. By what signs can you determine the sides of the horizon?
A) According to the slope of the tree;
B) By melting snow on the slopes of the ravine;
B) Along the flat side of the anthill;
D) By moss on a tree;
D) For mushrooms next to the tree;
E) Along branches on trees;
G) By annual rings on stumps;
H) Along the river;
I) In the direction of the animal trail;
K) In the direction of the wind
Answer: b, c, d, e, f, g.
3. Select coping stressors:
A) physical pain;
D) food poisoning;
Answer: a: f, g, h, i, j;
4 . To increase human survival in an extreme situation it is necessary:
A) Increase the level of training of specialists;
B) Finish high school;
C) Improve the operation of machinery and equipment;
D) Increase the level of mental and physical endurance;
D) Know how to swim
E) Learn the correct behavior in extreme situations
G) Be disciplined;
H) Know how to use a gas mask.
Answer: a, c, d, f, g
5. An extreme situation is:
A) A situation that helps to find a way out of a difficult situation;
B) A situation when a person experiences a feeling of joy and fun
C) A situation that poses a threat to human life, health and property.
6. From the list below, select the reasons for forced autonomous existence in natural conditions:
A) Loss of some food;
B) late registration of the tourist group before going out c) on the route;
D) loss of orientation on the terrain during a hike;
D) loss of compass;
E) accident of vehicles in the natural environment;
G) major forest fire;
H) lack of means of communication;
7. When going on a hike, you need to choose clothes. What should it be like?
A) Free and in several layers;
B) Made from synthetic materials;
B) Plain or camouflage material;
D) Clean and dry.
8. How to make a fire correctly? Specify the sequence of further actions:
A) Place kindling on the soil;
B) Place branches on the kindling;
C) Light the fire with two or three matches;
D) Prepare kindling and firewood;
D) Place logs and firewood on top of the branches;
E) Comply with fire safety rules;
Answer: d, a, c, b, d, f
9. What plants can be used to brew tea:
10 . Tell me the simplest method of the proposed methods of water disinfection.
A) Cleaning through a sand and cloth filter;
B) Cleaning through a filter made of sand, cotton wool and cloth;
B) Boiling water;
D) Adding potassium permanganate to the water.
11. Give the correct answer. If you are bitten by a poisonous snake, you must:
A) Suck out the poison from the wound;
B) Apply a tourniquet; C) Drink more water and tea
D) Consult a doctor;
D) Deliver the patient to a medical facility;
E) Limit mobility;
G) Cut the wound;
I) Drink alcohol;
J) Cover the wound with soil.
Answer: a, c, d, d, f.
Giving grades with comments for work on tests. The teacher determines the degree of mastery of the material and, if necessary, makes corrections.
Prepare for practical classes on:
1. Preparation for a hiking trip;
2. Determining the sides of the horizon in various ways (at least 5-7);
Tests: (life safety, 10th grade)
Rules for safe behavior in conditions of forced autonomous existence
A place for people to rest and spend the night in a natural environment is.
- Voluntary autonomous existence of man in nature
When is the decision to remain at the scene of an accident made?
- A If there is no communication or help within 3 days
- B If the location of the incident is not precisely determined
- IN If there is an immediate threat to life
- G If most people are seriously injured
- Priority actions for victims of disaster
The angle between the direction to the north (in the Southern Hemisphere - to the south) and the direction to any given object is called ...
- A Geodesy
- B Azimuth
- IN Odometer
- G Horizon
- Rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomy in natural conditions
Which of the following is NOT a factor of survival in conditions of forced autonomous existence?
- A Personal factors
- B Psychological factors
- IN Material factors
- G Natural factors
- Factors and stressors of survival in natural conditions
- A Hut
- B Igloo
- IN Wigwam
- G Dugout
- Construction of temporary housing
What is the name of the temporary housing shown in the picture?
- A Hut
- B Igloo
- IN Wigwam
- G Dugout
- Construction of temporary housing
What is the name of the temporary housing shown in the picture?
- A Hut
- B Igloo
- IN Wigwam
- G Dugout
- Construction of temporary housing
What type of fire is intended for cooking and lighting the camp?
- A Signal
- B Fiery
- IN Zharova
- G The simplest hearth
What type of fire is designed for cooking large quantities of food, drying things, and keeping people warm?
- A Signal
- B Fiery
- IN Zharova
- G The simplest hearth
- Making and using fire
What type of fire is designed for cooking with minimal fuel consumption?
- A Signal
- B Fiery
- IN Zharova
- G The simplest hearth
- Making and using fire
What type of fire is used to signal and indicate its location?
- A Signal
- B Fiery
- IN Zharova
- G The simplest hearth
- Making and using fire
On solar noon in the northern hemisphere, the direction of the shadow indicates:
- A South
- B North
- IN West
- G East
- Orientation by the Sun, Moon, stars
The winter dwelling of the Eskimos, made from wind-compacted snow or ice blocks, is...
- Construction of temporary housing
The simplest lightweight shelter is a structure made using weaving technologies from poles and sticks covered with branches, turf, grass - this is:
- Construction of temporary housing
A conical shelter made of poles, covered with birch bark, felt or reindeer skins.
