There are still limits for the Russian people. Limits have not yet been set for the Russian people: There is a wide path before them.
Homeless, rootless
Quite a few come across
To the people of Rus',
They don’t reap, they don’t sow, they feed
From the same common granary,
What feeds a small mouse
And a countless army:
Sedentary peasant
Her name is Hump.
Let the people know
That entire villages
To beg in the fall,
Like a profitable business,
Going: in the people's conscience
The decision was stared at
What is more misfortune here?
Rather than lies, they are served.
Even though there are frequent cases
That the wanderer will turn out to be
Thief; what about the women
For the prosphora of Athonite,
For the "tears of the Virgin Mary"
The pilgrim will lure out the yarn,
And then the women will find out
What's next for Troytsy-Sergius
He hasn't been there himself.
There was an old man who sang wonderfully
Captivated the hearts of the people;
With the consent of the mothers,
In the village of Krutiye Zavodi
Divine singing
He began to teach girls;
The girls are red all winter
They locked themselves in Riga with him,
Singing was heard from there,
And more often laughter and squealing.
However, how did it end?
He didn’t teach them to sing,
And he spoiled everyone.
There are great masters
To accommodate the ladies:
First through women
Available until maiden,
And then to the landowner.
Jangling keys around the yard
Walks like a gentleman,
Spit in the peasant's face
The old woman praying
Bent it into a ram's horn!
But he sees in the same wanderers
And the front side
People. Who builds churches?
Who are the monastic circles
Filled over the edge?
No one does good
And no evil is seen behind him,
You won't understand otherwise.
Fomushka is familiar to the people:
Two-pound chains
Belted around the body
barefoot in winter and summer,
Mumbling something incomprehensible
And to live - to live like a god:
A board and a stone to the head,
And food is only bread.
Wonderful and memorable to him
Old Believer Kropilnikov,
An old man whose whole life
Either freedom or prison.
Came to the village of Usolovo:
Reproaches the laity with godlessness,
Calls to the dense forests
Save yourself. Stanovoy
Happened here, listened to everything:
"To interrogate the co-conspirator!"
He too to him:
"You are the enemy of Christ, the antichrist
Envoy!" Sotsky, headman
They blinked at the old man:
"Hey, submit!" Not listening!
They took him to prison,
And he reproached the boss
And, standing on the cart,
He shouted to the Usolovites:
"Woe to you, woe to you, lost heads!
Were torn off - you will be naked,
They beat you with sticks, rods, whips,
You will be beaten with iron bars!..”
The Usolovites were baptized,
The chief beat the herald:
"Remember, anathema,
Judge of Jerusalem!"
At the guy's, at the plumber's,
The reins fell out of fright
And my hair stood on end!
And, as luck would have it, military
The command rang out in the morning:
In Ustoy, a village not far away,
The soldiers have arrived.
Interrogations! pacification!
Anxiety! by concomitant
The Usolovites also suffered:
Prophecy of the Shrew
It almost came true.
will never be forgotten
The people of Efrosinyushka,
Posad widow:
Like God's messenger
The old lady appears
In cholera years;
Buries, heals, tinkers
With the sick. Almost praying
Peasant women look at her...
Knock, unknown guest!
No matter who you are, confidently
At the village gate
Knock! Not suspicious
Native peasant
No thought arises in him,
Like people who are sufficient,
At the sight of a stranger,
Poor and timid:
Wouldn't you shave something?
And the women are such little creatures.
In winter before the torch
The family sits, works,
And the stranger says:
He already took a steam bath in the bathhouse,
Ears with your own spoon,
With a blessing hand,
I sipped my fill.
There's a little charm running through my veins,
Speech flows like a river.
Everything in the hut seemed to freeze:
The old man mending his shoes
He dropped them at his feet;
The shuttle has not chimed for a long time,
The worker listened
At the loom;
Frozen already on the prick
Evgenyushka's little finger,
The master's eldest daughter,
high tubercle,
But the girl didn’t even hear
How I pricked myself until I bled;
The sewing went down to my feet,
Sits - pupils dilated,
She threw up her hands...
Guys, hanging their heads
From the floor, they won’t move:
Like sleepy baby seals
On the ice floes outside Arkhangelsk,
They lie on their stomach.
You can’t see their faces, they’re veiled
Falling strands
Hair - no need to say
Why are they yellow?
Wait! soon stranger
He will tell the story of Athos,
Like a Turk rebelling
He drove the monks into the sea,
How the monks walked obediently
And they died in hundreds...
You will hear the whisper of horror,
You will see a row of frightened people,
Eyes full of tears!
The terrible moment has come -
And from the hostess herself
Bellied spindle
Rolled off my knees.
Vaska the cat became wary -
And jump to the spindle!
At another time it would have been
Vaska the nimble got it,
And then they didn’t notice
How nimble he is with his paw
I touched the spindle
How did you jump on him?
And how it rolled
Until it unwinds
Strained thread!
Who has seen how he listens
Your visiting wanderers
Peasant family
He will understand that no matter what work,
Nor eternal care,
Not the yoke of slavery for a long time,
Not the pub itself
More to the Russian people
No limits set:
There is a wide path before him.
When will the plowman be cheated on?
Old-till fields,
Shreds in the forest outskirts
He tries to plow.
There's enough work here
But the stripes are new
Give without fertilizer
Abundant harvest.
Such soil is good -
The soul of the Russian people...
O sower! come!..
Jonah (aka Lyapushkin)
Vakhlatskaya side
I've been visiting for a long time.
Not only did they not disdain
The peasants are God's wanderer,
And they argued about
Who will be the first to shelter him?
While their disputes Lyapushkin
Didn't put an end to it:
"Hey! women!" take it out
Icons!" The women carried them out;
Before every icon
Jonah fell on his face:
"Don't argue! It's God's work,
Who will look more kindly,
I’ll go for that one!”
And often for the poorest
Ionushka walked as an icon
To the poorest hut.
And special to that hut
Respect: women run
With knots, pans
To that hut. The cup is full,
By the grace of Jonushka,
She becomes.
Quietly and leisurely
Narrated by Ionushka
"About two great sinners"
Crossing myself diligently.
Algorithm for writing a final essay
Bondarenko N.A.,
Literature teacher MAOU "LNIP"
urban district Korolev
Moscow region
Essay writing algorithm
2) Identify the problem/question that is contained in the topic
3) Formulate theses that reveal the problem and answer the question posed
1) Select a topic
5) Think over the composition of the work, write a plan or diagram
4) Select works (1-4), based on which you can prove your point of view
6) Write a rough draft of the paper
8) Write the final version of the work
9) Re-read what you wrote, correct any mistakes you notice.
7) Re-read what you wrote, make the necessary corrections
Composition of the essay
Compositional structure
Logical structure
Introduction
Preparing to perceive the main ideas of the work
Main part
Conclusion
Statement of the problem/question contained in the topic (4-5 sentences).
An answer to the main question of the topic, a consistent proof of the main idea of the essay (using the example of works of fiction (1–4)) taking into account the problem(s) posed in the introduction.
Thesis 1
Generalization on the entire topic; conclusions (if there are several of them, then each conclusion is on a new line).
There must be no less
A short and precise answer to the question posed in the introduction; a condensed summary of the argument (2-5 sentences).
Micro-inference (summary)
3 theses !
Essay structure
Thesis 2
Arguments, evidence, example (one or more)
Micro-inference (summary)
Logical transition to a new thought
Thesis 3
Arguments, evidence, example (one or more)
Micro-inference (summary)
Introduction + conclusion = no more than ¼ of the essay.
