Ways to create a humorous effect in a poem. Means of achieving a comic effect in satirical stories M

An ashy pit bull puppy ended up in a trash bin in the state of Florida because he was sick with a congenital, intractable disease.

This disease is called “puppy swimmer's syndrome,” and its official name is pectus excavatum. Veterinarians say that this disease is quite rare, but its treatment is extremely difficult. Deformation of the chest affects the animal's ability to move its paws - the puppy lies motionless on the chest, with its paws spread to the sides. Veterinarians advised the only solution - to euthanize the baby.

But instead of being euthanized, the baby was given a name and began to be treated

Erica Daniel is exactly the person thanks to whom the story of the puppy’s recovery began. Before putting the animal to sleep, Erica decided to shelter him for a day. And they named the pit bull puppy Harper. “I saw her lying flat,” says Erica Daniel, “and I became scared. It was like rigor mortis. And then I began to massage her chest. And just a couple of hours later, Harper raised her head and began to look around, and her paws became flexible and not so stiff.”

After a day of the baby’s stay in the shelter, there was hope for her cure. The decision was made to seek help from a University of Florida veterinarian. The veterinarian’s words were not as comforting as we would like - he listed a number of reasons why the puppy should still be euthanized: genetic diseases, brain development abnormalities, heart murmurs. But repeated research culminated in the decision to try fate. Doctors concluded that the puppy’s organs are quite healthy, and if “swimmer’s syndrome” is cured, she will be able to lead a completely normal life.

Harper's therapy and first successes

The puppy's treatment system included: hydrotherapy, massage, electrical muscle stimulation. Harper easily endured the first hydrotherapy lesson. Veterinarian Bev McCartt says swimming helped teach Harper the natural movements of a dog when walking: “Her brain started working, and by the end of the first lesson she seemed to understand that she could do anything.”

After the first lessons, Harper began to make movements with her paws. The first steps were taken on the grass, then it was the turn of the carpet, and then the asphalt. Harper's foster mother says, “She still can't walk on tile or wood floors. But she will come to it.”

Residents of Central Florida who bought photos of Harper started teaching Harper to walk. All proceeds were used to pay medical bills and to the dog fund where Erica Daniel works.

“The whole world was against her, but she is a real fighter. She's just beautiful. And I’m very glad that she’s doing well now,” says Erica Daniel.

From the book “Dog Breeding Techniques”

edited by Dr. Dieter Fleig Germany.

Dr.Hans-Joachim Koch

In practice, a little studied disorder in the development of puppies. Among experienced breeders, very little is said about this syndrome, although precisely such discussions could bring invaluable benefits in the study of this disorder and would help to find the causes of the appearance and development of this disease

In puppies aged 10 to 16 days, and in some breeds up to 5 weeks, when they usually begin to walk, from time to time one or more puppies in the litter are found that do not rise to their feet. The peculiarity of such puppies is that their limbs are spread apart and directed to the sides of the body. They can neither stand nor walk, and produce movements reminiscent of a swimmer. This is where the name of this developmental disorder comes from - swimmer's syndrome.

General ignorance about the origin of swimmer's syndrome leads to the fact that puppies have died in practice They do, although in many cases, with simple support from the limbs, puppies can subsequently lead an absolutely normal life. When the limbs are widely spread to the sides, their own weight increases the pressure on the inside of the paws, therefore, in many animals that have very weak legs at this age, the bone skeleton is not formed; under the weight of their own weight, the limbs turn out and diverge even further to the sides.

This may lead to stretching of the corresponding joint capsules, which can lead to immobility of the joint, and eventually the bones of the limbs may become twisted, making walking and standing on the paws almost impossible. Overfed puppies move little, lie constantly on their stomachs, and their chest may be compressed. The ribs, which at this age are also not yet sufficiently stable, are subject to stress, so that the chest gradually becomes wide and flat, taking on the shape, as the British say - Turtle fashion. (Our breeders call it turtle breast). And yet, many puppies, as breeders say, within a few days to weeks without any help, begin to stand on their own paws and subsequently show either no or minor changes in the chest, joints and limbs. As a rule, puppies, regardless of the severity and course of this disease, are strong and viable. Swimmer's syndrome has been seen in completely different breeds - English and French bulldogs, Selyham and Yorkshire terriers, Scotch and fox terriers, bullmastiffs, etc. This suggests that swimmer's syndrome is most likely not due to genetic problems in breeding. I would like to add that all sorts of so-called “miracle” drugs and vitamins proposed to treat this disorder do not bring any benefit.

Diagnostics.

Age- usually starts from 10 to 16 days

Breeds- various breeds

Symptoms:

Most often, bilateral symmetrical extension to the sides of the hind and (or) forelimbs with raking movements. Animals can neither walk nor stand; the so-called sagging of still weak limbs and ribs appears under the weight of their own weight.