- Construction of temporary housing
What should be the shadow cast by objects in the morning?
- A Long shadow to the east
- B Short shadow to the east
- IN Long shadow to the west
- G Short shadow to the west
- Rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomy in natural conditions
Which of the following are extreme situations?
- A Flood
- B Loss of orientation on the terrain
- IN Cold snap
- G forest fire
- Rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomy in natural conditions
You have taken refuge in a snow cave you have equipped. The existing burner illuminates and warms the shelter. What burner flame color should you not be concerned about?
- A when yellow
- B in blue
- IN when red
- G at any
- Rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomy in natural conditions
In the Arctic, water is obtained from snow and ice in winter. To obtain drinking water you will use:
- A young ice
- B dense compacted snow
- IN old ice
- G top fresh layer of snow
- Rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomy in natural conditions
While driving along a taiga road in winter conditions, your car engine suddenly stalled. All attempts to start it are unsuccessful. There will be an overnight stay. There is antifreeze in your car's radiator. There is a first aid kit in the cabin. What will you use to start a fire, given that you have no means of starting a fire and the battery is dead?
- A antifreeze and ammonia
- B potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) and antifreeze
- IN gasoline, antifreeze, ammonia
- G antifreeze, cotton wool, iodine
- Rules of behavior in conditions of forced autonomy in natural conditions
- the assignment is not related to the specified topic
- wrong answer given
- the assignment was written incorrectly
- other
Rules for safe behavior in conditions of forced autonomous existence
Sections: life safety fundamentals
Study questions.
Lesson type: repeating and generalizing.
— what is autonomy?
— reasons for ending up in conditions of forced autonomy.
Work in groups:
— multi-level creative tasks
Review the main points by asking students questions about the lesson material:
— Name the basic principles of survival in natural conditions with forced autonomous existence.
— What qualities help people in trouble survive?
— What priority actions should be taken by victims of disaster in a deserted area?
— In what cases do they decide to stay at the scene of an accident?
— In what cases do they decide to leave the scene of an accident?
Homework. Find examples of a person falling into forced autonomy in natural conditions from artistic or journalistic sources.
A twelve-year-old boy, while relaxing in the village with his grandmother, went into the forest to pick berries and got lost. The weather is cloudy, the sun is not visible. An old path is visible ahead. Think and answer what the boy should do.
A group of five tourists found themselves in an extreme situation in the summer. One of the tourists sprained his leg, another had a fever. Both victims cannot move independently. Help may arrive no earlier than two or three days later. The nearest settlement is about two hundred kilometers. There is no tent. Think about what you would advise a senior member of the group to do.
In the summer, while flying over the taiga, the helicopter engine failed. The crew managed to land the car in a clearing. The fault cannot be repaired on site. Food and utensils are missing. The search for the crew may last several days. Think and answer what the crew members should do.
A group of tourists are in an extreme situation and are awaiting the arrival of rescuers. Think and answer how and with what help they can help rescuers locate their location and understand the situation.
A group of guys played a game of hide and seek during a hike. As a result, two guys got lost. Think about what the rest of the guys should do.
During the hike, one of the tourists fell behind the group. His absence was noticed after 1.5 hours. Think about what the whole group and the lagging tourist should do.
Multi-level creative tasks.
Using plasticine, build a model of a “well” fire, taking into account all fire safety requirements.
Solve the crossword and write down the keyword:
xn--i1abbnckbmcl9fb.xn--p1ai
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In the event of a short-term external threat, a person acts on a sensory level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation: he bounces off a falling tree, clings to immovable objects when falling, tries to stay on the surface of the water when there is a threat of drowning. There is no need to talk about any will to live in such cases.
Long-term survival is another matter. In conditions of autonomous existence, sooner or later a critical moment comes when excessive physical and mental stress and the seeming pointlessness of further resistance suppress the will. Passivity and indifference take possession of a person. He is no longer afraid of the possible tragic consequences of ill-conceived overnight stays and risky crossings. He does not believe in the possibility of salvation and therefore dies without fully exhausting his reserves of strength, without using up his food reserves.
Autonomous existence is the prolonged existence of one or groups of people without replenishment of supplies and without communication with the outside world. Autonomous existence is closely related to survival, or rather, it is not possible without it. Survival is an active activity aimed at preserving life, health and performance in extreme conditions.
The autonomous existence of a person in nature, no matter what the reasons lead to it, always has a serious impact on his condition, primarily because in everyday life we are accustomed to certain laws that are well known to us.
However, in a situation of loneliness or group isolation, a person is forced to act in several directions: provide medical care, build shelters, make decisions, etc.
All this can cause self-doubt: lack of special skills; a person who has succumbed to panic is unable to determine the priority of the tasks facing him and correctly allocate time.
Extreme situations are not so rare, so it is necessary to practice the rules of behavior in them. The situation of autonomy arises unexpectedly. The most typical reasons for its appearance include: loss of orientation, falling behind the group, vehicle accident.