The conclusion should echo the introduction and contain conclusions on the problem
(problems) posed in the introduction
The main part should solve the problem(s)/answer the question(s) posed in the introduction
Constantly refer to the topic statement in direct or synonymous form
(in the introduction, main part and conclusion of the essay) to emphasize the relevance of the work to the chosen topic
Entry options
Types of introductions
Peculiarities
HISTORICAL
Example
Involves a brief description of a certain era, an analysis of the socio-economic, moral, political and/or cultural characteristics of that time
(Direction “Path”.
Advantages
The history of Russia, the Russian nation, is full of anxieties and trials, brilliant insights and fatal delusions, creative endeavors and destructive wars. The fight against the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the conquest of Siberia, the difficult times of the Troubles and the grandiose transformations of Peter the Great's time, the devastation after the wave of revolutions and the daring rise of avant-garde art, the hardships of the post-war years and the enthusiasm of the builders of the Baikal-Amur Mainline... Whenever it seemed that life and consciousness Russian people were driven into a dead end, conquered and crushed, fresh shoots of hope sprouted that the best was ahead, new forces appeared and faith strengthened - faith in God, faith in the country, faith in human capabilities. Are there really no fetters or shackles that would stop our people in their quest for happiness, for a meaningful existence? It is the question of “the absence of limits” now, as in other times, that continues to worry everyone who considers great Russia to be their homeland.
Subject: (N.A. Nekrasov)).
Flaws
- Versatility.
- Wide coverage of time and space.
- A broad outlook is required.
- Significant volume possible.
Entry options
Types of introductions
Peculiarities
ANALYTICAL
Example
(Direction “Path”.
Advantages
Almost every Russian person is confident that for our people there are no insurmountable borders or unbearable difficulties. What gives rise to such confidence in the strength and fortitude of the Russian nation? A difficult historical path, a constant search for truth, coming to balance through errors and losses, examples of true courage and true holiness - all this helps to establish in the mind the idea of a boundless, endless path along which Russia and the Russian people are developing. Are there really no fetters or shackles that would stop a Russian person in his quest for happiness, for a meaningful existence? Domestic literature confidently answers this question.
Subject: “No limits have yet been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.” (N.A. Nekrasov)).
Flaws
- The most “profitable” entry option.
- Convenient transition to the problem/question.
- Abstractness of reasoning.
- The discussion begins already in the introduction.
Entry options
Types of introductions
BIOGRAPHICAL
Peculiarities
Example
Contains facts from the writer’s biography that are relevant to the work or to the problem raised in it
(Direction “Path”.
Advantages
There is no person in Russian literature more devoted to the common Russian man than Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. No difficulties in life, hardships and hardships, or temptations of metropolitan life forced this wonderful poet to change the main theme of his life - the theme of the fate of the Russian people. Exploring the Russian soul, analyzing Russian history, studying Russian life, Nekrasov became more and more firmly convinced of the firmness and indestructibility of the entire nation, of which we are all a part. Why does Nikolai Alekseevich so confidently speak about the absence of limits for the Russian person in his poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”? Are there really no fetters or shackles that would stop a Russian person in his quest for happiness, for a meaningful existence?
Subject: “No limits have yet been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.”
Flaws
- Versatility.
(N.A. Nekrasov)).
- The transition to analysis is already in the introduction.
- Assumes knowledge of the biography of the writer/poet.
- Presumes good knowledge of the text of a work of fiction.
- The main part assumes an appeal to the work of exactly the writer/poet who is mentioned in the introduction.
Entry options
Types of introductions
QUOTE
Peculiarities
Example
It basically contains a quotation that is directly related to the topic of the essay and is a “starting point” for further development of thoughts
(Direction “Path”.
Advantages
“No limits have yet been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.” This is how the great Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov defines boundless faith in the Russian people and conveys confidence in their future well-being. Yes, the Russian man has gone through a lot, endured, supporting his family, country, and faith on his shoulders. His trials continue to this day. Are there really no fetters or shackles that would stop a Russian person in his quest for happiness, for a meaningful existence?
Subject: “No limits have yet been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.”
Flaws
- Direct connection to the topic.
(N.A. Nekrasov)).
- Emotionality.
- Assumes accuracy of citation (a quotation that is not stated in the topic of the essay may be used).
Entry options
Types of introductions
PERSONAL
Peculiarities
Example
Involves a statement of one’s position, a statement of thoughts and feelings related to the topic of the essay.
(Direction “Path”.
Advantages
It was not by chance that I chose this topic for my work. The question she raises interests me not only as a reader, but also as a person who is part of his people, living in the interests of his time. Why does Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov speak so confidently about the absence of limits for a Russian person? Are there really no fetters or shackles that would stop a Russian person in his quest for happiness, for a meaningful existence?
Subject: “No limits have yet been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.”
Flaws
- Versatility.
(N.A. Nekrasov)).
- Simplicity of presentation.
- Low degree of “immersion” in the topic at the beginning of work.
- Not the most successful entry option due to the universality of the wording.
Conclusion options
Types of introductions
SUMMARY OF WHAT'S BEEN SAID
Peculiarities
Example
Involves returning to the main idea of the essay and presenting it more broadly and emotionally
(Direction “Path”.
Advantages
To summarize, I want to emphasize that Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov proposed not just a slogan, arguing that “there are no limits set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.” The poet confidently and clearly stated what was suffered through all his work: the strength of the spirit of the Russian person, his patient work and faith in goodness and justice open up wide opportunities for his development and make him invincible both spiritually and physically.
Subject: “No limits have yet been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.”
Flaws
- The most typical and logical ending of the essay.
(N.A. Nekrasov)).
- Emotionality.
- Sometimes it sounds overly pathetic.
Conclusion options
Types of introductions
A RHETORICAL QUESTION
Peculiarities
Example
An interrogative sentence, including a rhetorical question, at the end of an essay returns to the main problem contained in the topic, emphasizing its relevance
(Direction “Path”.
Advantages
Unfortunately, the trials of the Russian people are not over. The constant struggle and affirmation of the value and uniqueness of the Russian character continues today. How much more do we need to experience, endure, overcome, so that the whole world and we ourselves are convinced that “there are no limits set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them”?
Subject: “No limits have yet been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.”
Flaws
- Close connection with the introduction.
(N.A. Nekrasov)).
- Emotionality.
- The final question is not always successfully posed.
Conclusion options
Types of introductions
CALL TO THE READERS
Peculiarities
Example
An appeal, an appeal to the reader, focuses attention on the main idea of the essay, encourages the reader to change his attitude towards the problem
(Direction “Path”.
Advantages
In conclusion, I would like to make an appeal: believe in the Russian people, in the strength of their spirit, in their limitless possibilities. Only confidence in each other, cohesion and unity of consciousness will help overcome any difficulties that arise on the path of development of the country, nation.
Subject: “No limits have yet been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.”
Flaws
- Simplicity and brevity of presentation.
(N.A. Nekrasov)).
- Emotionality.
- The idea in the conclusion is not always successfully correlated with the main idea of the essay.
Conclusion options
Types of introductions
QUOTE
Peculiarities
A statement that sufficiently expresses an idea
Example
Advantages
(Direction “Path”.
No matter how long the debate continues about the uniqueness of the Russian character, about the special path of Russia, it is impossible to expect a universal and accurate answer to such a question. But I know for sure: the centuries-long history of the formation of our nation and the establishment of statehood in our country proves the truth of N.A.’s words. Nekrasova: “No limits have been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them”!
Subject: “No limits have yet been set for the Russian people: there is a wide path before them.”
Flaws
- A convenient option if there is a quotation in the topic of the essay (but in this case you cannot use the quotation version of the introduction!).
(N.A. Nekrasov)).
