Interesting facts about Japanese warriors - the great samurai. Great Samurai - club for lovers of Japanese culture "misogi"
In modern popular culture, Japanese samurai are represented as medieval warriors, similar to Western knights. This is not a completely correct interpretation of the concept. In fact, the samurai were primarily feudal lords who owned their own land and were the basis of power. This class was one of the key ones in Japanese civilization of that time.
The origin of the class
Approximately in the 18th century, the same warriors appeared whose successor is any samurai. Japanese feudalism arose from the Taika reforms. The emperors resorted to the help of samurai in their fight against the Ainu, the indigenous inhabitants of the archipelago. With each new generation, these people, who faithfully served the state, acquired new lands and money. Clans and influential dynasties were formed that owned significant resources.
Around the X-XII centuries. In Japan, a process similar to the European one took place - the country was shaken by feudal lords fighting against each other for land and wealth. At the same time, imperial power remained, but it was extremely weakened and could not prevent civil confrontation. It was then that the Japanese samurai received their code of rules - bushido.
Shogunate
In 1192, a political system arose, which was later called a complex and dual system of governing the entire country, when the emperor and the shogun - figuratively speaking, the chief samurai - ruled simultaneously. Japanese feudalism was based on the traditions and power of influential families. If Europe overcame its own civil strife during the Renaissance, then the distant and isolated island civilization lived for a long time according to medieval rules.
This was the period when the samurai was considered the most prestigious member of society. The Japanese shogun was omnipotent due to the fact that at the end of the 12th century the emperor granted the holder of this title the monopoly right to raise an army in the country. That is, any other contender or peasant uprising could not stage a coup due to the inequality of power. The Shogunate lasted from 1192 to 1867.
Feudal hierarchy
The samurai class has always been distinguished by a strict hierarchy. At the very top of these stairs was the shogun. Next came the daimyo. These were the heads of the most important and powerful families in Japan. If the shogun died without leaving an heir, then his successor was chosen from among the daimyo.
At the middle level were feudal lords who owned small estates. Their approximate number fluctuated around several thousand people. Next came the vassals of vassals and ordinary soldiers without property.
At its peak, the samurai class made up about 10% of the total population of Japan. Members of their families can also be included in this layer. In fact, the power of the feudal lord depended on the size of his estate and the income from it. It was often measured in rice - the main food of the entire Japanese civilization. The soldiers were also paid with literal rations. For such “trade” there was even a system of weights and measures. Koku was equal to 160 kilograms of rice. Approximately this amount of food was enough to satisfy the needs of one person.
To understand the value of rice, it is enough to give an example of a samurai salary. Thus, those close to the shogun received from 500 to several thousand koku of rice per year, depending on the size of their estate and the number of their own vassals, who also needed to be fed and supported.
Relationship between shogun and daimyo
The hierarchical system of the samurai class allowed feudal lords who served well to rise very high on the social ladder. Periodically they rebelled against the supreme authority. The shoguns tried to keep the daimyo and their vassals in line. To do this, they resorted to the most original methods.
For example, in Japan for a long time there was a tradition according to which daimyo were supposed to go to their master for a gala reception once a year. Such events were accompanied by long journeys across the country and high costs. If the daimyo was suspected of treason, the shogun could actually take a member of the family of his unwanted vassal hostage during such a visit.
Code of Bushido
Along with the development of the shogunate, the authors of the shogunate were the best Japanese samurai. This set of rules was formed under the influence of the ideas of Buddhism, Shintoism and Confucianism. Most of these teachings came to Japan from the mainland, or more precisely from China. These ideas were popular among the samurai - representatives of the main aristocratic families of the country.
Unlike Buddhism or the doctrine of Confucius, Shintoism was an ancient paganism. It was based on norms such as the worship of nature, ancestors, country and the emperor. Shintoism allowed for the existence of magic and otherworldly spirits. In Bushido, from this religion, the cult of patriotism and faithful service to the state was primarily transferred.
Thanks to Buddhism, the Japanese samurai code included ideas such as a special attitude towards death and an indifferent view of life's problems. Aristocrats often practiced Zen, believing in the rebirth of souls after death.
Samurai philosophy
The Japanese samurai warrior was raised in bushido. He had to strictly follow all the prescribed rules. These norms applied to both public service and personal life.
The popular comparison of knights and samurai is incorrect precisely from the point of view of comparing the European code of honor and the rules of Bushido. This is due to the fact that the behavioral foundations of the two civilizations were extremely different from each other due to isolation and development in completely different conditions and societies.
For example, in Europe there was an established custom of giving your word of honor when agreeing on some agreements between feudal lords. For a samurai this would be an insult. At the same time, from the point of view of a Japanese warrior, a surprise attack on the enemy was not a violation of the rules. For a French knight, this would mean the treachery of the enemy.
Military honor
In the Middle Ages, every resident of the country knew the names of Japanese samurai, since they were the state and military elite. Few who wished to join this class could do so (either because of their ugliness or because of inappropriate behavior). The closed nature of the samurai class lay precisely in the fact that strangers were rarely allowed into it.
Clanism and exclusivity greatly influenced the norms of behavior of warriors. For them, their own dignity was the most important thing. If a samurai brought shame on himself by an unworthy act, he had to commit suicide. This practice is called harakiri.
Every samurai had to be responsible for his words. The Japanese code of honor required people to think several times before making any statement. Warriors were required to eat moderately and avoid promiscuity. A true samurai always remembered death and reminded himself every day that sooner or later his earthly journey would end, so the only important thing was whether he was able to maintain his own honor.
Attitude to family
Worship of family also took place in Japan. So, for example, a samurai had to remember the rule of “branches and trunk.” According to customs, the family was compared to a tree. Parents were the trunk, and children were just branches.