Survival based only on the biological laws of self-preservation is short-lived. It is characterized by rapidly developing mental disorders and hysterical behavioral reactions. The desire to survive must be conscious and purposeful and must be dictated not by instinct, but by conscious necessity.
The natural environment and its physical and geographical conditions are also important for human life. By actively influencing the human body, it increases or shortens the period of autonomous existence, promotes or hinders the success of survival. Each of the natural zones determines the specifics of human life: behavior patterns, methods of obtaining food, construction of shelters, the nature of diseases and measures to prevent them, etc.
Thus, when a person is in any type of terrain, the chances of survival depend on the following factors:
- - desire to survive;
- - the ability to apply existing knowledge, strictly comply with the requirements of staying in a particular area;
- - confidence in local knowledge;
- - prudence and initiative;
- - discipline and ability to act according to plan;
- - the ability to analyze and take into account your mistakes.
To survive means to solve three most important tasks:
- 1. Be able to shelter from cold, heat and wind, protect the body from hypothermia or overheating, depending on the area and weather conditions.
- 2. Immediately set the daily water consumption rate, and leave an emergency supply for emergencies. It is also necessary to take measures to find sources of water.
- 3. Create a food ration and make sure there is enough water for preparing and consuming food.
Autonomous survival
Introduction
Even today, there are often cases when a person, as a result of current circumstances, finds himself in conditions of autonomous existence, the favorable outcome of which largely depends on his psychophysiological qualities, solid knowledge of the basics of survival and other factors. The main task of a person in an autonomous situation is to survive. The word “survive” has always been used in a very specific sense - “to stay alive, to survive, to be protected from death.” Survival is understood as active, reasonable actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence. But it is easier to prevent an extreme situation than to get out of it. Therefore, do not go anywhere without telling someone your route and approximate time of return. Study the area of travel when setting off; Take with you: a first aid kit, comfortable shoes and clothes for the season, a cell phone/pager/walkie-talkie.
Survival in off-grid conditions
Overcoming Fear
Under any circumstances, a person’s survival, first of all, depends on himself. It's not just about his skills. More often than not, a situation of autonomy arises unexpectedly, and the first reaction of anyone in a dangerous situation is fear. But the mandatory conditions for successfully overcoming all difficulties in an autonomous situation are the manifestation of will, perseverance, and competent actions. Panic and fear sharply reduce the chances of salvation.
In the event of a short-term external threat, a person acts on a sensory level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation: he bounces off a falling tree, clings to immovable objects when falling, tries to stay on the surface of the water when there is a threat of drowning. There is no need to talk about any will to live in such cases. Long-term survival is another matter. In conditions of autonomous existence, sooner or later a critical moment comes when excessive physical and mental stress and the seeming pointlessness of further resistance suppress the will. Passivity and indifference take possession of a person. He is no longer afraid of the possible tragic consequences of ill-conceived overnight stays and risky crossings. He does not believe in the possibility of salvation and therefore dies without fully exhausting his reserves of strength, without using up his food reserves.
Survival based only on the biological laws of self-preservation is short-lived. It is characterized by rapidly developing mental disorders and hysterical behavioral reactions. The desire to survive must be conscious and purposeful, and must be dictated not by instinct, but by conscious necessity.
Fear is an emotional reaction to danger that may be accompanied by physical sensations such as trembling, rapid breathing, or a strong heartbeat. This is a natural reaction, and it is characteristic of every normal person. It is fear for one’s life that causes the desire to act in the name of one’s own salvation. If a person knows how to act, fear sharpens the reaction and activates thinking. But if he has no idea what needs to be done, or experiences pain or weakness from blood loss, then fear can lead to stress - excessive tension, inhibition of thoughts and actions. These sensations can be so intense that sudden, intense fear can lead to death. There are various ways to overcome fear. If a person is familiar with the auto-training technique, then in a matter of minutes he will be able to relax, calm down, and impartially analyze the situation. If not, then thinking about something else will help the person relax and get distracted. Breathing exercises also have a good effect. You need to take a few deep breaths. When a person experiences fear or stress, his pulse speeds up and he begins to breathe very quickly. Forcing yourself to breathe slowly means convincing the body that stress is passing, regardless of whether it has passed or not.
In addition, a person cannot act successfully unless he has a clear goal and a plan to achieve it. Sometimes it seems that professional rescuers, pilots, and military personnel act in difficult situations without thinking. But this is not true: they simply have a ready-made, often already proven plan, or even several versions of the plan. At first, it may seem to a person that he knows nothing and can’t do anything. But as soon as he divides the situation and tasks into its component parts, he will find that he can do a lot. The surest way to overcome fear and confusion is to organize systematic actions to ensure survival. To do this, a person needs to give himself a clear guideline on how to act in a possible extreme situation.
