Hyperbole as a literary means of expression and stylistic device. How is artistic exaggeration realized?

Hyperbole (literature)

Hyperbola(_gr. ὑπερβολή, “transition, exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said thought, for example, “I have said this a thousand times” or “we have enough food for six months.”

Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them an appropriate coloring: hyperbolic comparisons, metaphors, etc. (“the waves rose like mountains”). The character or situation portrayed may also be hyperbolic. Hyperbole is also characteristic of the rhetorical and oratorical style, as a means of pathetic elation, as well as the romantic style, where pathos comes into contact with irony. Among Russian authors, Gogol is especially prone to hyperbole, and among poets, Mayakovsky.

Examples

Phraseologisms and winged words

* "sea of tears"
* “quick as lightning”, “lightning fast”
* "numerous as the sand on the seashore"
* “We haven’t seen each other for a hundred years!”
* “The (drunk) sea is knee-deep [and the puddle is head-deep]”
* “Whoever remembers the old - look out! And whoever forgets, both!”

Ancient examples

Give me a fulcrum and I will move the Earth.

::::Archimedes (ancient Greek: Dos moipu sto, kai tan gan kinas.)

Hyperbolic metaphors in the Gospel

* “Why do you look at the straw in your brother’s eye, but do not notice the log in your own eye?” (Gospel of Matthew 7:1-3). In this figurative picture, a critical person proposes to take the straw out of his neighbor’s “eye.” The critic wants to say that his neighbor does not see clearly and therefore is not able to judge sensibly, while the critic himself is prevented from judging sensibly by a whole log.
* On another occasion, Jesus condemned the Pharisees for being “blind guides, straining out gnats and swallowing up camels” (Matthew 23:24). Additionally, Jesus knew that the Pharisees strained their wine through a cloth. These rule-breakers did this to avoid accidentally swallowing a mosquito and thereby becoming ceremoniously unclean. At the same time, they figuratively swallowed a camel, which was also considered unclean (Leviticus 11:4, 21-24).
* “Faith the size of a [tiny] mustard seed” that could move a mountain is a way of emphasizing that even a little faith can do a lot (Matthew 17:20).
* The camel is trying to pass through the eye of the needle - also a hyperbole of Jesus Christ, which clearly shows how difficult it is for a rich man, leading a materialistic lifestyle, to try to serve God. (Gospel of Matthew 19:24).

Classics of Marxism

What a lump, huh? What a seasoned little man!

::::V.I.Lenin - “Leo Tolstoy as a mirror of the Russian revolution” (1908)::::V.I.Lenin - “Three sources and three components of Marxism” (July - November 1914)

Prose

...Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were inflated, the entire yard with a barn and buildings could be placed in them...

::::N. Gogol - story “The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich” (1835)

A million Cossack caps suddenly poured onto the square...
For one hilt of my saber they give me the best herd and three thousand sheep.

::::N.Gogol - story “Taras Bulba” (1835)

And at that very moment there were couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty-five thousand couriers alone!

::::N. Gogol - comedy “The Inspector General” (1851)

Poems, songs

And if I were a black man of advanced years,
and then without despondency and laziness,
I would learn Russian just because
that Lenin spoke to them.

::::Vladimir Mayakovsky - poem “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1925)

I would eat bureaucracy like a wolf.
There is no respect for mandates...

::::Vladimir Mayakovsky - “Poems about the Soviet passport” (1929)

Friends, I will go out to meet a bear without fear,
If I am with a friend, and the bear is without a friend.

::::Song from the film "A Secret to the Whole World". Music: V. Shainsky, lyrics by M. Tanich

About our meeting - what can I say,
I was waiting for her, as they wait natural Disasters,
But you and I immediately began to live,
Without fear of harmful consequences! "(2 times) "
…
What I asked for, I did instantly,
To me each hour I wanted to do wedding night,
Because of you I jumped in front of a train,
But, thank God, it was not entirely successful... "(2 times)"
...And if you had waited for me that year,
When I was sent to the "dacha" [ Country house- bunks (Criminal jargon)] , -
I would steal everything for you firmament
And two Kremlin stars in addition! "(2 times) "
And I swear - I will be the last bastard! -
Don't lie, don't drink - and I will forgive the betrayal!
And I will give you Grand Theatre
AND Small sports arena! "(2 times) "
But now I’m not ready for the meeting -
I'm afraid of you, I'm afraid of intimate nights,
Like residents of Japanese cities
Afraid of repetition Hiroshima. "(2 times) "

:::: Vladimir Vysotsky ,

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Hyperbole (literature)” is in other dictionaries:

- (Greek υπερβολη) a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, aimed at enhancing expressiveness, for example. "I've said this a thousand times." Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them the appropriate... ... Literary encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Hyperbole. Hyperbole and its tricks ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Hyperbole. Hyperbole (from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) is a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and ... ... Wikipedia

Hyperbola and its foci Hyperbola is the locus of points M of the Euclidean plane for which the absolute value of the difference in distances from M to two selected points F1 and F2 (called foci) is constant, that is | | F1M | − | F2M | | = C... ... Wikipedia

Islamic Studies Sections History Early Islam Philosophy Early Modern Eschatology Theology The Concept of God Tawhid Mysticism Jurisprudence ... Wikipedia

The meaning of the word HYPERBOLE in the Dictionary of Literary Terms

HYPERBOLA

- (from the Greek hyperbole - exaggeration, excess) - type of trope: excessive exaggeration of the feelings, meaning, size, beauty, etc. of the described phenomenon (cf. litotes). It can be both idealizing and derogatory. For example: “Poetry is // the same mining of radium. // Mining per gram, // labor per year. // You exhaust // a single word for the sake of // Thousands of tons // of verbal ore” (V. Mayakovsky).