If a warrior treated his elders with contempt or disrespect, he automatically became an outcast in society. This rule was followed by all generations of aristocrats, including the very last samurai. Japanese traditionalism existed in the country for many centuries, and neither modernization nor a way out of isolation could break it.
Attitude to the state
Samurai were taught that their attitude towards the state and legitimate authority should be as humble as towards their own family. For a warrior there were no interests higher than his master. Japanese samurai weapons served the rulers until the very end, even when the number of their supporters became critically small.
The loyal attitude towards the overlord often took the form of unusual traditions and habits. Thus, samurai did not have the right to go to bed with their feet towards the residence of their master. The warrior also made sure not to aim his weapon in the direction of his master.
Characteristic of the behavior of samurai was a contemptuous attitude towards death on the battlefield. It is interesting that mandatory rituals have developed here. So, if a warrior realized that his battle was lost and he was hopelessly surrounded, he had to give his own name and die calmly from the enemy’s weapon. A mortally wounded samurai, before giving up the ghost, pronounced the names of Japanese samurai of senior ranks.
Education and customs
The class of feudal warriors was not only a militaristic stratum of society. Samurai were well educated, which was mandatory for their position. All warriors studied the humanities. At first glance, they could not be useful on the battlefield. But in reality everything was exactly the opposite. The Japanese might not have protected their owner where literature saved him.
For these warriors, a passion for poetry was the norm. The great fighter Minamoto, who lived in the 11th century, could spare a defeated enemy if he read him a good poem. One samurai wisdom said that weapons are the right hand of a warrior, while literature is the left.
An important component of everyday life was the tea ceremony. The custom of drinking a hot drink was spiritual in nature. This ritual was adopted from Buddhist monks, who meditated collectively in this way. Samurai even held tea drinking tournaments among themselves. Each aristocrat was obliged to build a separate pavilion in his house for this important rite. From the feudal lords the habit of drinking tea passed on to the peasant class.
Samurai training
Samurai learned their craft from childhood. It was vital for a warrior to master the technique of wielding several types of weapons. The skill of fist fighting was also highly valued. Japanese samurai and ninjas had to be not only strong, but also extremely resilient. Each student had to swim in a stormy river in full clothing.
A real warrior could defeat the enemy not only with weapons. He knew how to suppress his opponent mentally. This was done with the help of a special battle cry, which made unprepared enemies feel uneasy.
Casual wardrobe
In the life of a samurai, almost everything was regulated - from relationships with others to clothing. It was also a social marker by which aristocrats distinguished themselves from peasants and ordinary townspeople. Only samurai could wear silk clothes. In addition, their things had a special cut. A kimono and hakama were required. Weapons were also considered part of the wardrobe. The samurai always carried two swords with him. They were tucked into a wide belt.
Only aristocrats could wear such clothes. Peasants were prohibited from wearing such a wardrobe. This is also explained by the fact that on each of his things the warrior had stripes that showed his clan affiliation. Every samurai had such coats of arms. Translating the motto from Japanese could explain where it came from and who it served.
Samurai could use any available item as a weapon. Therefore, the wardrobe was also selected for possible self-defense. The samurai fan became an excellent weapon. It differed from ordinary ones in that the basis of its design was iron. In the event of a surprise attack by enemies, even such an innocent thing could cost the lives of the attacking enemies.
Armor
If ordinary silk clothing was intended for everyday wear, then each samurai had a special wardrobe for battle. Typical armor of medieval Japan included metal helmets and breastplates. The technology for their production originated during the heyday of the shogunate and has remained virtually unchanged since then.
Armor was worn in two cases - before a battle or a ceremonial event. The rest of the time they were kept in a specially designated place in the samurai’s house. If warriors went on a long campaign, their clothing was carried in a convoy. As a rule, servants looked after the armor.
In medieval Europe, the main distinctive element of equipment was the shield. With its help, knights showed their belonging to one or another feudal lord. Samurai did not have shields. For identification purposes, they used colored cords, banners, and helmets with engraved designs of coats of arms.
Japanese samurai are known, perhaps, all over the world. They are sometimes compared to European knights, but this comparison is not entirely accurate. From Japanese, the word "samurai" is translated as "a person who serves." Medieval samurai for the most part were noble and fearless fighters, fighting against enemies with the help of katanas and other weapons. But when did they appear, how did they live in different periods of Japanese history, and what rules did they follow? About all this in our article.
The origins of the samurai as a class
Samurai appeared as a result of the Taika reforms that started in the Land of the Rising Sun in 646. These reforms can be called the largest socio-political transformations in the history of ancient Japan, which were carried out under the leadership of Prince Naka no Oe.
Emperor Kammu gave a big impetus to strengthening the samurai at the beginning of the ninth century. This emperor turned to existing regional clans for help in a war against the Ainu, another people who lived on the islands of the Japanese archipelago. By the way, there are only a few tens of thousands of Ainu left now.
In the 10th–12th centuries, in the process of “showdowns” between feudal lords, influential families were formed. They had their own fairly substantial military detachments, the members of which were only nominally in the service of the emperor. In fact, every major feudal lord then needed well-trained professional warriors. They became the samurai. During this period, the foundations of the unwritten samurai code “The Way of the Bow and the Horse” were formed, which was later transformed into a clear set of rules “The Way of the Warrior” (“Bushido”).
Samurai in the Minamoto and Edo eras
The final formation of the samurai as a special privileged class occurred, according to most researchers, during the reign of the Minamoto house in the Land of the Rising Sun (this is the period from 1192 to 1333). The accession of Minamoto was preceded by a civil war between feudal clans. The very course of this war created the preconditions for the emergence of the shogunate - a form of government with a shogun (that is, a military leader) at the head.