Providing assistance to victims
To provide assistance, it is good to have a first aid kit, so when going on a trip, it is better to take it with you. The set of necessary medications depends on climatic conditions. For example, in the desert you need a serum against snake venom, sunburn cream, etc. A tropical first aid kit should contain a repellent against leeches, insects, powder for fungal diseases, and an antimalarial drug. Any first aid kit should have:
sterile wipes;
patch (bactericidal and simple);
potassium permanganate;
medical alcohol;
syringe, tubes of morphine or other pain reliever;
broad-spectrum antibiotics;
nitroglycerine;
corvalol/validol;
caffeine solution;
adrenaline solution;
syntomycin emulsion (for burns/frostbite);
tetracycline ointment (for eye inflammation);
pantocid (for water disinfection).
individual dressing package for each travel participant;
You should have medications individually selected for each person in sufficient quantities (not less than the required minimum). The names and methods of use of medications must be signed with indelible pencil/paint. The first aid kit should be packed carefully to avoid the possibility of damage to the medications. If you don't have them, scissors or a scalpel can be replaced with a disinfected razor blade.
It is necessary to be able to use medicinal herbs, as well as distinguish them from poisonous plants. You can only use well-known herbs, therefore, when going to another climatic zone, it is better to remember the local poisonous plants in advance, and at least 5 medicinal/edible ones. For example, strawberries, celery, and elm bark help with fever. Lilac, sunflower, tincture of nettle with garlic, rose hips, and willow bark help against malaria.
Providing medical care immediately after an accident or when long-term autonomous existence is necessary requires skills, so everyone should be able to provide first aid. With autonomous survival, the most likely are:
Burn. The burned area should be cooled, wiped with an alcohol solution, and a dry bandage applied. The affected area can be rubbed with a decoction of oak bark, raw potatoes, and urine. Do not lubricate the burn with oil, do not open the resulting blisters.
Bleeding. Press the damaged vessel (the artery is on top, except for the arteries of the head and neck) or apply a tourniquet/pressure bandage using improvised means (except wires, ropes, cords). Treat the wound with iodine/hydrogen peroxide/green paint and cover with a plaster/bandage. Viburnum berries, rose hips, plantain, and aloe can be applied to a bleeding wound. For purulent wounds, apply a decoction of burdock. The tourniquet cannot be kept longer than 1.5 hours in summer and 30 minutes. in winter.
Fractures/dislocations. The damaged limb must be immobilized (for which a splint or stick/ski/board is used). Pain can be reduced by applying ice. Finely chopped onions help (for dislocations). You cannot take painkillers, you cannot try to straighten the limb yourself.
Artificial respiration/cardiac massage necessary in case of clinical death (no pulse and breathing or convulsive breathing, pupils do not react to light). The person providing assistance inhales air into the victim’s mouth/nose about 24 times per minute. The victim's nose/mouth must be pinched. Blood circulation can be restored by pressing on the chest. The patient should lie on a hard surface and unbutton his clothes. Death occurs within 5 minutes. after clinical death, but resuscitation must be continued for 20 - 30 minutes. Sometimes it works.
Fainting. If breathing and cardiac activity are not impaired, it is enough to unbutton clothes, bring a swab with ammonia to the nose, and lay the person down so that the head is lower than the feet.
For any injuries, it is best to try to take the victim to a doctor.
Location orientation
When traveling in unfamiliar areas, it is best to have a map. If it is not there, you can navigate without it.
The sides of the horizon can be determined by a compass, celestial bodies, and by some signs of local objects. When uninhibited, the compass needle is set with its northern end in the direction of the north magnetic pole, respectively, the other end of the needle will point south. The compass has a circular scale (dial), which is divided into 120 divisions. The scale has double numbers. The internal one is applied clockwise from 0 to 360 degrees in 15 degrees. To sight local objects and take readings on the compass scale, a sighting device and a reading indicator are attached to the rotating compass ring. When working with a compass, you should always remember that strong electromagnetic fields or nearby metal objects deflect the magnetic needle from its correct position. Therefore, when determining compass directions, it is necessary to move 40–50 m away from power lines, railway tracks, combat vehicles and other large metal objects.
You can determine the sides of the horizon by celestial bodies.
According to the sun. The sun is in the east at 7 o'clock in the morning, in the south at 13 o'clock, and in the west at 19 o'clock.
By the sun and a clock with arrows. To determine the direction using this method, you need to hold the watch in a horizontal position and turn it so that the sharp end of the hour hand is directed towards the sun. A straight line dividing the angle between the hour hand and the direction of number 1 points to the south.
By moving the shadow. The shadow of a vertical stick will show the approximate east-west direction.
At night, the sides of the horizon can be determined according to the North Star. To do this, you need to find the constellation Ursa Major with a characteristic arrangement of stars in the form of a bucket with a handle. An imaginary line is drawn through the two outermost stars of the bucket, and the distance between these stars is plotted on it 5 times. At the end of the fifth segment there will be a bright star - Polaris. The direction towards it will correspond to the direction to the north.
The sides of the horizon can be determined by some signs of local objects.