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

Use in literature

Hyperboles in literature All writers, without exception, love to use it. They do this in order to decorate their works, making them more emotional, bright, and full.

And this is not at all surprising, because without this stylistic figure and others like her, any work would be empty, boring and absolutely uninteresting. It is unlikely that such works would capture the reader’s attention, exciting his imagination, evoking in him numerous vivid emotions.

Hyperbole, in turn, helps to achieve such necessary effects. So what is a hyperbole in ? This artistic medium Images, based on an excessive exaggeration of reality.

Advice! Another definition of hyperbole is exaggeration to the point of implausibility, so it is very important to remember and keep in mind that it does not need to be taken literally!

What is hyperbole used for?

They free the reader from the confines of reality and attribute supernatural characteristics natural phenomena and people. Hyperbole in literature does not play a role at all last role, since it makes our speech more lively and allows us to feel the emotional and state of mind narrator or author of the text.

This allows them to clearly and correctly convey the verbal atmosphere of the story. The function of hyperbole as a technique is - add brightness, emotionality and persuasiveness to the text. It is also often used by humor writers to create comic images for characters in their works, allowing the reader’s imagination to revive them in his imagination. .

How to find a hyperbole in a text?

Completing the task “find hyperbolas in the text” is quite simple, since among all the others speech patterns they stand out because they contain obvious exaggerations. Examples of usage: “this girl had eyes the size of saucers in surprise” or “this dog was the size of an elephant.”

All these phrases are apparent exaggeration of reality, because you won’t meet a girl with such big eyes or a dog the size of an elephant, because such simply do not exist and cannot exist in nature. These are the most simple examples the use of the stylistic device in question in the Russian literary language.

Attention! To find hyperbole in a text, it is enough to pay attention to an obvious significant exaggeration.

What is hyperbole in Russian?

Linguistics names any excessive exaggeration of properties, qualities, phenomena or actions to form a spectacular and attention-grabbing image created with a hyperbole . It is used not only in literary language.

In normal colloquial speech she is also a frequent visitor. The difference between the first version of use and the second is that in his speech a person already uses existing statements, and the writer strives to create his own, exclusive statement in order to distinguish his own work from many others.

Examples

Examples of hyperbole from literary and colloquial speech:

"rivers of blood";
“You’re always late”;
“mountains of corpses”;
“haven’t seen each other for a hundred years”;
"scare to death";
“I told you a hundred times”;
“a million apologies”;
“a sea of ripened wheat”;
“I’ve been waiting forever”;
“I stood there all day”;
“at least get wet”;
“a house a thousand kilometers away”;
"always late."

Examples in fiction

We can say that everything classical works rely on the transfer of the author’s emotions to the reader, who moves him into a situation created by himself. Hyperbole in literature, in classical works very actively used by many famous authors.

Hyperbole is literary device expressiveness. Typically, this technique is used by the speaker to draw the listener’s attention to the presented situation or to some of its properties and to create in the listener a distorted, exaggerated idea of this situation or its properties.

IN works of art the author strives not to use ready-made language means and images, but create your own, unique hyperbole: “They swarmed up in front of Sherburn"s palings as thick as they could jam together, and you couldn"t hear yourself think for the noise." M. Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)

A distinction must be made between exaggeration and amplification. When amplified, the speaker usually evaluates the reported fact, passing it through his emotions. With exaggeration, hyperbole, a person gives the described fact either comparative characteristics with another fact - and then a figuratively distorted description of the first appears, or speaks of clearly exaggerated, implausible properties of the object that go beyond the scope reality etc.: “I"m so hungry I could eat a horse.”

Subtle remarks about the essence of hyperbole and its emotional meaning were made by A. A. Potemney: “Hyperbole is the result of a kind of intoxication with a feeling that prevents us from seeing things in their true dimensions. Therefore, it rarely, only in exceptional cases, occurs in people of sober and calm observation. If the mentioned feeling cannot captivate the listener, then the hyperbole becomes an ordinary lie.” Potebnya A. A. From notes on the theory of literature, Kharkov, 1905, p. 355.

Also, Academician Vinogradov spoke about the nature of hyperbole, recalling Gorky’s remarks that “genuine art has the right to exaggerate,” writes that “hyperbole is the law of art, bringing to the greatest clarity and distinctness what exists in life in a dispersed form " Questions of linguistics No. 1, 1953, p. 16.

Comparing with each other various points view on the definition of the concept of hyperbole, we come to the conclusion that hyperbole provides, as it were, mutual agreement between the creator of the hyperbole and the reader. Both understand that this statement has a certain connotation. Both agree that this is one of the forms of more colorfully, brightly, prominently, emotionally expressing the attitude towards the described phenomena.

In hyperbole there is a collision between the ordinary, natural in the relations between phenomena and objects and the impossible, unreal, grotesque. In a hyperbole, two meanings are realized simultaneously: the basic, subject-logical meanings of words and the contextual-emotional meanings of words.

There are hyperboles:

1) Erased/usual: haven't seen for ages, told you 40 times (expression).

2) Speech: writing desk was a size of a tennis court (absurdity, contradiction to common sense -> comical effect) He was so tall that I was not sure he had a face. (O. Henry) O. Henry , S sixes and sevens (1911)

Additionally, hyperbolas can be classified as follows:

1. Numerical hyperbolas (1000 percent)

2. Words that carry a hyperbolic connotation:

2.1 Nouns (ages);

2.2 Adjectives (colossal);

2.3 Adverbs (astronomically);

2.4 Verbs (die)

3. Comparisons and metaphors (cross as a devil)

4. Comparative and superlative(in less than no time)

5. Expressive genitive (the finest of fine watches)

7. Whole sentences (he is nothing if not deliberate)