After the Taira clan was defeated, Minamoto no Yoritomo forced the emperor to give him the title of shogun (thus becoming the first shogun), and he made the small fishing settlement of Kamakura his own residence. Now the shogun was the most powerful person in the country: the highest-ranking samurai and the chief minister at the same time. Of course, official power in the Japanese state belonged to the emperor, and the court also had some influence. But the position of the court and the emperor still could not be called dominant - for example, the emperor was constantly forced to follow the instructions of the shogun, otherwise he would be forced to abdicate the throne.
Yoritomo established a new governing body for Japan, called the "field headquarters." Like the shogun himself, almost all of his ministers were samurai. As a result, the principles of the samurai class spread to all areas of Japanese society.
Minomoto no Yorimoto - the first shogun and the highest-ranking samurai of the late 12th century
The "golden age" of samuraiism is considered to be the period from the first shogun to the Onin Civil War (1467–1477). On the one hand, it was a fairly peaceful period, on the other, the number of samurai was relatively small, which allowed them to have good income.
Then in the history of Japan there came a period of many internecine wars, in which samurai took an active part.
In the mid-16th century, there was a feeling that the empire, shaken by conflicts, would forever fall apart into separate parts, but the daimyo (prince) from the island of Honshu, Oda Nobunaga, managed to start the process of unifying the state. This process was long, and only in 1598 was true autocracy established. Tokugawa Ieyasu became the ruler of Japan. He chose the city of Edo (present-day Tokyo) as his residence and became the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled for more than 250 years (this era is also called the Edo era).
With the rise of the Tokugawa house to power, the class of samurai increased significantly - almost every fifth Japanese became a samurai. Since internal feudal wars were a thing of the past, samurai military units at this time were used mainly to suppress peasant uprisings.
The most senior and important samurai were the so-called hatamoto - direct vassals of the shogun. However, the bulk of the samurai performed the duties of vassals of the daimyo, and most often they did not have land, but received a certain salary from their master. At the same time, they had quite great privileges. For example, Tokugawa legislation allowed a samurai to kill on the spot a “commoner” who behaved indecently without any consequences.
There is a misconception that all samurai were fairly wealthy people. But that's not true. Already under the Tokugawa shogunate, there were poor samurai who lived not much better than ordinary peasants. And in order to feed their families, some of them still had to cultivate the land.
Education and code of the samurai
When raising future samurai, they tried to instill in them indifference to death, physical pain and fear, a cult of respect for elders and loyalty to their master. The mentor and family primarily focused on developing the character of the young man who took this path, developing in him courage, endurance and patience. Character was developed by reading stories about the exploits of heroes who glorified themselves as samurai of the past, and by watching relevant theatrical productions.
Sometimes the father ordered the future warrior, in order to become bolder, to go alone to a cemetery or other “bad” place. It was common practice for teenagers to attend public executions, and they were also sent to examine the bodies and heads of dead criminals. Moreover, the young man, the future samurai, was obliged to leave a special sign that would prove that he was not shirking, but was actually here. Often, future samurai were forced to do hard work, spend sleepless nights, walk barefoot in winter, etc.
It is known for certain that samurai were not only fearless, but also very educated people. The Code of Bushido, which was already mentioned above, stated that a warrior must improve himself by any means. And therefore, the samurai did not shy away from poetry, painting and ikebana, they studied mathematics, calligraphy, and held tea ceremonies.
Zen Buddhism also had a huge influence on the samurai class. It came from China and spread throughout Japan at the end of the 12th century. Samurai found Zen Buddhism as a religious movement very attractive, as it contributed to the development of self-control, will and composure. In any situation, without unnecessary thoughts or doubts, the samurai had to go straight to the enemy, without looking back or to the side, in order to destroy him.
Another interesting fact: according to Bushido, the samurai was obliged to carry out the orders of his master unquestioningly. And even if he ordered to commit suicide or go with a detachment of ten people against an army of a thousand, this had to be carried out. By the way, the feudal lords sometimes gave the order to the samurai to go to certain death, to battle with an enemy superior in numbers, just to get rid of him. But one should not think that samurai never passed from master to master. This often happened during skirmishes between small feudal lords.
The worst thing for a samurai was to lose honor and cover himself with shame in battle. They said about such people that they were not even worthy of death. Such a warrior wandered around the country and tried to earn money like an ordinary mercenary. Their services were used in Japan, but they were treated with disdain.
One of the most shocking things associated with samurai is the ritual of hara-kiri or seppuku. A samurai had to commit suicide if he was unable to follow Bushido or was captured by his enemies. And the ritual of seppuku was considered an honorable way to die. It is interesting that the components of this ritual were a ceremonial bath, a meal with the most favorite food, and the writing of the last poem - tank. And next to the samurai performing the ritual, there was always a faithful comrade, who at a certain moment had to cut off his head in order to stop the torment.
Appearance, weapons and armor of the samurai
What medieval samurai looked like is reliably known from many sources. Over the course of many centuries, their appearance has remained almost unchanged. Most often, samurai wore wide trousers, reminiscent of a skirt in cut, with a bun of hair on their heads called motodori. For this hairstyle, the forehead was shaved bald, and the remaining hair was braided into a knot and secured on the top of the head.
As for weapons, samurai have used different types throughout their long history. Initially, the main weapon was a thin short sword called a chokuto. Then the samurai switched to curved swords, which eventually transformed into the katanas known throughout the world today. In the Bushido code it was said that the soul of a samurai is contained in his katana. And it is not surprising that this sword was considered the most important attribute of a warrior. As a rule, katanas were used in conjunction with a daisho, a short copy of the main sword (daisho, by the way, only samurai had the right to wear - that is, it was an element of status).