The bark of most trees is rougher on the north side;
Stones, trees, wooden, tile and slate roofs on the north side are covered with moss earlier and more abundantly. On coniferous trees, resin appears more abundantly on the south side. It is useless to look for all these signs on trees in the thicket. But they can be clearly expressed on a separate tree in the middle of a clearing or at the edge of the forest;
Anthills are located on the south side of trees and stones;
Snow melts faster on the southern slopes of hills and mountains.
Magnetic azimuth is used - a horizontal angle measured clockwise from 0 degrees to 360 from the northern direction of the magnetic meridian to the determined direction.
To determine the magnetic azimuth, you must: stand facing the observed object (landmark), release the brake of the compass needle and, giving the compass a horizontal position, turn it until the northern end of the needle is opposite the zero division of the scale. Holding the compass in the oriented position, turn the rotating cover to direct the sighting line passing through the slot and the front sight in a given direction to the given object. The average error in measuring azimuth with a compass is about 2 degrees. Movement during which a given direction is maintained and an exact exit to the designated point is carried out is called azimuth movement. Movement along azimuths is used mainly in the forest, in the desert, at night, in fog and tundra, and other terrain and visibility conditions that make visual orientation difficult. When moving in azimuth, at each turning point of the route, starting from the starting point, they find the desired direction of the path on the ground using a compass and move along it, counting the distance traveled. When moving in azimuth, it becomes necessary to avoid obstacles that cannot be overcome directly. In this case, proceed as follows. They notice a landmark on the opposite side of the obstacle in the direction of movement, determine the distance to it, and add it to the distance traveled. After this, having bypassed the obstacle, they go to the selected landmark and determine the direction of movement using a compass.
In mountainous areas, landmarks are selected so that they are distributed in the direction of action of the units, not only along the front and in depth, but also in height. In a forest area, maintaining a route along dirt roads and clearings requires the ability to accurately recognize on the ground those along which the path chosen on the map passes. It should be taken into account that forest roads are often barely visible on the ground, and some of them may not be shown on maps. At the same time, you can come across roads that are not shown on the map, but are well traveled. Roads, clearings, intersections, and forks in roads and clearings, rivers and streams, and clearings crossing the route of movement are used as landmarks in the forest. Clearings are usually cut in mutually perpendicular directions, usually in the north direction, respectively west-east.
There are several ways to measure angles and distances on the ground.
Measuring angles on the ground using binoculars. In the field of view of the binoculars there are two perpendicular goniometric scales for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. The value (price) of one large division corresponds to 0 - 10, and the small one - 0 - 05. To measure the angle between two directions, looking through binoculars, combine any stroke of the angular scale with one of these directions and count the number of divisions to the second direction . Then multiplying this reading by the division value, we obtain the value of the measured angle in “thousandths”.
Measuring angles using a ruler. In some conditions, a situation may arise when binoculars are not available. Then he can measure angular values using a ruler. To do this, you need to hold the ruler in front of you at eye level at a distance of 50 cm. One millimeter of the ruler will correspond to 0 - 0.2. The accuracy of measuring angles in this way depends on the skills in maintaining a distance from the eyes (50 cm), which requires some training.
Measuring angles using improvised means. Instead of a ruler, you can use various objects whose dimensions are well known: a matchbox, a pencil, fingers and palms. You can measure angles using a compass. Measuring angles on the ground is a preparation for determining distances on the ground.
Various methods and instruments are used to determine distances on the ground. Often people are forced to determine distances in various ways: by eye or by the measured angular size of objects on the ground, by the speedometer of a car, by measuring their steps, by the average speed of movement. By eye - the main method and the easiest to determine distances, accessible to everyone. This method does not provide high accuracy in determining distances, but with some training you can achieve an accuracy of up to 10 m. To develop your eye, you need to constantly practice determining distances on the ground.
One of the ways to measure distances on the ground is to use distances on the ground known by their length (power lines - the distance between supports, the distance between communication lines, etc.).
For a rough estimate of distances on the ground, you can use the data from the following table:
Table No. 1
For each person, this table can be clarified by himself.
Measuring distances in steps. Every commander needs to know that a person’s step is approximately equal to 0.75 m, but it is inconvenient to make calculations at this size and, therefore, it is accepted that a pair of steps is equal to 1.5 m. In this case, it is much more convenient to carry out calculations. With this method, the accuracy of determining distances can be 98%.
It is advisable to determine distances by the speed of movement and by the speedometer of the car in cases of movement. One of the ways to determine distances may be by sound or flashes. Knowing that the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s, i.e. rounded 1 km per 3 seconds, you can determine the distance by making small calculations. In some cases, the distance can be determined by hearing.
From experience assessing the audibility of various sounds, it becomes clear that:
traveling on foot on a dirt road can be heard at a distance of 300 m, and when driving on a highway - 600 m;
vehicle movement on a dirt road - 500 m, on a highway - up to 1000 m;
loud screams - 0.5 – 1 km;
driving stakes, cutting wood - 300 – 500 m..
The data given is very approximate and depends on the person’s hearing. The basis of any method of determining distances is the ability to select landmarks on the ground and use them as markers indicating the desired directions, points and boundaries. Landmarks are usually called clearly visible objects on the ground and relief details, relative to which they determine their location, direction of movement and indicate the position of targets and other objects. Landmarks are chosen as evenly as possible. Selected landmarks can be numbered by choosing a direction, or given a conventional name. To indicate your location on the ground relative to a landmark, determine the direction and distance from it.