-Accuracy of quotations is assumed.
- Not every quote is appropriate in the conclusion (it can also be a quote that is not stated in the topic of the essay).
ESSAY EVALUATION CRITERIA
Criterion
Features of assessment
1. Match the theme
This criterion aims to check the content of the essay.
The graduate discusses the proposed topic, choosing the path to reveal it (for example, answers a question posed in a topic, or reflects on a proposed problem, or constructs a statement based on theses related to the topic, etc.).
This criterion aims to test the ability to use literary material to construct an argument on the proposed topic and to argue one’s position.
"Fail" is given only if the essay does not correspond to the topic or does not show the specific purpose of the statement, i.e. communicative intent (in all other cases a “pass” is given).
The graduate builds a reasoning, using for argumentation at least one work of domestic or world literature , choosing your own path of using literary material; shows a different level of understanding of literary material: from elements of semantic analysis (for example, themes, issues, plot, characters, etc.) to a comprehensive analysis of a literary text in the unity of form and content and its interpretation in terms of the chosen topic.
"Fail" is given under the condition that the essay was written without the use of literary material, or the content of the work is significantly distorted, or literary works are only mentioned in the work, without becoming a basis for reasoning (in all other cases, a “pass” is given).
ESSAY EVALUATION CRITERIA
Criterion
Features of assessment
3. Composition and logic of reasoning
This criterion aims to test the ability to logically construct a reasoning on the proposed topic.
4. Quality of writing
The graduate gives reasons for the thoughts expressed, trying to maintain the relationship between the thesis and evidence.
This criterion aims to check the speech format of the text of the essay.
5. Literacy
"Fail" is given under the condition that gross logical violations interfere with understanding the meaning of what was said or there is no thesis-proof part (in all other cases a “pass” is given).
The graduate expresses thoughts accurately, using a variety of vocabulary and various grammatical structures, uses terms appropriately when necessary, and avoids speech cliches.
This criterion allows you to assess the graduate’s literacy.
"Fail" is given on the condition that the low quality of speech significantly complicates the understanding of the meaning of the essay (in all other cases a “pass” is given).
"Fail" is given if speech, grammatical, as well as spelling and punctuation errors made in the essay make it difficult to read and understand the text (in total more than 5 errors per 100 words ).
ESSAY EVALUATION CRITERIA
- To receive a “pass” grade for an essay, the work must be passed according to at least three criteria: criteria 1 and 2 + any of criteria 3, 4, 5.
- If in an essay less than 250 words, That the essay is not checked according to criteria 1-5.
In the cells according to all evaluation criteria it is indicated "failure"
- If an essay according to criterion 1 is given a “fail”, then an essay according to criteria 2-5 is not checked. The cells are given a “fail” for all assessment criteria.
- If an essay according to criterion 1 is given a “pass”, and criterion 2 is given a “fail”, then the essay according to criteria 3-5 is not checked. In cells based on assessment criteria 3-5, a “fail” is given.
In all other cases, the essay is checked according to all five criteria.
Criterion
Scoring conditions
1. Match the theme
Number of points (max 20)
The graduate, in one form or another, argues on the proposed topic, choosing a convincing way to reveal it (for example, answers the question posed in the topic, or reflects on the proposed problem, or builds a statement based on theses related to the topic, etc.), communicative the intention of the essay is clearly expressed.
The graduate discusses the proposed topic superficially, and the communicative intent of the essay can be traced.
The essay does not correspond to the topic,
and/or the communicative intent of the essay is not visible.
ESSAY EVALUATION CRITERIA ( with a points conversion system) (recommended for higher education institutions)
Criterion
Scoring conditions
2. Argumentation. Attracting literary material
Number of points (max 20)
The graduate, when revealing the topic of the essay, builds a reasoning based on at least one work of domestic or world literature of your own choice, determining your way of using literary material; shows a different level of understanding: from elements semantic analysis(for example, themes, issues, plot, characters, etc.) to a comprehensive analysis of a literary text in the unity of form and content; admitted no more than 1 factual error related to knowledge of literary material(error in the spelling of the author and title of the work, names of characters and toponyms of the work, in the presentation of the plot line, literary and historical facts, etc.)
The graduate builds an argument based on literary material, but limited to general statements about a work of art;
and/or limited a simple retelling of a work of art ;
the essay is written without the use of literary material,
and/or admitted 2-4 factual errors related to knowledge of literary material.
or literary works are only mentioned in the work, without becoming a basis for reasoning,
and/or the essay contains 5 or more factual errors.
ESSAY EVALUATION CRITERIA ( with a points conversion system) (recommended for higher education institutions)
Criterion
Scoring conditions
3. Composition
Number of points
and logic of reasoning
The work is distinguished by its compositional integrity, logical presentation of thoughts and proportionality of parts; within the semantic parts there are no violations of consistency or unreasonable repetitions.
(max 20)
The work is distinguished by its compositional integrity, its parts are logically interconnected, but within the semantic parts there are violations of the sequence and unfounded repetitions,
and/or the compositional intent is evident in the essay, but there are violations of the compositional connection between semantic parts,
Gross logical violations interfere with understanding the meaning of what is written, either the thesis and evidence is missing, or the argument is not convincing.
and/or the thought is repeated and does not develop .
ESSAY EVALUATION CRITERIA ( with a points conversion system) (recommended for higher education institutions)
Criterion
Scoring conditions
4. Quality of writing (quality of essay)
The graduate expresses thoughts accurately, using a variety of vocabulary and various grammatical structures, uses terms appropriately when necessary, and avoids cliches.
Number of points
The graduate accurately expresses his thoughts, but his speech is characterized by a poor vocabulary and monotony of the grammatical structure of his speech.
(max 20)
Low quality of speech significantly complicates understanding of the meaning, or the essay is written in a poor, primitive language, or is replete with colloquial expressions and vulgarisms.
5. Originality of the essay
The graduate demonstrates a creative, non-standard approach to the disclosure of a topic (the essay highlights interesting thoughts, or unexpected and at the same time convincing arguments, or fresh observations, etc.) or a bright style.
The graduate does not demonstrate independent thinking, and/or a creative, non-standard approach, and/or originality of style.
ESSAY EVALUATION CRITERIA ( with a points conversion system) (recommended for higher education institutions)
Criterion
Scoring conditions
6. Speech norms
Number of points
No more than 2 speech errors were made.
(max 20)
3-4 speech errors were made.
7. Spelling standards
5 or more speech errors were made.
There are no spelling errors, or 1 minor error was made.
There were 2-3 spelling errors.
There were 4-5 spelling errors.
There were more than 5 spelling errors.
ESSAY EVALUATION CRITERIA ( with a points conversion system) (recommended for higher education institutions)
Criterion
Scoring conditions
8. Punctuation norms
Number of points
There are no punctuation errors, or 1 minor error was made.
(max 20)
There were 2-3 punctuation errors.
There were 4-5 punctuation errors.
There were more than 5 punctuation errors.
9. Grammar rules
No more than 2 grammatical errors were made.
There were 3-4 grammatical errors.
There were 5 or more grammatical errors.
10. Actual accuracy in background material
There are no actual errors.
There were factual errors in the background material (one or more).
Mark on a ten-point grading system
Primary score
EXAMPLES of working on an essay (working with a draft)
Slides 25 – 29 provide examples of work on an essay:
drawing up a plan, presented schematically, for five topics
(one topic for each direction (2015-2016 academic year)).