In addition to swords, samurai also used bows, since with the development of warfare, personal courage and the ability to fight the enemy in close combat began to matter much less. And when gunpowder appeared in the 16th century, bows gave way to firearms and cannons. For example, flintlock guns called tanegashima were popular in the Edo era.
On the battlefield, samurai wore special armor - armor. This armor was luxuriously decorated and looked somewhat ridiculous, but each part had its own specific function. The armor was both durable and flexible, allowing its owner to move freely on the battlefield. The armor was made of metal plates tied together with leather and silk laces. The arms were protected by rectangular shoulder shields and armored sleeves. Sometimes such a sleeve was not worn on the right hand to make fighting easier.
An integral element of the armor was Kabuto's helmet. Its cup-shaped part was made of metal plates connected with rivets. An interesting feature of this helmet is the presence of a balaclava (exactly like Darth Vader from Star Wars). It protected the owner's neck from possible blows from swords and arrows. Along with helmets, samurai sometimes wore gloomy Mengu masks to intimidate the enemy.
In general, this combat clothing was very effective, and the United States Army, as experts say, created the first body armor based on medieval Japanese armor.
Decline of the samurai class
The beginning of the collapse of the samurai class is due to the fact that daimyo no longer needed large personal detachments of warriors, as was the case during the period of feudal fragmentation. As a result, many samurai were left out of work and turned into ronin (samurai without a master) or ninja - secret mercenary killers.
And by the middle of the eighteenth century, the process of extinction of the samurai class of samurai began to go even faster. The development of manufactories and the strengthening of the positions of the bourgeoisie led to the gradual degeneration (primarily economic) of samurai. More and more samurai fell into debt with moneylenders. Many of the warriors changed their qualifications and turned into ordinary traders and farmers. In addition, samurai became participants and organizers of various schools of martial arts, tea ceremony, engraving, Zen philosophy, and belles lettres - this is how these people expressed their keen desire for traditional Japanese culture.
After the bourgeois Meiji Revolution of 1867–1868, the samurai, like other feudal classes, were officially abolished, but for some time they retained their privileged position.
Those samurai who actually owned the land even under Tokugawa, after the agrarian reforms of 1872–1873, legally secured their rights to it. In addition, former samurai joined the ranks of officials, army and navy officers, etc.
And in 1876, the famous “Decree on the Ban of Swords” was issued in Japan. It directly prohibited the carrying of traditional edged weapons, and this ultimately “finished off” the samurai. Over time, they became simply part of history, and their traditions became an element of the unique Japanese flavor.
Documentary film “Times and Warriors. Samurai."
MUGEN-RYU HEIHO
Katana sword that belonged to Tokugawa Ieyasu himself
In samurai times in the Land of the Rising Sun there were many beautiful swords and many magnificent masters who were brilliant in the art of fencing. However, the most famous sword masters in the samurai tradition were Tsukahara Bokuden, Yagyu Mune-nori, Miyamoto Musashi and Yamaoka Tesshu.
Tsukahara Bokuden was born in Kashima City, Hitachi Province. The first name of the future master was Takomoto. His own father was a samurai, a vassal of the daimyo of Kashima Province, and taught his son how to use a sword from early childhood. It seemed that Takamoto was a born warrior: while other children were playing, he was practicing with his sword - first a wooden one, and then a real one, a combat one. Soon he was sent to be raised in the house of the noble samurai Tsukahara Tosonokami Yasumoto, who was a relative of the daimyo himself and brilliantly wielded a sword. He decided to pass on his art, along with his surname, to his adopted son. In him he found a grateful student who was determined to become a master of the “path of the sword.”
The boy trained tirelessly and with inspiration, and his perseverance brought results. When Bokuden turned twenty, he was already a sword master, although few people knew about it. and when the young man dared to challenge the famous warrior from Kyoto, Ochiai To-razaemon, many considered it a daring and rash act. Ochiai decided to teach the impudent young man a lesson, however, to everyone’s surprise, Bokuden in the very first seconds of the duel defeated his eminent opponent, but saved his life.
Ochiai took the shame of this defeat seriously and decided to take revenge: he tracked down Bokuden and ambushed him. But the sudden and insidious attack did not take the young samurai by surprise. This time Ochiai lost both his life and his reputation.
This duel brought great fame to Bokuden. Many daimyo tried to get him as a bodyguard, but the young master rejected all these very flattering offers: he intended to further improve his art. For many years he led the lifestyle of a ronin, traveling around the country, learning from all the masters with whom fate encountered him, and fighting with experienced swordsmen. Times were hard then: the wars of the Sengoku Jidai era were in full swing, and Bokuden had the opportunity to participate in many battles. He was entrusted with a special mission, both honorable and dangerous: he challenged enemy commanders (many of whom were themselves first-class swordsmen) to a duel and killed them in front of the entire army. Bokuden himself remained undefeated.
Faggot on the roof of the temple
One of his most famous duels was the duel with Kajiwara Nagato, who was reputed to be an unsurpassed naginata master. He also did not know defeat and was so skilled in handling weapons that he could cut down a swallow on the fly. However, his art turned out to be powerless against Bokuden: as soon as Nagato swung his halberd, Bokuden killed him with the first blow, which from the outside looked easy and simple. In fact, it was a masterly hitotsu-tachi technique - a one-strike style, which Bokuden honed throughout his life.
The most curious “duel” of Bokuden was the incident that happened to him on Lake Biwa. Bokuden at this time was over fifty, he already looked at the world differently and did not want to kill people for the sake of meaningless glory. As luck would have it, in the boat, where Bokuden was among the other passengers, there was one frightening-looking ronin, stupid and aggressive. This ronin boasted of his swordsmanship, calling himself the best sword master in Japan.