The apparent similarity of the situation - trees, folds of terrain, etc. - can completely disorient a person, and he often moves in a circle, unaware of his mistake. To maintain the chosen direction, they usually mark some clearly visible landmark every 100–150 m of the route. This is especially important if the path is blocked by rubble or dense thickets of bushes, which force you to deviate from the straight direction. An attempt to go ahead is always fraught with injury, which will aggravate the already difficult situation of the person in distress.
It is especially difficult to make transitions in the swamp area. It is not easy to find a safe walking path among the shifting green space. Particularly dangerous in the swamp are the so-called windows - areas of clear water on the gray-green surface of the swamp. Sometimes their sizes reach tens of meters. You must overcome the swamp with the utmost caution, always armed with a long, strong pole. It is held horizontally at chest level. Having failed, under no circumstances should you flounder. You need to get out slowly, leaning on the pole, without making sudden movements, trying to give your body a horizontal position. For a short rest while crossing the swamp, you can use hard rock outcrops. Water obstacles, especially rivers with fast flows and rocky bottoms, can be overcome without taking off your shoes for greater stability. Before taking the next step, the bottom is probed with a pole. You need to move obliquely, sideways to the current, so as not to be knocked off your feet by the current.
In winter, you can move along frozen river beds while taking the necessary precautions. So, we must remember that the current usually destroys the ice from below, and it becomes especially thin under snowdrifts near steep banks, and that in river beds with sandbanks, sagging often forms, which, when frozen, turn into a kind of dam. In this case, the water usually finds its way out along the shore under snowdrifts, near snags, rocks, where the current is faster.
In cold weather, the deposits float, reminiscent of the smoke of human habitation. But much more often, deposits are hidden under deep snow and are difficult to detect. Therefore, it is better to avoid all obstacles on river ice; in places where rivers bend, you need to stay away from the steep banks, where the current is faster and therefore the ice is thinner.
Often, after a river freezes, the water level drops so quickly that pockets form under the thin ice, posing a great danger to pedestrians. On ice, which seems not strong enough, and there is no other way, they move by crawling. In spring, the ice is thinnest in areas overgrown with sedge and near flooded bushes.
If there is no firm confidence in the ability to quickly get out of the current situation, and the situation does not require immediate leaving the scene, it is better to stay in place, build a fire, or build a shelter from scrap materials. This will help you protect yourself well from bad weather and maintain strength for a long time. In addition, it is much easier to obtain food in parking conditions. In some cases, this tactic will facilitate the actions of the search and rescue service, which has received information about an incident in a particular area. Having decided to “stay put,” you need to draw up a plan for further action, which includes the necessary measures.
Shelter construction
The simplest shelter from wind and rain is made by tying individual elements of the base (frame) with thin spruce roots, willow branches, and tundra birch. Natural cavities in the steep bank of the river allow you to comfortably sit on them so that the place of sleep is between the fire and a vertical surface (cliff, rock), which serves as a heat reflector.
Organizing an overnight stay is a labor-intensive task. First you need to find a suitable site. First of all, it must be dry. Secondly, it is best to position yourself near a stream, in an open place, so that you always have a supply of water at hand.
When preparing a place to sleep, two holes are dug - under the thigh and under the shoulder. You can spend the night on a bed of spruce branches in a deep hole dug or thawed to the ground by a large fire. Here, in the pit, you should keep the fire burning all night to avoid a serious cold. In the winter taiga, where the thickness of the snow cover is significant, it is easier to arrange a shelter in a hole near a tree. In severe frost, you can build a simple snow hut in loose snow. To do this, the snow is raked into a pile, its surface is compacted, watered and allowed to freeze. Then the snow is removed from the pile, and a small hole for the chimney is made in the remaining dome. A fire built inside melts the walls and makes the entire structure strong. This hut retains heat. You can’t get your head under your clothes, as breathing causes the material to become damp and freeze. It is better to cover your face with items of clothing that can be easily dried later. Carbon monoxide may accumulate from a burning fire, and care must be taken to ensure a constant flow of fresh air to the combustion site.
Temporary shelter can be a canopy, hut, dugout, tent. The choice of shelter type will depend on the skills, abilities, hard work and, of course, the physical condition of the people, since there is no shortage of building materials. However, the harsher the weather, the more reliable and warm the home should be. Make sure that your future home is spacious enough. There is no need to adhere to the principle of “too hard, but not to be offended.”
Before starting construction, you need to thoroughly clear the site, and then, having estimated how much building material is required, prepare it in advance: cut down poles, chop spruce branches, branches, collect moss, cut bark. To ensure that the pieces of bark are large enough and strong enough, deep vertical cuts are made on the larch trunk, right up to the wood, at a distance of 0.5 - 0.6 m from each other. After this, the strips are cut from above and below into large teeth 10–12 cm in diameter, and then the bark is carefully peeled off with an ax or machete knife.