Direction "Time"
Topic: “Society and era”
How are society and era related? (Introduction)
Thesis 3
Thesis 4
Thesis 2
Thesis 1
The awakening or delusion of society depends on the activities of the “heroes of the times”
A certain era is a step in the development of society
The actions of man and his needs shape the idea of the era
Epoch – a long period of time with characteristic phenomena and events
Renaissance, Age of Enlightenment, Napoleonic Wars
- L. Tolstoy. "War and Peace" (Napoleon);
- A. Pushkin. "The Bronze Horseman" (Peter I).
L. Tolstoy. "War and Peace";
- M. Lomonosov;
- modernists (poets, artists, etc.).
F. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment" (Napoleon);
A. Griboyedov. “Woe from Wit” (Chatsky);
N. Gogol. “Dead Souls” (Chichikov).
CONCLUSION (conclusion):
society and era are inextricably linked with each other, their interaction is a natural path of development
Direction "Home"
Topic: “Home: discord with yourself and the world”
When is home a place of discord with oneself and the world? (Introduction)
Thesis 4
Thesis 1
Thesis 3
Thesis 2
A home should be an island of happiness, peace, and give a feeling of security
There is no joy in the house if
In poverty and need, the house is perceived as a temporary shelter, and this gives rise to internal protest
Dissatisfaction with life occurs if there is no mutual respect in the family and violence reigns
it's empty and lonely there
L. Tolstoy. “War and Peace” (Rostov).
I. Goncharov. “Oblomov” (“Oblomov’s Dream”).
I. Bunin. "Antonov apples"
A. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin);
A. Ostrovsky. "Thunderstorm" (The Kabanov Family).
M. Gorky. “At the Bottom” (Satin, Actor, Tick, etc.).
CONCLUSION (conclusion):
The warmth of the hearth, love and mutual understanding help to avoid or overcome conflict with oneself and the world.
Direction "Path"
Topic: “The path to yourself”
Why is the path to yourself so difficult? (Introduction)
Thesis 3
Thesis 2
Thesis 1
Finding harmony with yourself depends primarily on the person himself.
To know and understand yourself, you need to be willing to know and understand others.
Lack of harmony with oneself is a source of mental and physical adversity
M. Lermontov. “Hero of our time” (Pechorin).
F. Dostoevsky. “Crime and Punishment” (Raskolnikov)
F. Dostoevsky. “Crime and Punishment” (Raskolnikov, Sonya)
L. Tolstoy. “War and Peace” (Bolkonsky, Bezukhov).
L. Tolstoy. “War and Peace” (Bezukhov).
M. Lermontov. “Hero of our time” (Pechorin).
CONCLUSION (conclusion):
Knowing yourself is a process of overcoming selfishness, reconciliation with the strength and weaknesses of others, with the diversity and imperfection of the world.
Direction "Love"
Topic: “Faces of Love”
How many faces does love have? (Introduction)
Thesis 4
Thesis 3
Thesis 1
Thesis 2
Love is the liberation of the spirit from the captivity of the material world
Love is a test
Love is renewal through suffering and disappointment
Love is the highest emotional and spiritual pleasure
mind and heart
I. Goncharov. "Oblomov."
Lyrics by A. Pushkin (“Confession”, “I remember a wonderful moment...”, “Madonna”).
A. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" (Tatiana).
F. Dostoevsky. “Crime and Punishment” (Raskolnikov, Sonya).
Lyrics by A. Pushkin (“I loved you...”).
Lyrics by A. Pushkin (“Burnt Letter”).
Lyrics by F. Tyutchev (“Oh, how murderously we love...”).
M. Lermontov. "Hero of Our Time" (Princess Mary).
I. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons” (Bazarov).
CONCLUSION (conclusion):
Love is multifaceted, complex, but always beneficial and creative for the human soul.
Direction “Year of Literature in Russia”
Topic: “Is literature a confession or a sermon?”
Should literature tell you truthfully about life or teach you how to live? (Introduction)
Thesis 3
Thesis 2
Thesis 1
Thesis 4
The key to transformation is the purification of the soul
Without confession there is no understanding of the truth, purification and liberation from delusions
The world of a work of art is a model of society and human relations
N. Gogol. "Dead Souls".
L. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
M. Gorky. “At the Bottom”, “Old Woman Izergil”.
I. Bunin. "Mr. from San Francisco."
E. Zamyatin. "We".
F. Dostoevsky. “Crime and Punishment” (Raskolnikov);
A. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin).
I. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons” (Pavel Kirsanov, Bazarov).
M. Lermontov. “Hero of our time” (Pechorin).
M. Lermontov. "Mtsyri" (Mtsyri).
CONCLUSION (conclusion):
The task of literature is to influence the mind and heart of a person through purification, liberation from vanity and delusions,
that is, preaching through confession.
Homework :
write introductions and conclusions to each of the topics named on slides 25 - 29. Use the material from slides 5 - 13. Prerequisite: introductions and conclusions must be of different types (one of the conclusion options can be repeated twice, since there are 4 of them) . Indicate which of the introduction and conclusion options you have chosen, respectively.
The growth in the scope and power of the influence of the Bible on the literary process in the second half of the 19th century. is largely associated with the democratization of Russian society caused by the abolition of serfdom and other reforms. Literary art opens up and masters new spheres of life, an increasing place in it is occupied by characters from the folk “lower classes”, where the Holy Scriptures have long ago become a Book in the highest sense of the word.
It is not without reason that F. I. Tyutchev’s poem, which made a strong impression on readers and for a long time then evoked responses in literature - “These poor villages...” * (1855), creates the image of the Savior - a wanderer in Rus', as if he had lifted the whole world on his shoulders. the immensity of the people's suffering:
Weighed down by the burden of the godmother,
All of you, dear land,
In slave form, the King of Heaven
He came out blessing.
The sympathetic interest of writers in “ordinary people” - the breadwinners and defenders of Russia - comes from ancient times, at least from “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” One of the brightest heroines of medieval Russian literature is the wise and righteous peasant maiden Fevronia, who became a princess in Murom (“The Tale of Peter and Fevronia” by Ermolai-Erasmus, mid-16th century). The memorable reader will see with his inner eye a whole gallery of living images of the same social nature: Anastasia Markovna - Avvakum’s wife and comrade-in-arms, Fonvizin’s Shumilov, Vanka, Petrushka, Eremeevna, Tsifirkin, Kuteikin, Karamzin’s Liza, Radishchev’s Anyuta, Griboyedov’s Liza...