Usually a boasting fool needs a listener, and the samurai chose Bokuden for this role. However, he did not pay any attention to him, and such disrespect infuriated the ronin. He challenged Bokuden to a duel, to which he calmly noted that a true master does not strive to inflict defeat, but, if possible, to avoid senseless bloodshed. Such a thought turned out to be difficult for the samurai to digest, and he, becoming even more angry, demanded that Bokuden name his school. Bokuden replied that his school was called Mutekatsu-ryu, literally “the school of achieving victory without the help of hands,” that is, without a sword.
This angered the samurai even more. “What kind of nonsense are you talking about!” - he said to Bokuden and ordered the boatman to moor to a tiny secluded island so that Bokuden could show him in practice the advantages of his school. When the boat approached the island, the ronin was the first to jump ashore and draw his sword. Bokuden took the pole from the boatman, pushed off from the shore and in one fell swoop took the boat far from the island. “This is how I achieve victory without a sword!” - said Bokuden and waved his hand to the fool left on the island.
Bokuden had three adopted sons, and he taught all of them the art of the sword. One day he decided to give them a test and for this purpose he placed a heavy block of wood over the door. As soon as the door opened, a block of wood fell on the person entering. Bokuden invited his eldest son first. He sensed a catch and deftly picked up a block of wood that was falling on him. When the block fell on the middle son, he managed to dodge in time and at the same time pull his sword out of its sheath. When it was the turn of the youngest son, he in the blink of an eye drew his sword and with a magnificent blow cut the falling block in half.
Bokuden was very pleased with the results of this “exam”, for all three were at their best, and the youngest also demonstrated an excellent instant strike technique. However, Bokuden named his eldest son as his main successor and the new head of his school, because to achieve victory he did not have to use the sword, and this was most consistent with the spirit of Bokuden’s teachings.
Unfortunately, the Bokuden school did not survive its founder. All his sons and best students died in battles against the troops of Oda Nobunaga, and there was no one left who could continue his style. Among the students was the shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru himself, who brilliantly wielded a sword and worthily gave his life in an unequal battle with the killers who surrounded him. Bokuden himself died in 1571 at the age of eighty-one. All that remains of his school are many legends and a book of one hundred poems known as the Bokuden Hyakushu. The poems of the old master talked about the path of the samurai, which walks along a thin line, like the edge of a sword, separating life from death...
The one-strike technique developed by Bokuden and the idea of achieving victory without the help of a sword were brilliantly embodied in another school of ken-jutsu called “Yagyu-Shinkage Ryu”. The founder of the Shinka-ge school was the famous warrior Kamiizumi Nobutsuna, whose fencing skills were appreciated by Takeda Shingen himself. His best student and successor was another famous sword master, Yagyu Muneyoshi.
Miyamoto Musashi with two swords. From a painting by an unknown artist of the 17th century
Muneyoshi, who had achieved considerable skill even before meeting Nobutsuna, challenged him to a duel. However, Nobutsuna suggested that Muneyoshi first fight with bamboo swords with his student, Hikida Toyogoroo. Yagyu and Hikida met twice, and twice Hikida struck Yagyu with swift blows, which he did not have time to parry. Then Nobutsuna himself decided to fight with the obviously defeated Yagyu Muneyoshi, but when the opponents met their gaze, it was as if lightning struck between them, and Muneyoshi, falling at Nobutsuna’s feet, asked to become his student. Nobutsuna willingly accepted Muneyoshi and taught him for two years.
Muneyoshi soon became his best student, and Nobutsuna named him his successor, initiating him into all the secret techniques and all the secrets of his craft. This is how the Yagyu family school merged with the Shinkage school, and a new direction arose, Yagyu-Shinkage Ryu, which became classic in the art of kenjutsu. The fame of this school spread throughout the country, and rumors of the famous Yagyu Muneyoshi reached the ears of Tokutawa Ieyasu himself, who at that time was not yet shogun, but was considered one of the most influential people in Japan. Ieyasu decided to test the already elderly master, who said that a sword was not at all necessary to achieve victory.
In 1594, Ieyasu invited Muneyoshi to visit him to test his skills in practice. Among Ieyasu's bodyguards there were many samurai who were excellent swordsmen. He ordered the best of them to try to kill the unarmed Muneyoshi with a sword. But each time he managed to dodge the blade at the last moment, disarm the attacker and throw him to the ground in such a way that the unfortunate man crawled away on all fours or could not get up at all.
Eventually, all of Ieyasu's best bodyguards were defeated, and then he decided to personally attack Muneyoshi. But when Ieyasu raised his sword to strike, the old master managed to duck under the blade and push its hilt with both hands. The sword, describing a sparkling arc in the air, fell to the ground. Having disarmed the future shogun, the master led him out for a throw. But he didn’t throw it, he just slightly “pressed” it, and then politely supported Ieyasu, who had lost his balance. He recognized Muneyoshi’s complete victory and, admiring his skill, offered him the honorary position of personal fencing instructor. But the old master was going to go to the monastery and offered his son Munenori in his place, who later also became a wonderful sword master.
Munenori was a fencing teacher under both shogun Hidetada, son of Ieyasu, and his grandson Iemitsu. Thanks to this, the Yagyu-Shinkage school soon became very famous throughout Japan. Munenori himself glorified himself in the Battle of Sekigahara and during the storming of Osaka Castle - he was among the shogun’s bodyguards and killed enemy soldiers who were trying to break through to Tokutawa’s headquarters and destroy Ieyasu and his son Hideta-du. For his exploits, Munenori was elevated to the rank of daimyo, lived in honor and wealth, and left behind many works on the art of fencing.