Differential diagnoses:

• congenital limb defects,
• congenital diseases of the central nervous system, for example, hydrocephalus,
• heart disease,
• metabolic disorders,
• bacteriological infections,
• hypoglycemia.

Possible reasons:

Treatment.

• Weight loss in overfed puppies,
• non-slip surfaces,
• massage and exercises to develop movements in puppies with already deformed chests,
• special linings,
• paw bandage

Forecast:

varies depending on how early the disease was detected and what treatment methods were taken.

Translation by A. Zabrod

This anomaly is that at 3-4 weeks of age, puppies crawl, spread out on their stomachs, and cannot rise to their feet. In humans, this deformation of the chest is called kyphosis and subsequently causes the heart and lungs to flatten. This puppy developmental disorder (otherwise known as pectus excavatum, sunken chest, or Pectus Excavatum) can be diagnosed by anyone who has ever seen a swimmer.

Since such cubs cannot, like other puppies, place their paws straight, they walk (if they walk at all) with a wobbling gait. If this violation is not corrected, the puppies will never walk normally, moreover, they will become crippled and will have to be euthanized. Because they have a sunken chest, they may develop lung and heart disease.

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles of swimmer puppies cannot interact and relax properly, so the chest volume becomes smaller and the lungs cannot expand properly when inhaling. As a result, less oxygen enters the body, and puppies begin to breathe more quickly, sometimes so quickly that the puppy feels as if he is suffocating. Such puppies usually die between two and four weeks of age.

However, this defect can be successfully corrected. If the puppy is taught to stand and walk correctly, his chest gradually restores its normal size and shape. If no measures are taken, it will remain flat, and under the growing weight of the body it will flatten more and more.

If the puppies survive to 3 weeks, there is a possibility that the chest may return to its normal shape, or it may remain flat for life without obvious side effects. If compression of the chest does not affect the development of the heart or lungs, the puppy has a great chance of living a full life. If the puppy moves and plays, breathes normally, and does not get tired quickly, then we can assume that everything is in order.

This anomaly is formed during intrauterine development, it has been established. The nature of its occurrence has not been sufficiently studied.

Diagnostics: Swimmer's syndrome can be detected starting one hour to several days after birth, with a slight flattening of the chest or actually a kink in the ribs. An attentive breeder may notice the moment at which the chest flattens. Usually the problem can already be diagnosed between 2-10 days of birth; probing the chest wall with your fingers. But the point is that you need to have experience or be very careful when examining puppies on a daily basis. This clearly becomes noticeable by days 10-14, when the chest and ribs are already severely deformed. However, these changes can be determined on the second day. For beginners, it is easier if there are several puppies in the litter, then you can compare how the rib and chest parts develop in all of them and identify the swimmer in time. It is much more difficult if the puppy is alone.

Newborn puppies have cartilaginous thickenings on the ribs, after which the ribs are completely soft. In a normal puppy they have a rounded shape, but in a future swimmer, in 1-2 days in this place they bend perpendicular to the main rib part and a sharp angle is obtained, which creates a problem for turning over, and the puppy constantly lies on its stomach, which aggravates the situation. While the cartilages are very soft in the first days and ossification does not occur, they are easy to massage and by constantly turning such a baby over, you can avoid this problem. But, if the diaphragm muscles are already affected, they will pull the sternum into an incorrect position and this in turn will distort the shape of the heart and will also prevent the proper development of the lungs. The front legs of such puppies are located at an angle to the body. There is a strong tension in the pectoral muscles with a flattened chest, the muscles of the croup and hind limbs are also tense.

Causes(there are many hypotheses on this issue):
- Metabolic disorder, which results in improper absorption of calcium and other minerals.
- Lack of selenium and vitamin E, necessary for muscle formation.
- Excessive milk consumption by puppies, the milk mother is constantly in the nest. For this reason, there may be "swimmers" in repeated litters of the same bitch.
- Improper design of the rearing pen. Flat surface in the delivery box - there is no way to change the pressure on the chest.
- Potassium deficiency in the blood.
- Bacteria and viruses. Infection of the uterus by fungal and viral infections can cause muscular dystrophy in puppies.
- Hereditary aspect. Both polygenic inheritance of the trait and a hereditary predisposition to its development are possible.
- Improper nutrition of the bitch during pregnancy.
- Bad ecology.
- The temperature in the puppy rearing room is too warm, resulting in puppies lying in one position.
- Prematurity.

Incidents of the birth of swimmer puppies are usually accidental. Repeated mating with the same parents may never produce a swimmer puppy. Changing the bitch's feeding also did not increase or decrease the risk of giving birth to such puppies.