But this is only a harbinger of what will happen when men, women, soldiers, Cossacks, sextons, merchants, clerks, coachmen, janitors, lackeys, artisans (you can’t count them all!) pour into the pages of books in an immense crowd, but with unique faces and destinies. , drawn by I. S. Turgenev, I. A. Goncharov, N. A. Nekrasov, A. N. Ostrovsky, L. N. Tolstoy, N. S. Leskov, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov, V. G. Korolenko... The worldview of this vast human sea is complex, multi-component, as conservative as it is flexible, and does not lend itself to precise and final definitions. But there is no doubt that if you want to understand at least something in the picture of national life that was created by the Russian classics of the second half of the 19th century, you must constantly remember the Book of Books. The hidden depths of Russian folk character are revealed to the reader and viewer by the dramaturgy of A. N. Ostrovsky. And the long history of critical and theatrical interpretations of The Thunderstorm* (1859) is especially instructive in this regard. Some of these interpretations became events in the life not only of literature and theater, but in the movement of social thought, in the development of Russian culture. Reflections and debates focused primarily around the image of Katerina Kabanova, and at the center of them was invariably the question of the relationship of this amazingly living, holistic, inexhaustible image to external circumstances, to Kalinov’s “cruel morals”, to the family where the young heroine was sent, to the “dark kingdom” " at all. Such a point of view is, of course, inevitable and necessary. But it can give rise to directly opposite judgments, as happened in the most famous articles about “The Thunderstorm”: “A Ray of Light in the Dark Kingdom” by N. A. Dobrolyubov (1860) and “Motives of Russian Drama” by D. N. Pisarev (1864) . Dobrolyubov saw in Katerina “a protest against Kabanov’s concepts of morality, a protest brought to the end, proclaimed both under domestic torture and over the abyss into which the poor woman threw herself.” Pisarev categorically disagreed with Dobrolyubov: he saw the “Russian Ophelia”, who “at every step confuses both her own life and the lives of other people”, who, “having committed many stupid things, throws herself into the water and thus makes the last and major stupidity." But this very polarity in the positions of two talented critics, the true “masters of minds” of the youth of their day, was, I think, the result of insufficient attention to how Katerina relates to herself, how the playwright portrayed her inner world, her spiritual evolution. This one-sidedness, dictated by the prevailing custom for many years to consider works of art primarily as performances in social struggle, also caused a decrease in the interest of schoolchildren in the brilliant play. Young readers were drawn into a debate about whether Katerina was needed by the liberation movement (“ray” - not “ray”, a strong character - a weak, immature, confused character). And, hardly realizing it, they turned a living, three-dimensional, dynamic image into a flat thesis. Meanwhile, Ostrovsky, with paternal love, depicts the formation of his heroine - a formation that ended, to his great grief, in death, but a death that elevates a person. For the author, Katerina’s natural connection to the Christian worldview, to the bright unity of faith, goodness, purity, miracle, and fairy tales is of great importance. Critics, of course, noticed this feature of the heroine’s image; The most subtle analysis of Katerina’s childhood impressions and dreams can be found in Dobrolyubov’s article, which at school is usually reduced to the thought in the title. But Dobrolyubov also attributes the heroine’s impressions received in her mother’s house to the phenomena of the “dark kingdom.” “Take a good look: you see that Katerina was brought up in concepts identical to the concepts of the environment in which she lives, and cannot renounce them, not having any theoretical education. The stories of the wanderers and the suggestions of her family, although she processed them in her own way, could not help but leave an ugly trace in her soul: and indeed, we see in the play that Katerina, having lost her bright dreams and ideal, lofty aspirations, retained one thing from her upbringing a strong feeling - fear of some dark forces, something unknown, which she could neither explain to herself well nor reject.” Fair. And it’s unfair, because these same concepts brought up her fearlessness, directness, and intransigence to violence and lies. And if it is true that the play is a ray of light, then this image itself appears in Katerina’s memories of her childhood: “You know,” she tells Varvara about the church where “she loved to go to death,” “on a sunny day there is such a bright pillar from the dome goes, and smoke moves in this pillar, like clouds, and I see, it used to be as if angels were flying and singing in this pillar.” And ultimately she is afraid only of her conscience: “It’s not so scary that it will kill you, but that death will find you as you are, with all your sins, with all your evil thoughts.” If Katerina had not had faith in the holiness of the biblical commandments, there would not have been her reverent and unbending character: there would have been another secretly willful Varvara, who is not afraid of sin - as long as everything remains covered up. The following detail is significant: Varvara, listening to Katerina’s stories about life in her mother’s house, about flowers, prayers, pilgrim pilgrims, remarks: “But it’s the same with us.” In essence, Dobrolyubov expresses the same idea when speaking about the concepts of Katerina, which are common to the concepts of the environment. Katerina answers Varvara with her intuitive insight: “Yes, everything here seems to be from under captivity.” But does the meaning of the commandments change depending on how they are accepted - freely or unwillingly? Does it really matter, say, how one maintains moral purity - voluntarily or under pain of punishment? And don’t Marfa Ignatievna and Katerina look at the sin of adultery in the same way? There's a lot to think about here.
The Thunderstorm has not one, but two strong female characters. Marfa Ignatievna is an image no less alive than Katerina. In painting him, Ostrovsky contradictorily and naturally mixed boastful virtue and loyalty to moral traditions, unbridled lust for power and persistent anxiety, heartlessness and suffering. “Prude, sir! She gives money to the poor, but completely eats up her family,” Kuligin says to Boris Grigoryevich about Marfa Ignatievna and seems to exhaust her human essence. Dobrolyubov understands Kabanova in this spirit. But the play does not allow us to stop there. Marfa Ignatievna, of course, destroys her family with her own hands: her involvement in Tikhon’s drunkenness, Varvara’s mischief, and Katerina’s suicide is undoubted. But she acts with complete conviction, and her maternal heart really hurts. Only this heart is ruled not by love, but by anger, not by compassion, but by hatred. From her first appearance on stage, Marfa Ignatievna persistently pushes Katerina to quarrel, altering her every word, every gesture in the spirit of hostility. It’s clear: it’s rare that a mother-in-law isn’t jealous of her daughter-in-law’s son. But this is hardly the only issue. Katerina, who so wants to love everyone, who is ready - not out of servility, but from the generosity of her heart - to call her hard-hearted mother-in-law mother, is an irreconcilable stranger for Marfa Ignatievna. And her love for Tikhon is filled with contempt. Another great detail: the mother teaches her son the rules of family life right on the boulevard, in the presence of his wife and sister, in full view of the strolling Kalinovites, deliberately humiliating him and becoming increasingly incensed. Tikhon embarrassedly makes excuses. “Kabanova (completely coolly). Fool! (Sighs). What can you say to a fool! There’s only one sin!”
No, the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law have the same faith “in letter”, but different in spirit. If we apply the Gospel image, they have different treasures. The letter-eating Pharisees once reproached Jesus for healing people on the Sabbath, when all work was prohibited. And he answered them that good can be done on Saturday, and pointed out the real reason for their reproaches:
“Born of vipers! how can you say good things when you are evil? For out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks.
A good man brings forth good things from a good treasure; and an evil man brings forth evil from an evil treasure.”
Today it is not so easy to understand what an explosion the appearance of “The Thunderstorm” was in the press and on stage. After all, there is only one true righteous woman here - a sinner guilty of adultery and suicide. It seems to be not difficult to justify her: after all, she was pushed away and insulted by her husband, who did not know what he was doing, her house was turned into a prison, her bread was poisoned by reproaches, and even her beloved spoke to her at parting, fearfully looking around, and when they parted, he wished her from the bottom of his heart. imminent death. But she does not need excuses, because she judges herself most harshly. And her image remains luminous: Dobrolyubov understood this and showed it superbly, but Pisarev could not understand it already because he compared this image with the pre-planed block of a “developed personality” and, revealing their complete discrepancy, set out Katerina’s story with almost mocking irony: “It thundered thunder - Katerina lost the last remnant of her mind..."
Meanwhile, the idea of a righteous life and a righteous person, whom people will follow, so tormented Gogol, in the second half of the 19th century. became even more attractive and burning. This is, in general, the primordial and cherished idea of Russian folklore and Russian literature, which manifested itself in epics and fairy tales, in the lives of saints and stories about the fathers of the church. But at a time when Russia did not yet know what would happen with the newfound freedom and where the historical path would turn, among the questions that have always occupied Russian literature, one of the first places was taken by the question, not economic or political, but moral - as a means of solving all difficult problems. issues facing the country. It is enough to recall those works that most excited first the Russian, and then the European and world reading public of the 50s - 90s - if only the novels of Turgenev, Tolstoy, Goncharov, Dostoevsky, Leskov - and it will become clear that in the center their invariable question is about the dignity of the individual and his role in the life of the people.