The Yagyu-Shinkage school paid special attention to the development of an intuitive sense of an approaching enemy, unexpected attack and other dangers. The path to the heights of this art in the Yagyu-Shinkage tradition begins with mastering the technique of correct bowing: as soon as the student lowered his head too low and stopped paying attention to the surrounding space, he immediately received an unexpected blow to the head with a wooden sword. and this continued until he learned to elude them without interrupting his bow.
In the old days, the art of the warrior was taught even more ruthlessly. To awaken in the student the qualities necessary for survival, the master fed him slaps in the face 24 hours a day: he quietly sneaked up on him with a stick when he was sleeping or doing homework (usually the students in the master’s house did all the dirty work), and beat him mercilessly. Eventually, at the cost of bumps and pain, the student began to anticipate the approach of his tormentor and think about how to avoid the blows. From that moment on, a new stage of apprenticeship began: the master no longer picked up a stick, but a real samurai sword and taught very dangerous fighting techniques, suggesting that the student had already developed the ability to think and act simultaneously and with lightning speed.
Some sword masters perfected their art of zanshin to almost supernatural degrees. An example of this is the samurai test scene in Kurosawa's film Seven Samurai. The subjects were invited to enter a house, behind the doors of which a guy was hiding with a baton at the ready and suddenly hit those who entered on the head. One of them missed the blow, the others managed to dodge and disarm the attacker. But the samurai was recognized as the best, who refused to enter the house, because he sensed a catch.
Yagyu Munenori himself was considered one of the strongest zanshin masters. One fine spring day, he and his young squire admired the cherry blossoms in his garden. Suddenly he began to be overcome by the feeling that someone was preparing to stab him in the back. The master examined the entire garden, but did not find anything suspicious. The squire, amazed at the gentleman's strange behavior, asked him what was the matter. He complained that he was probably getting old: his sense of zanshin began to fail him - intuition speaks of a danger that in reality turns out to be imaginary. and then the guy admitted that standing behind the gentleman admiring the cherries, he thought that he could very easily kill him by delivering an unexpected blow from behind, and then all his skills would not have helped Munenori. Munenori smiled at this and, pleased that his intuition was still at its best, forgave the young man his sinful thoughts.
Miyamoto Musashi fights against several opponents armed with spears
Shogun Tokutawa Iemi-tsu himself heard about this incident and decided to give Munenori a test. He invited him to his place, ostensibly for a conversation, and Munenori, as a samurai should, respectfully sat down at the feet of the ruler on a mat spread on the floor. Iemitsu spoke to him and during the conversation suddenly suddenly attacked the master with a spear. But the shogun’s movement was not unexpected for the master - he was able to sense his “bad” intention much earlier than he carried it out, and therefore immediately made a sweep to Iemitsu, and the shogun was overturned, without even having time to understand what had happened, and not having managed to swing his weapon...
The fate of Yagyu Munenori's contemporary, the lonely warrior Miyamoto Musashi, who became a hero of samurai legends, turned out quite differently. He remained a restless ronin for most of his life, and at the Battle of Sekigahara and the battles of Osaka Castle he was on the side of the losing opponents of Tokutawa. He lived like a real ascetic, dressed in rags and despised many conventions. All his life he honed his fencing technique, but he saw the meaning of the “path of the sword” in comprehending the impeccability of the spirit, and this is what brought him brilliant victories over the most formidable opponents. Because Miyamoto Musashi shunned society and was a solitary hero, little is known about his life. The real Miyamoto Musashi was eclipsed by his literary counterpart - the image depicted in the popular adventure novel of the same name by the Japanese writer Yoshikawa Eji.
Miyamoto Musashi was born in 1584 in the village of Miyamoto, located in the town of Yoshino, Mima-saka province. His full name was Shinmen Musashi no kami Fujiwara no Genshin. Musashi was a master of the sword, as they say, from God. He took his first fencing lessons from his father, but honed his skills on his own through grueling training and dangerous duels with formidable opponents. Musashi's favorite style was nito-ryu - fencing with two swords at once, but he was no less deft with one sword and a jitte trident, and even used any available means instead of real weapons. He won his first victory at the age of 13, challenging the famous sword master Arima Kibei, who belonged to the Shinto Ryu school, to a duel. Arima did not take this fight seriously, because he could not admit that a thirteen-year-old boy could become a dangerous opponent. Musashi entered the fight armed with a long pole and a short wakizashi sword. When Arima tried to strike, Musashi deftly intercepted his hand, threw him and hit him with his pole. This blow turned out to be fatal.
At the age of sixteen, he challenged an even more formidable warrior, Tadashima Akiyama, to a duel, and defeated him without much difficulty. In the same year, young Musashi participated in the Battle of Sekigahara under the banners of the Ashikaga clan, which opposed the Tokutawa troops. The Ashikaga troops were completely defeated, and most of the samurai laid down their violent heads on the battlefield; young Musashi was also seriously wounded and, most likely, should have died if the famous monk Takuan Soho had not pulled him out of the thick of the battle, who looked after the injured young man and had a great spiritual influence on him (as stated in the novel, although this, of course, fiction).
When Musashi turned twenty-one, he set out on musha-shugo - military journeys, looking for worthy opponents to hone his fencing skills and take them to new heights. During these travels, Musashi wore dirty, tattered clothes and looked very unkempt; Even in the bathhouse he washed extremely rarely, because one very unpleasant episode was associated with it. When Musashi finally decided to wash himself and climbed into an o-furo, a traditional Japanese bath - a large barrel of hot water, he was attacked by one of his opponents, who was trying to take advantage of the moment when the famous warrior was unarmed and relaxed. But Musashi managed to “get away with it” and defeat an armed enemy with his bare hands, but after this incident he hated swimming. This incident, which happened in the bathhouse with Musashi, served as the basis for the famous Zen koan, asking what a warrior must do to defeat the enemies who surrounded him, who caught him standing naked in a barrel of water and deprived not only of clothes, but also of weapons.