Rice. 1. Hut, canopy and fires: A - combined gable hut and “star” fire; B - the simplest canopy and fire “pyramid”.
Rice. 2. Trench, hut and fire: A - snow trench near a tree; B - gable hut and taiga fire.
Rice. 3. Chum-type tent.
In the warm season, you can limit yourself to building a simple canopy. Two one and a half meter stakes as thick as an arm with forks at the end are driven into the ground at a distance of 2.0 - 2.5 m from each other. A thick pole is placed on the forks - a supporting beam. 5-7 poles are leaned against it at an angle of approximately 45 - 60° and, securing them with a rope or vine, a tarpaulin, parachute or any other fabric is pulled over it. The edges of the awning are folded over the sides of the canopy and tied to a beam laid at the base of the canopy. Bedding is made from spruce branches or dry moss. The canopy is dug in with a shallow ditch to protect it from water in case of rain.
A gable hut is more convenient for living (Fig. 2, B). Having driven in the posts and laid the supporting beam on them, the poles are laid on it at an angle of 45 - 60° on both sides, and three or four poles are tied to each slope parallel to the ground - rafters. Then, starting from the bottom, spruce branches, branches with dense foliage or pieces of bark are laid on the rafters so that each subsequent layer, like tiles, covers the bottom one by about half. The front part, the entrance, can be hung with a piece of fabric, and the back part can be covered with one or two poles and braided with spruce branches.
Man found himself alone with nature. What will his health and life depend on?
There are many reasons that influence human behavior, his health, physical and psychological state. These reasons are called survival factors. If we know these factors, be able to overcome their impact or use them correctly, we can count on a positive result.
There are four groups of survival factors: personal, natural, material and post-natural (arising from communication with nature).
Personal factors. A person’s life in conditions of autonomous existence largely depends on the state of his health, will, determination, ingenuity, composure, and endurance. But this is not the most important thing.
Even well-trained people can die of thirst, unable to find a source of water, freeze, unable to make a fire. It is also necessary to have the knowledge and skills to survive in conditions of autonomous existence.
Natural factors. Undoubtedly, natural factors have a great influence on the human condition: temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, wind, as well as the physical and geographical features of the area of autonomous existence: flora and fauna (flora and fauna), water sources, terrain. A person’s condition can be quite strongly affected by a change in time regime (change of time zones, polar night or polar day).
Material factors- these are factors that ensure human protection from environmental influences: clothing and shoes; means of communication; equipment and various improvised means that can be used to build a temporary shelter, make or repair clothes and shoes, make fire, cook food, and give signals.
Post-natural factors arise as a result of human exposure to climatic features of the surrounding area: heat stroke and frostbite; poisoning; altitude sickness; various injuries and acute mental conditions caused by being in an extreme situation. This group also includes the so-called survival stressors: fear, loneliness, despondency, hunger, cold, heat, thirst, physical pain, overwork. The effects of these stressors can be very strong. They are the main sources of human tension during a forced autonomous existence.
Loneliness- one of the causes of fear. They fight loneliness in different ways: they talk out loud or read poetry, reason. Any physical work can also help to distract you.
Dejection- a feeling caused by loneliness, disappointment from unsuccessful attempts to do something (get food, build a raft, etc.). Dejection can take hold not only of an individual, but also of a group living in an autonomous existence. This can be avoided by clearly distributing responsibilities among group members, setting specific but achievable tasks for them.
Hunger will quickly remind you of yourself. A person can go without food for a long time (up to 40 days), using the body’s internal reserves and drinking water. But at the same time he cannot perform heavy physical work; its resistance to heat, cold, and pain decreases.
It's harder to get rid of the feeling thirst. A decrease in the amount of water in the human body leads to metabolic disorders and various disorders in the functioning of internal organs. The desire to drink even a sip of water takes over a person’s consciousness, prevents him from concentrating, and suppresses his will.
Heat increases the feeling of thirst. In addition, high air temperature and direct solar radiation cause significant changes in the body in a relatively short period of time. The functions of organs and systems of the body are disrupted, physical and mental activity is weakened. You can make your situation easier by installing a sun awning, limiting physical activity, and sparingly using water supplies.
Cold reduces the physical activity and performance of a person not protected from it, and negatively affects his psyche. Not only his body becomes numb, but also his brain and will. Frozen hands (if they are not able to hold even matches) are usually recommended to be warmed under the arms or on the stomach. Sometimes it’s faster and better to warm your frozen hands “fisherman-style”: on the inner surface of the thighs, where the heat reserve is maximum. Access to these places is possible in almost any clothing. Three to four minutes is enough to warm your hands.
If you find yourself in an extreme situation during the cold season, survival must begin with measures to protect yourself from the cold: build a shelter, make a fire, prepare hot food and drink, dress warmly (if you have spare warm clothes).
This is how G. Fedoseev describes this situation: “The cold froze my breathing, crawled under my clothes and washed over my sweaty body. There was no strength to resist, and without agreement we rushed down, following the guides.