The images of noble dreamers and selfless workers, heroes of the “positively beautiful” or dreaming of “being completely good”, righteous people or those who want to live “like God” from these books entered the spiritual world of Russia. Let us note that Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”, contrary to strictly imposed interpretations, is not at all a manual for preparing a revolution, but an attempt to draw “new people” and a “special person” - those who, according to the author, are “the salt of the salt” earth”, who is capable of improving society by his own moral example. And if writers depicted vulgarity, vanity, and devilry, they could not do without high moral guidelines.
Writers of the second half of the 19th century are not inclined to idealize either their favorite heroes or the possibility of their influence on life. Sending truth-seekers on a journey across Rus', N. A. Nekrasov - the author of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” * (1863 - 1877) - at the very first stage of the road will depict a reliable and symbolic picture:
All along that path
And along the roundabout paths,
As far as the eye could see,
Crawled, lay, rode,
Drunk people were floundering
And there was a groan!
But if in this epic, where Nekrasov, by his own admission, put all his observations, all his thoughts about the people, some light of hope, then it comes from people who are capable of living in truth and conscience, according to the moral commandments of Christ. That is why the poet, with such artistic thoroughness, with such love and hope, paints an everyday scene: a peasant family listens to a pilgrim pilgrim, of which there were many in Rus'; It was they who carried biblical truths to the lower classes of the people, sometimes intricately mixing them with all sorts of legends and fairy tales, but without losing their heartfelt meaning. Nekrasov slowly and carefully draws the wanderer himself, and each member of the family, and even the cat Vaska, playing with a spindle, which the hostess, having heard him, dropped from her lap. And the description concludes like this:
Who has seen how he listens
Your visiting wanderers
Peasant family
He will understand that no matter what work,
Nor eternal care,
Not the yoke of slavery for a long time,
Not the pub itself
More to the Russian people
No limits set:
There is a wide path before him!
However, the “humble mantis” Ion Lyapushkin, who is discussed in this scene, does not look like a benign figure in Nekrasov: after all, it is he who tells the legend “About Two Great Sinners,” where the murder of an inhuman tyrant appears as a righteous deed that removed the “burden of sins” from robber Kudeyar. The poet does not depict reprisals against rapists as the path to people's happiness: the righteous of his poem - Ermil Girin, the brothers Grisha and Savva Dobrosklonov - follow the paths of enlightenment, asceticism, and mercy. But so much evil has accumulated in the world that each of the writer-thinkers stopped in deep thought before the question: what to do with the brutal, infuriated villains? How to get rid of the endless humility of the humiliated and insulted? Young Pushkin addressed the theme of the Gospel Sower in several poems. In one of them - “V. L. Davydov" (1821) - he says, referring to the failure of the Italian fighters for the liberation of the country from the Austrian yoke:
But those in Naples are playing pranks,
And she’s unlikely to resurrect there...
People want silence
And for a long time their yoke will not crack.
Has the ray of hope disappeared?
But no! - we will enjoy happiness,
Let us partake of the bloody chalice -
And I will say: Christ is risen!
The play on the meanings of the word “chalice” (the rite of the Eucharist and the uprising) is quite transparent here. In the second half of the century, having experienced the failure of the Decembrists, the defeat of the Petrashevites, the heroism and bitterness of the Crimean War, the joy and disappointment of the peasant reform, Russia returned to the same issues with even greater anxiety. In most works of Russian classics of this time, one can notice a direct or indirect appeal to the Gospel of Matthew, where the commandment of Christ sounds: “... love your enemies, bless those who curse you and pray for those who offend you and persecute you” (V, 44). But there are also His other words:
“Do not think that I came to bring peace to earth; I did not come to bring peace, but a sword;
For I have come to divide a man with his father, and a daughter with her mother, and a daughter-in-law with her mother-in-law” (X, 34 - 35).
The wise and painful dialectic of peacefulness and intransigence is reflected in the most impressive literary images; The scene from Dostoevsky’s novel “The Brothers Karamazov” became truly symbolic, when Alyosha, a righteous soul, when asked by his brother Ivan what to do with the landowner who hunted a child with dogs, replies: “Shoot!”
Dostoevsky took on a task of unimaginable difficulty: to explore the development of the most tragic confrontations between good and evil in the human world, when the distance from good deeds to evil deeds may seem non-existent or insignificant. In the artistic experiments he staged, the Gospel is present not only as the focus of moral ideas and norms, as a source of ideas and images: there is no doubt its influence on the very process of creativity, on the artistic structure, style of works.
Let's open the novel “Crime and Punishment” (1865 - 1867). Raskolnikov is preparing to implement his fantastic plan and does not believe that he will ever decide to carry it out. Having visited the pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna, the hero experiences such disgust for what he is about to do, such melancholy that he walks along the sidewalk, “like a drunk, not noticing passers-by and bumping into them...” So he ends up in a tavern, where he meets Marmeladov . And in the repentant and justifiable speech of the new acquaintance, at first a shadow, and then more and more clearly, the memory of the New Testament appears, “... and everything secret becomes clear,” Marmeladov pronounces the commonly used “winged word” from the Gospel of Matthew (X, 26).
The speaker himself does not attach any special meaning to these words: he is characterized by florid speech - “due to the habit of frequent tavern conversations,” the narrator notes. But the further this speech goes, the more it points to the Bible as the source of the syllable itself: “That’s why I drink, because in this drink I seek compassion and feeling. I’m not looking for fun, but only sorrow... I drink because I really want to suffer!” And the “winged words” used by Marmeladov begin to seem not accidental. The idea of the secret and the obvious not only predicts the inevitable course of events (the crime will be revealed), but draws the reader’s attention to the text from which it “flew”: the author consciously or intuitively recalled the teaching that Jesus pronounces to His twelve apostles. And in this teaching everything is connected by invisible threads with the further course of the novel. The Savior warns His disciples that their path will be painful, that they will experience misunderstanding and hatred even from people close to them, but the most serious mistake would be to doubt the Teacher: “Whoever denies Me before people, I will also deny him before My Heavenly Father.” ..." (X, 33).
And the next gospel expression that Marmeladov pronounces is “Behold the Man!” - something other than just decoration of speech. These are the words of Pilate according to the Gospel of John (XIX, 5). The procurator, on whose orders the Roman soldiers beat Jesus, mocking Him, did not find anything criminal or guilt in His actions. Marmeladov either wants to justify the tavern servants laughing at him, or himself, but the reader begins to see the events of the novel in some new dimension.
Further, in Marmeladov’s confession, signal words are increasingly encountered, prompting the reader to remember the Book of Books and think about the internal connections of the narrative. Obviously, the surname of the tailor from whom Sonya rents a room - Kapernaumov - has its own meaning: Kapernaum (the village of Naum in its original meaning, and the name Naum means “consolation”, as stated in the Biblical Encyclopedia) - “the main and favorite residence of the Lord Jesus during His earthly life." His apostles Simon (Peter) and Andrew lived here, here he called Matthew to apostolic service, and here he performed many miracles. But for this city, many of whose inhabitants remained alien to His teaching and were mired in sins, Jesus predicted a bitter fate: “And you, Capernaum, who were exalted to heaven, will be cast down to hell” (Gospel of Matthew, XI, 23). The author of the novel knew, undoubtedly, that the city had been wiped off the face of the earth by time, that only ruins remained from it...
The ending of Marmeladov’s confession is also deeply significant, where it talks about the coming Last Judgment, when “He who took pity on everyone” will forgive both Sonya and her sinful father, “both the good and the evil, the wise and the humble.” Here, as in the entire text of the novel, unambiguous interpretations are fruitless. In the image of Marmeladov, abomination and suffering, repentance and meanness, self-condemnation and self-justification are inseparably combined. But the main thing has already been done: behind the events of the novel, the reader saw other events, the scope of the narrative expanded infinitely, artistic time acquired an immense extent... And then another event occurs, the turning point of which is palpable, but the meaning goes deep into the subtext and is not revealed immediately ( apparently, this is why it is not clarified by numerous interpretations of the novel).