Sometimes they try to explain Musashi’s sloppy appearance as a kind of psychological trick: misled by his shabby dress, his rivals looked down on the tramp and found themselves unprepared for his lightning-fast attacks. However, according to the testimony of the great warrior’s closest friends, his entire body and head from early childhood were completely covered with ugly scabs, so he was embarrassed to undress in public, could not wash in the bathhouse and could not wear the traditional samurai hairstyle, when half his head was shaved bald. Musashi's hair was always disheveled and unkempt, like a classic demon from Japanese fairy tales. Some authors believe that Musashi suffered from congenital syphilis, and this serious disease, which tormented the master all his life and ultimately killed him, determined the character of Miyamoto Musashi: he felt different from all other people, was lonely and disfigured, and this illness , which made him proud and withdrawn, also inspired him to great achievements in the art of war.
Over eight years of travel, Musashi fought in sixty duels and emerged victorious, defeating all his opponents. In Kyoto, he had a series of brilliant fights with representatives of the Yoshioka clan, who served as fencing instructors for the Ashikaga family. Musashi defeated his older brother, Yoshioka Genzae-mon, and hacked his younger brother to death. Then he was challenged to a duel by Genzaemon's son, Hansichiro. In fact, the Yoshioka family intended, under the pretext of a duel, to lure Musashi into a trap, attack him with the whole crowd and kill him for sure. However, Musashi found out about this idea and himself set up an ambush behind a tree, near which the treacherous Yoshioka had gathered. Suddenly jumping out from behind a tree, Musashi hacked Hansichiro and many of his relatives to death on the spot, while the rest fled in fear.
Musashi also defeated such famous warriors as Muso Gonnosuke, the hitherto unsurpassed master of the pole, Shishido Baikan, who was known as a master of the kusari-kama, and the spear master monk Shuji, who was hitherto known as invincible. However, the most famous of Miyamoto Musashi's duels is considered to be his duel with Sasa-ki Ganryu, the fencing teacher of the influential prince Hosokawa Tadatoshi, the best swordsman in all of northern Kyushu. Musashi challenged Ganryu to a duel, the challenge was readily accepted and received the approval of the daimyo Hosokawa himself. The duel was scheduled for the early morning of April 14, 1612 on the small island of Funajima.
The first blow is the final blow!
At the appointed time, Ganryu arrived on the island with his people, he was dressed in a scarlet haori and hakama and girded with a magnificent sword. Musashi was several hours late - he frankly overslept - and all this time Ganryu nervously walked back and forth along the shore of the island, acutely experiencing such humiliation. Finally the boat brought Musashi too. He looked sleepy, his clothes were wrinkled and tattered, like a beggar's rags, his hair was tangled and disheveled; As a weapon for the duel, he chose a piece of an old oar.
Such an open mockery of the rules of good manners infuriated the exhausted and already angry enemy, and Ganryu began to lose his cool. He quickly drew his sword and furiously aimed a blow at Musashi's head. At the same time, Musashi hit Ganryu on the head with his piece of wood, taking a step back. The cord holding his hair was cut by a sword. Ganryu himself fell to the ground unconscious. Having come to his senses, Ganryu demanded that the fight continue and this time with a deft blow he managed to cut his opponent’s clothes. However, Musashi struck Ganryu outright, he fell to the ground and never got up; Blood gushed from his mouth and he died immediately.
After the fight with Sasaki Ganryu, Musashi changed a lot. Duels no longer attracted him, but he became passionately interested in Zen painting in the Suiboku-ga style and gained fame as an excellent artist and calligrapher. In 1614-1615 he took part in the battles at Osaka Castle, where he showed miracles of courage and military skill. (It is unknown, however, on whose side he fought.)
For most of his life, Musashi wandered around Japan with his adopted son, and only at the end of his life agreed to serve with daimyo Hosokawa Tadatoshi, the same one whom the late Ganryu once served. However, Tadatoshi soon died, and Musashi left the Hosokawa house, becoming an ascetic. Just before his death, he wrote the now famous “Book of Five Rings” (“Go-rin no shu”), in which he reflected on the meaning of martial arts and the “way of the sword.” He died in 1645, leaving behind a memory of himself as a sage and philosopher who had passed through fire, water and copper pipes.
Any tradition - including the tradition of martial arts - knows periods of prosperity and decline. History knows many examples when, due to various circumstances, traditions were interrupted - for example, when a master did not know to whom to pass on his art, or society itself lost interest in this art. It so happened that in the first decades after the Meiji restoration, Japanese society, carried away by restructuring in a European manner, lost interest in its own national tradition. Many beautiful groves, once sung by poets, were ruthlessly cut down, and in their place factory buildings, smoking with chimneys, arose. Many Buddhist temples and ancient palaces were destroyed. The survival of the traditions of samurai martial arts was also under threat, because many believed that the era of the sword had irrevocably passed, and sword exercises were a completely pointless waste of time. Nevertheless, the samurai tradition, thanks to the dedication of many masters, managed to survive and find a place for itself in a transformed Japan and even spilled out beyond its borders.
One of these masters who saved the noble art of the sword from extinction was Yamaoka Tesshu, whose life occurred during the fall of the Tokutawa regime and the decline of the “golden age” of the samurai. His merit lies in the fact that he was able to build the bridge over which samurai martial arts passed into a new era. Yamaoka Tesshu saw the salvation of tradition in making it open to representatives of all classes who wish to devote their lives to the “path of the sword.”