I stop. But you can’t linger for a minute: the cold penetrates through you, your eyes stick together, it becomes more and more difficult to breathe.
And it’s getting more and more difficult to walk, the cold chills your jaws and nostrils. The strength is weakening. Movement no longer warms the body. My toes are gripped in pain. It’s cold and only cold everywhere!
We stopped. Wet clothes are frozen solid and no longer protect against the cold. I want to lean against a snowdrift, but my inner voice warns: this is death!”
Physical pain signals the body about disturbances in it: diseases or injuries. It is difficult to imagine what could happen if a person did not experience pain. But, on the other hand, prolonged pain causes suffering, causes irritation and, as a result, causes serious health problems. And yet a person is able to cope with even severe pain through an effort of will, concentrating on performing a task.
Overwork- a dangerous condition of the body that occurs after prolonged or intense physical or mental stress. In this case, rapid fatigue, sleep and appetite disturbances are observed. When overworked, a person's will and control over his actions weakens. Only proper distribution of physical activity and timely rest will help a person avoid this condition or get out of it.
Questions and tasks
- What are survival factors in natural conditions? What groups are they divided into?
- What factors of survival in natural conditions can a person influence and which cannot? Why?
- List, in order of decreasing importance, the survival stressors for a person alone in an extreme situation; for a group of people.
- Using various sources, give examples of how people in extreme situations have overcome survival stressors.
Survival- active and purposeful actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence.
Extreme situation- the most extreme, unfavorable, maximum possible conditions for life, associated with a threat to life.
Autonomous existence e - human existence without outside help.
Survival depends on a large number of factors, the presence or absence of which characterizes the severity of the current extreme situation and affects the possibility of exiting it. Some factors favorably influence the outcome of events, while others aggravate the plight of people in distress.
In the survival literature, there are differences in approaches to naming factors and assessing their degree of influence, but in general it looks like this.
It should be noted that the main and determining factor of survival is a person’s desire to survive, his will to live. It is determined by a person’s character, attitude towards loved ones, and obligations to them. A person with a greater desire to survive will do more to achieve this than someone who is overcome by indifference. And he will have more chances to survive, even if he is in a worse, seemingly hopeless situation. The will to live mobilizes a person, directs all his thoughts and feelings towards salvation.
Survival training.
It is one of the main factors helping to save life in an extreme situation. There are many examples where people who are prepared to act in emergency situations, have survival skills and know rescue techniques, even when injured, were safely rescued. A trained person will correctly manage the available food, be able to build a shelter from bad weather, organize the use of signaling and communication means, and use all possibilities for rescue.
Unfortunately, there are many other examples where people who had a real opportunity for salvation died due to wrong actions.
Their ability to choose correctly depends directly on people’s training
Mental condition.
When faced with an extreme situation, not all people can assess the situation and take the right actions. Only from 12 to 25% of them are capable of assessing the situation and taking meaningful rescue actions from the first minutes.
The rest react to their surroundings with varying degrees of adequacy, from inhibition to complete prostration or hysteria. Over time, most of them return to normal and are included in rescue efforts.
The presence in a group of people who are prepared, capable of supporting others and who know how to joke speeds up the normalization of the mental state in the group.
Physical training.
A person who finds himself in an extreme situation will need a lot of strength to survive. A physically prepared person endures unfavorable conditions more easily, can overcome long distances and, in general, has a better chance of salvation than a weak person who quickly loses strength.
A strong person can help others and increase the possibility of salvation for the entire group.
Availability of emergency rescue equipment.
The presence of such equipment, an emergency supply of food, alarms and communications significantly speeds up the search for victims. It helps them survive extreme conditions more easily and with fewer losses, and significantly increases the likelihood of rescue.
You just need to be able to correctly and effectively use emergency equipment, communications and alarms.
Diseases and injuries.
In case of accidents, it is necessary to immediately provide medical assistance to the victims. And in the future, strictly monitor and suppress any actions that could lead to injuries, poisoning, bites of poisonous animals, or colds. A helpless person loses opportunities for rescue and significantly complicates it for the entire group, diverting strength to himself and reducing its mobility. Of primary importance to people is the ability to provide first aid and knowledge of how to prevent injuries and illnesses.
Climatic and geographical features of the area.
They determine the rescue plan and survival tactics. These include: terrain, the presence of water sources and water obstacles, air humidity and temperature, precipitation, species composition of fauna and flora, and the presence of high levels of solar radiation.
Based on the composition and power of these factors, protective measures are taken against them and an action plan is drawn up to rescue victims of disaster.
Risk factors or survival stressors.
Or survival stressors are the main enemies of a person in emergency situations. Their negative impact can significantly affect the process and outcome of autonomous existence.
At the same time, their impact can spur people to accelerate decision-making and take active action.
Risk factors include: hunger, thirst, cold, heat, fear, overwork, loneliness. Some authors include among them natural disasters, diseases, incorrect and conflictual relationships in groups in distress.
They have a significant impact on people in an emergency. Therefore, their impact should be considered in more detail in separate articles.