Let us pose a question suggested by the very course of the narrative: when does Raskolnikov finally decide to kill? When does he decisively overcome the disgust, nausea, and melancholy that seize him at the mere thought of the planned experiment? The attentive reader remembers: after taking Marmeladov home, seeing both Katerina Ivanovna and the children, Raskolnikov quietly leaves his last pennies on the window. But on the stairs he reproaches himself and thinks with hostility about the Marmeladovs: “Oh, Sonya! What a well, however, they managed to dig! and enjoy it! That's why they use it! And we got used to it. We cried and got used to it. A scoundrel of a man gets used to everything!”
He thought about it.
Well, if I lied,” he suddenly exclaimed involuntarily, “if man, in general, the whole race, that is, the human race, is really not a scoundrel, then it means that the rest is all prejudices, just false fears, and there are no barriers, and so on and it should be!..” What happened? Let us try to imagine the work of a mind endowed with brilliant logic and wounded by the persistent thought of the possibility of saving not so much oneself as suffering humanity, saving at the cost of one life alone, and one that is already burning out, burdened with malice and acquisitiveness...
Here in front of Raskolnikov is a drunken official, the destroyer of his own family, who deserves sympathy, but not condescension. His unfortunate wife evokes burning compassion in Raskolnikov, but she is also guilty of the fact that, even though “the children were sick and crying, they didn’t eat,” she sent her stepdaughter to the panel... And the whole family lives in her shame, in her suffering . Raskolnikov's conclusion about meanness as a common property of people seems inevitable. It is also supported by the well-known biblical concept of the sinfulness of the entire human race: Adam and Eve were the first to sin, breaking the Lord’s commandment; their descendants, generation after generation, became increasingly mired in sins, despite dire warnings: the global flood, the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah...
Only one thing stuck as a thorn: what is Sonya’s fault for sacrificing herself to save her sisters and brother? What are they themselves to blame for - this boy and two girls? For what sins were they punished with such a terrible fate? And in general, all children with their initial purity and naivety, obvious to everyone: it is insane and vile to consider them scoundrels, to hold them responsible for the disobedience of their ancestors, for the violence and debauchery that reigns in the world. But humanity is made up of growing children... It is here that Raskolnikov’s thought takes a sharp turn.
No, the misfortunes of mankind are not generated by the eternal meanness of man, but by something else, most likely the eternal submission of the vast majority to the violence of the few. And if so, then only a ruler who wishes good for people and leads them to happiness, without stopping to violate the biblical commandments for the sake of the common good, is capable of saving humanity. All the same, these commandments are “Thou shalt not kill,” “Thou shalt not steal,” “Thou shalt not commit adultery,” etc. - are violated with impunity at every step, these are simply prejudices, and afterlife retribution is nothing more than “feigned fears”...
This is approximately how Raskolnikov’s thought moves, his rebellion is brewing, his doubt in Divine justice. Further, his determination is reinforced by a letter from his mother, testifying to the same thing: it is useless to believe that “blessed are the meek,” that they will “inherit the earth,” that those who mourn will be comforted” (Gospel of Matthew, V, 3-8). They can only be protected from violence by violence, but with a good purpose: to gain power in order to direct humanity to prosperity with a powerful hand - this is how you can imagine the logic of the hero’s thoughts.
This rebellion, similar to the rebellion of the biblical Job, becomes the source of all subsequent events in the novel. It is very important for the reader to see the conflict organizing the entire narrative between the covenants of the Bible and the theory of the eternal division of humanity into “those who have the right” and “a trembling creature.” The fact is that the theory that Raskolnikov sharpened like a razor in his thoughts is logically irrefutable. She remains unshaken in the novel until the very end, and even outside of it - in critical and reader opinions - until today no convincing arguments have been put forward against her. Moreover: not only in the past, but also today, literally every hour brings new facts confirming that many people submit not just to legitimate authority, but to tyranny, are passionately engaged in mutual destruction and do not cease to deify their insane and heartless rulers.
It is not by the strength of evidence, nor by historical, political and legal calculations that Raskolnikov’s conviction in the reliability of his theory is shaken, but first of all by feeling - the feeling of the severance of the ties of the unfortunate murderer with his mother, sister, friend, with the entire human world and the slowly resurrecting faith in the divinity of the human soul, in the holiness of life, despite all the filth and meanness of life. That is why the turning point in Raskolnikov’s spiritual cleansing is the story of the resurrection of Lazarus from the Gospel of John (XI, 1 - 44), which Sonya reads to him. There is not and cannot be ordinary logic in this story, as in the Bible in general, as in the scene of the novel itself. A murderer and a harlot came together strangely while reading the Eternal Book; It’s strange that Sonya received the book from Lizaveta, who was killed by Raskolnikov. It is also strange that Raskolnikov asked to read to him about Lazar, as if by some inspiration, and Sonya painfully wanted to read this story “about the greatest and unheard of miracle” to him.
But a miracle is revealed only to those who are able to believe in it. It is essentially not subject to analytical logic, although it does not abolish or degrade logic. These are two constantly interacting elements of human spiritual activity: the rigor of research, the accuracy of facts are as precious as prophetic intuition and fantasy that transforms the world.
Reading the Gospel does not shake Raskolnikov’s convictions that prompted him to decide to commit a crime. He remembers the Marmeladov children, and talks about other children living in such conditions that they “cannot remain children”; he explains to the frightened Sonya: “What should I do? Break what is needed once and for all, and that’s all: and take the suffering upon yourself! What? Do not understand? Afterwards you will understand... Freedom and power, and most importantly power! Over all the trembling creatures and over the entire anthill!..” But the hole in the armor of his passionate and terrible logic has already been broken, the light of the time is already dawning when he will again pick up the same Gospel and feel the possibility of “resurrection into a new life.”
The line of correlation between Holy Scripture and the novel’s narrative goes until the last page of “Crime and Punishment” (here we will not trace it in detail). And from it there are many connecting threads to the work of Dostoevsky, to previous, contemporary and subsequent literature.
Russian literature in general amazes with the richness and constancy of internal echoes, echoes, rehashes and reinterpretations. Perhaps because the history of literature itself is so tragic, the writers who created Russian artistic classics so keenly felt the need for memory and continuity, so valued tradition, which served as the strongest basis for constant renewal.
In Dostoevsky's work, readers and researchers have noticed many explicit or implied reminders of Pushkin, quotes or references to his works. What does Pushkin mean for him, for literature, for Russia, Dostoevsky said in his famous speech in 1880: “We understood in him that the Russian ideal is completeness, all-reconciliation, inhumanity.” “Pushkinsky” in Dostoevsky will never be read to the end. But the view “from the Bible” opens up more and more new lines of connections and interactions.
One of them goes through the “Raskolnikov theory,” which in Dostoevsky’s artistic thinking expressed the most tragic contradiction not only of Russia, but of humanity. Recreating and exploring this theory, which combined abstracting thought and the torment of the living human soul, Dostoevsky, one might assume, recalled both “Imitation of the Koran” (poems about the “trembling creature”) and “Eugene Onegin” (“We all look at Napoleons. ..") and the hero of “The Queen of Spades” with his profile of Napoleon and the soul of Mephistopheles, and Petersburg of “The Bronze Horseman”, and much more from Pushkin. But, perhaps, first of all, the poem “The Desert Sower of Freedom...”, although there is no direct indication of this in Dostoevsky’s novel. The very essence of the theory, its decisive argument, clearly goes back to Pushkin’s poem, written in November 1823.