Symptoms: Typically, a breeder notices swimmer puppies when the problem is already present. Puppies have a wide, flat chest; the limbs move to the sides instead of standing straight under the body, so the puppies move by crawling. Their actions resemble the movements performed by swimmers. Sometimes the legs are stretched back, and the babies “swim” like seals. Although in some cases this syndrome develops due to slippery floors or other environmental factors, it is most often caused by a hereditary defect. Puppies almost always lie on their stomachs. If such a puppy is placed on its side, it almost immediately rolls over onto its stomach. As a rule, such puppies immediately latch on, do not flounder on the nipple, and look quite cute.

At the age of 10-14 days, puppies begin to rise on their legs, first on their front legs, then on their hind legs. And among them there may be a puppy who is trying to get to his feet, but unlike others, he does not succeed - every time he falls and crawls on his chest, making “swimming” movements with his front limbs. His chest is deformed: it is expanded to the sides and flattened from below - the so-called “turtle chest”. Other littermates quickly overtake such a puppy in development.

So, a swimming puppy has a flat chest and stomach, and moves, as a rule, with both front legs turned out at an angle to the chest. There is a feeling that he is floating, hence the name of the syndrome. The hind limbs may hardly move, or their movements are constrained. While sucking, such puppies may arch their backs.

Treatment: If you recognize the syndrome in time and take action, you can help, and such a puppy can grow up to be a normal dog. Usually, if no measures are taken, the puppy begins to suffocate and dies. Sometimes, if the syndrome is not pronounced, it may not cause severe respiratory dysfunction, and the puppy survives on its own.

Treatment should be started as soon as possible and is actually not very difficult. However, you need to have time to get such a puppy on its feet. Puppies should be checked immediately after birth and during the following days. If you notice a puppy who is always on his stomach and who is showing signs of a flat chest, your maximum attention should be focused on him.

A good result is obtained by using easily digestible oyster calcium and catosal (metabolism stimulant). Calcium plays an irreplaceable role in the life of the body, carrying out the process of transmitting nerve impulses during the contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles, myocardial muscles, participating in the formation of bone tissue.

While suckling, such a swimmer puppy should be placed on its side and ensure that it does not roll over onto its stomach, perhaps even holding it in this position. The puppy will most likely resist, but be persistent. Repeat this several times a day. A swimmer puppy needs a massage 4-6 times a day. It is advisable to remove the mother from the puppies, allowing her to see them only during feeding, and place balls rolled out of newspaper into the puppy playpen, under a thin bedding, so that the puppies do not lie on a flat surface. It is important not to overheat the room. A heating pad placed in the center of the box will force the puppies to move in search of warmth and lay down together, placing their heads and chests higher on top of each other. Make sure that the problem puppy does not end up at the bottom. If puppies left without a dam do not crawl together, the room is too warm. If they huddle and squeak all the time, it means it's too cold. It is necessary to maintain a comfortable temperature in the room.

In cases where “swimmer’s syndrome” manifests itself only in the softness of the ribs and sternum, it can be overcome quite quickly by giving calcium and vitamin supplements, massage and forcing the puppy to lie on its side. But, if to this is added the weakness of connective tissues, ligaments and, naturally, muscles, then it can be difficult to put such a puppy on its feet. But this is also possible.

Exercises to correct the swimmer's syndrome defect:

In order to get rid of the “swimmer’s syndrome”, the cubs are picked up daily and their chest massaged 4-6 times a day, trying to give it the correct shape.

Take a cardboard egg box with cells, intended for transporting eggs, and cover the top with an easily washable cloth. In order to reach their mother, babies have to work and develop muscles all the time.

Rolled towels or rugs are laid out on the floor, creating hills and valleys so that the puppies can pump up their muscles while overcoming obstacles. Such exercises will also be beneficial for their healthy littermates.

Another way is swimming in water, which promotes the development of muscles and the respiratory system. Once a day, make the puppy swim in the bathtub, holding him under the chest. After bathing, be sure to dry with a hairdryer. These manipulations will help return the puppy to a normal existence.

When puppies sleep, they should be repositioned so that they lie on their sides, not on their bellies. Every time you enter a room, you must turn them over.

In severe cases, it is necessary to tie the puppy's front legs at the elbows so that they assume a normal position. If the hind legs are not positioned correctly, they are also tied. Such puppies should not be overfed. The earlier the correction begins, the easier it is to correct the defect.

Each breeder must decide for himself whether to euthanize a seriously ill swimmer puppy or help him survive. Obviously, “swimmers” who were seriously ill should not be used for breeding. But they can make good pets.

In the humorous works of A.A. Chekhov, comedy is achieved with the help of linguistic means. Namely, these are portrait descriptions of heroes, proper names and colloquial vocabulary used in stories.