Master Yamaoka Tesshu was born in 1835 into a samurai family and, as usual, received his first sword skills from his father. He honed his skills under the guidance of many masters, the first of whom was the famous swordsman Chiba Shusaku, head of the Hokushin Itto Ryu school. Then Tesshu, at the age of 20, was accepted into the Yamaoka samurai family, whose representatives from generation to generation were famous for the art of the spear (sojutsu). Having married the daughter of the head of this family, Tesshu adopted the surname Yamaoka and was initiated into the innermost secrets of the family school of fencing.
Combining all the knowledge he had acquired and inspired by Zen ideas, Tesshu created his own style of fencing, calling it Muto Ryu - literally, "style without a sword"; He gave his hall for fencing exercises the poetic name “Syumpukan” (“Hall of the Spring Wind”), borrowed from the poems of the famous Zen master Bukko, who lived in the 13th century, the same one who helped Hojo Tokimune repel the Mongol invasion. By the way, the image of the wind - fast, knowing no barriers and capable of instantly turning into an all-destroying hurricane - has become one of the most important mythologies that reveal the image of a sword master that has evolved over centuries.
At the age of twenty, Tesshu became famous for his brilliant victories over many skilled swordsmen. However, he had one opponent from whom Tesshu was constantly defeated - Asari Gimei, head of the Nakanishi-ha Itto Ryu school. Tesshu eventually asked Asari to become his teacher; he himself trained with such tenacity and ruthlessness towards himself that he received the nickname Demon. However, despite all his persistence, Tesshu could not defeat Asari for seventeen years. At this time, the Tokutawa shogunate fell, and in 1868 Tesshu participated in the fighting of the Boshin War on the side of the bakufu.
Zen Buddhism helped Tesshu rise to a new level of skill. Tesshu had his own mentor, the Zen master monk Tekisui from the Tenryu-ji Temple. Tekisui saw the reason for Tesshu’s defeats in the fact that he was inferior to Asari not so much in fencing technique (he had it honed to the limit), but precisely in spirit. Tekisui advised him to meditate on this koan: “When two shining swords meet, there is nowhere to hide; be cold and calm, like a lotus flower blooming in the midst of a raging flame and piercing the Heavens!” Only at the age of 45, Tesshu managed to comprehend the secret, inexpressible meaning of this koan in meditation. When he again crossed swords with his teacher, Asari laughed, threw away his blade and, congratulating Tesshu, named him his successor and the new head of the school.
Tesshu became famous not only as a sword master, but also as an outstanding mentor, leaving behind many students. Tesshu liked to say that he who comprehends this art of the sword comprehends the essence of all things, for he learns to see both life and death at the same time. The master taught his followers that the true purpose of sword art was not to destroy the enemy, but to forge one's own spirit - only such a goal was worthy of the time spent on achieving it.
This philosophy of Tesshu was reflected in the system of so-called seigan that he developed, which is still widely used in various Japanese traditional martial arts. Seigan in Zen Buddhism means a vow made by a monk, in other words, a severe test in which the strength of the spirit is manifested. According to the Tesshu method, the student had to train continuously for 1000 days, after which he was admitted to the first test: he had to fight 200 fights in one day with only one short break. If the student passed this test, then he could pass the second, more difficult one: in three days he had to participate in three hundred fights. The third, final test involved passing through 1,400 fights in seven days. Such a test went beyond the usual understanding of fencing art: in order to withstand such a load, mere possession of fencing techniques was not enough. The student had to combine all his physical strength with the strength of his spirit and achieve a powerful intention to pass this test to the end. Anyone who passed such an exam could rightfully consider himself a real samurai of the spirit, just like Yamaoka Tesshu himself was.
Samurai originated in the 7th century and existed until the end of the 19th century, when it was abolished as an institution. For many centuries, the samurai were the military-feudal nobility of Japan, from which a large number of military officers and officials of the 20th century emerged. Samurai were the name given to the brave warriors of the Imperial Army until its disbandment in 1947.
He was a ronin, that is, he had no owner and was a free warrior. Musashi gained fame as one of the greatest swordsmen, described the tactics, strategy and philosophy of samurai in battle, and also developed and put into practice a new type of fighting with two swords. Contemporaries called Musashi "Kensai", which translates as "Holy Sword" and emphasizes his supreme skill with weapons.
A talented military leader, he formed the strongest army of samurai and rallied the largest number of provinces around himself. Oda Nobunaga began the campaign to unify Japan by capturing his home province of Owari, after which he began to expand the boundaries of his possessions. In 1582, when Nobunaga reached his maximum power, his enemies from among his own subordinates launched a coup d'etat. Realizing the inevitability of the end, he committed ritual murder - seppuku.
The Samurai Code praised such girls “who were capable of rising above the imperfections and shortcomings inherent in their sex, and displaying heroic strength of spirit, which could be worthy of the bravest and noblest men.” Several onna-bugeisha entered the history of the country - including Nakano Takeko (1847−1868). She was born in what is now Tokyo, educated in literature and trained in martial arts. Takeko was directly involved in the defense of Aizu-Wakamatsu Castle during the civil war between supporters of the Tokugawa Shogunate and pro-imperial forces. During the battle, she commanded a women's detachment and received a bullet wound in the chest, after which she asked her sister to cut off her head and bury it so that it would not fall to the enemy. Every year, a campaign in her memory is held at the site of Takeko’s grave.
He became the first shogun whose dynasty ruled the country until the revival of the Meiji dynasty in 1868. This became possible after his samurai defeated the remnants of the armies of Nobunaga and another commander, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who also claimed to rule all of Japan. Ieyasu's policies left an imprint on the entire further existence of the country, which for a long time lived according to his decrees.