One main technique of the comic is undoubtedly “the discrepancy between appearance and reality,” the demonstration of “the discrepancy between a person’s high opinion of his moral, social, intellectual significance and his actual value.” An equally funny technique of humor is a mixture of heterogeneous and clearly incompatible features. Among the most important ways of creating the comic is moving a phenomenon into an unfamiliar sphere; Another equally common method is to transfer an object from the class in which it is enshrined in social symbolic usage to another class. The concentration of “unnecessary” comic details also produces a comic impression.

The source of the comic in Chekhov’s works is the preoccupation of individual people with their own, individual interest, way of behavior, train of thought, each person’s absolutization of this and the ensuing discrepancies and clashes. (“Drama”, “The Lost”, “Entrepreneur under the Sofa”).

Humor in stories reveals the inferiority of life, emphasizing, exaggerating, hyperbolizing it, making it tangible and concrete in his works. The humorous element of A.P. Chekhov and O. Henry is one of the most attractive aspects of their work. O. Henry's humor is rooted in the tradition of the comic story that existed among the first settlers of America. In O. Henry, humor is often associated with comic situations, which underlie many plots. They help the writer in debunking certain negative phenomena of reality. Resorting to parody and paradox, O. Henry reveals the unnatural essence of such phenomena and their incompatibility with the normal practice of human behavior. O. Henry's humor is unusually rich in shades, impetuous, whimsical, he keeps the author's speech as if under a current, and does not allow the narrative to go along the predicted course. It is impossible to separate irony and humor from O. Henry’s narrative - this is his “element, the natural environment of his talent. The situation in short stories is not always humorous; and yet, no matter what emotional keys the author presses, the invariably ironic turn of his mind gives a very special shade to everything that happens.”

A.P. Chekhov is one of Russia's greatest humorists. “The wit of deep feeling” - this is Chekhov’s definition, which the author himself liked, accurately reveals the depth of genuine humor in the poetics of the short story. Humor in his works begins to play a new role: it either further enhances and highlights the tragic, or, conversely, “softens” the tragedy with a wise, bright smile. Writers' humor is a view of the world, a vision of life, inseparable from irony and a tragic smile. The great charm of writers lies in the humor with which they usually present events. This is rarely a bilious mockery: as a rule, their laughter is good-natured. Sometimes serious thoughts are hidden behind this laughter. Even when the authors' ridicule is serious, they retain the masks of jokers.

Humor in the stories of A.P. Chekhov.

in satirical stories.

Lesson objectives: find out the relationship between humor and satire as means of expressing the author’s position; determine ways to create a satirical image using the example of the story “Chameleon”; consider the significance of dialogue, artistic detail, “speaking” surnames in revealing the characters of Ochumelov and Khryukin.

During the classes

I. Checking homework.

Listen to answers to homework questions.

II. Teacher's word.

It is necessary to remind students what is unique about Chekhov’s satire; show how a satirical image, a satirical work is created.

Satire does not affirm, but denies the phenomenon, emphasizes the inconsistency of the object of laughter, while humor is cheerful, joyful, sometimes ironic laughter, which captures the inconsistency of the phenomenon with generally accepted ideas about a specific event.

Humor is always personal and subjective, satire is always socially significant. The sphere of humor is a private person, the peculiarities of his behavior, habits. The sphere of satire is primarily phenomena of social life: In humor, the serious is hidden behind a joke; in satire, the joke exposes.

In the story “Chameleon” we see a different Chekhov: not a good-natured, cheerful person, but an ironic, mocking writer. The techniques he used remained the same, but the emphasis in conveying what was depicted was shifted: Chekhov’s irony was heard more clearly. The author does not express his assessment of what is happening, but with the help of artistic details he creates a satirical image of the participants in the scene that took place in the market square.

Chekhov does not distort the real proportions of reality, just as, for example, M. B. Saltykov-Shchedrin does not deliberately distort what is depicted. Saltykov-Shchedrin intricately combines the fantastic and the believable. In a fantasy situation we find the contours of real relationships present in the modern world. Saltykov-Shchedrin creates a grotesque image that combines the tragic and the comic. Chekhov shows typical relationships in the real world, scenes from the life of an ordinary person who is ready to overdo it in the manifestations of his virtues. Chekhov's satire consists in expressing an ironic attitude towards his heroes, in a clear demonstration of the moral distance between the author and his heroes.

III. Conversation.

How is comic effect created in a story?

With the help of what details does A.P. Chekhov create the image of a provincial town?

How are narration, description, and dialogue related in the story?

Give a description of Ochumelov and Khryukin.

Based on what details do we conclude about the satirical nature of these images?

What is the significance of their speech in creating the characteristics of characters?

What details help to understand the character of the characters?

What techniques are used to create a satirical image in Chekhov's story?

What is the fundamental difference between a satirical work and a humorous one?

Why is the story called "Chameleon"?