Reading the famous chapter of The Brothers Karamazov, which gave rise to a whole library of interpretations and criticism - “The Grand Inquisitor” *, we find in the speeches of the ninety-year-old cardinal - the head of the Inquisition, addressed to his captive - Christ, a complex system of skillful arguments to prove one thought: “ ...a person has no more painful concern than to find someone to whom he can quickly transfer the gift of freedom with which this unfortunate creature is born.” The elder does not hide the fact that he is a follower not of God, but of the devil, who tempted Christ in the desert with power over all the kingdoms of the earth: “We have long been no longer with You, but with him, for eight centuries.” The Grand Inquisitor, with brilliant logic, honed even more subtly than Raskolnikov’s, and with a passion amazing for his advanced years, proves that his own efforts, like the armies of his supporters and servants, are aimed at one thing: to give happiness to people - the happiness of obedient herds, “quiet, humble happiness, the happiness of weak creatures, as they were created.”
But the chapter, like the entire novel, does not give the slightest opportunity to rest on this most monstrous and most seductive of all human ideas. It is not for nothing that Alyosha, having listened to the fantastic “poem” told to him by Ivan, exclaims in the greatest excitement: “Your poem is praise to Jesus, and not blasphemy... as you wanted it to be. And who will believe you about freedom? Is this so, is this how we should understand it!” But as? This is what he doesn’t know, just as no one seems to know.
We can say that all the literature of this and later times revolves around the same persistent question, giving rise to an innumerable number of others. Thinking about them inevitably leads back to the Bible, where they were first and forever stated. And again, again, images of wanderers, seekers, and righteous people appear in the books of Russian writers, for if a person is not a beast of burden, then something can be discerned in his fate only in the light of his soul.
A whole gallery of living, unexpected, attractive righteous people and truth-seekers was drawn by N. S. Leskov in the works of the 70s - 80s: “The Enchanted Wanderer”, “At the End of the World”, “The Immortal Golovan”, “Odnodum”*, “The Man on the Clock” , “Figure” and others. These are people from different walks of life - a soldier, a tradesman, a monk, a postman, a military engineer, an officer-educator, a horse tamer, a guide in the tundra, their lives go differently. But there is something common and important for everyone.
Perhaps this main thing appears most clearly in the image of the pagan Zyryan (nowadays this people is called Komi), who believes that he is protected by the goddess Dzol-Dzayagachi, “who gives children and cares, as it were, for the happiness and health of those who are begged from her.” " The old archbishop, the hero and narrator of the story “At the End of the World,” in his youth was the bishop of a remote Siberian diocese and was zealously engaged in missionary work among the northern peoples. It is he who tells about his wanderings through the snowy desert together with his guide, a Zyryan. At first, this savage seemed to the missionary, forced to escape the blizzard and cold in a snow pit together with a guide, some kind of stupid, stinking animal. Then, when the Zyryan suddenly started skiing and ran away somewhere, the bishop saw in him a coward and a traitor who left him to die. But after despair came an epiphany: it turned out that the guide, risking his own life, rushed to save his companion from inevitable death by starvation.
And the young bishop suddenly realized that this pagan “walks not far from the Kingdom of Heaven” (an expression from the Gospel of Mark, XII, 34): not knowing the apostolic covenants, he acted in full agreement with them, not believing in Christ, he went to meet Him and was enlightened by “some wondrous light from above.” And the narrator himself seems to be enlightened by this light: under the flashes of the Northern Lights, he looks at the guide sleeping from exhaustion and sees him as a beautiful, enchanted hero. For the first time, the great truth is revealed to the preacher of Christianity: Christ will come into this pure heart when the time comes. It is insane and criminal to instill faith, as well as happiness, by violence against anyone’s soul. “There is no more confusion in my heart,” the young bishop says to himself, “I believe that You have revealed Yourself to him as much as he needs, and he knows You, like everyone else knows You...”
Among Leskov’s righteous people there is a postal messenger Ryzhov (the story “Odnodum”), who always carries the Bible with him in a gray canvas bag. But he and his other heroes, eccentrics, unmercenaries, knights of conscience and mercy, carry this Book in their hearts, even if they never mention it or don’t know it at all.
L. N. Tolstoy has cycles of stories, short stories and fairy tales, where the gospel truths are revealed in the thickness of everyday, rapidly flowing everyday life: “If you let the fire go, you won’t put it out” (1885), “Girls are smarter than old men” (1885), “How much is a person We need land" (1885), "Worker Emelyan and the Empty Drum" (1886), "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1884 - 1886), "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887 - 1889), "Master and Worker" (1894 - 1895 ), “Father Sergius” (1891 - 1898) and others. Sometimes the author places the corresponding texts of Scripture at the beginning of the work. The ideological and plot-forming significance of the Gospel in the novel “Resurrection” (1899) is obvious: everything that happens to Nekhlyudov and Katyusha Maslova is correlated with the gospel precepts, and the evolution of the characters represents a transformation in the light of these precepts, as predicted by the title of the novel.
Going through in your memory everything that is familiar to the reader from what Tolstoy wrote, you can be convinced that the view of life through the prism of the Gospel never leaves him and is most of all reflected in the dynamics of the narrative: in the movement of events, in the destinies of the heroes.
This becomes especially clear at turning points in history and life. Here, for example, is one of the final scenes of the novel “War and Peace” (1863 - 1869). Pierre Bezukhov returned from a trip to St. Petersburg, where he met with his new friend, Prince Fedor. The reader can guess the content of their conversations from Pierre’s laconic, heated statements in conversations with Nikolai Rostov and Vasily Denisov. “Everyone sees that things are going so badly that it cannot be left like this, and that it is the duty of all honest people to resist to the best of their ability.” It is clear that this is the starting point of the system of ideas and sentiments that was characteristic of the future Decembrists - participants in the failed, but not fruitless attempt to reorganize Russia on the principles of humanity, citizenship and freedom, “the common good and common security,” as Pierre says. Neither Rostov nor Denisov understand him - for different reasons, but equally rejecting the idea of a secret society. Pierre tries to explain that the secret does not hide some kind of evil and hostility: “... this is an alliance of virtue, this is love, mutual assistance; This is what Christ preached on the cross...”
Experts who, on behalf of the government, are rewriting the Russian development strategy until 2020 have sent out an interim version of the work to the ministries. The document will be reviewed by the government presidium in August. If growth remains unchanged, the Russian economy will face one of two scenarios: either the economy will slowly fade, or bubbles will inflate and then burst.
In 1999-2008 The Russian economy grew rapidly thanks to the influx of capital and the expansion of the domestic market. This era is over; starting next year, growth will slow down to 2-2.5% per year (forecast of the Ministry of Economic Development for 2011 - 4.2%, for 2012 - 3.5%), government experts promise.
If the government tries to accelerate the economy to growth of 6-7% per year (by stimulating consumption and credit), then by the end of the decade Russia will face a “credit hole” of 16% of GDP and a painful crisis, experts predict.
The current model has exhausted itself due to three fundamental limitations: the closed economy, lack of direct and long-term investment, and lack of competition in the domestic market.
Comment by Igor Zalyubovsky
Experts, on behalf of the government, in an interim report on Russia’s development strategy until 2020: “If you do not change the growth model, the Russian economy will face one of two scenarios: either the economy will slowly fade, or bubbles will inflate and then burst,” etc. and etc.
Such documents cause inescapable boredom. And not only because they are written mainly for the situation. And not because the authors, in fact, are not responsible for anything written: what will happen to us by 2020 - God knows, and who will then remember today's reports... One gets the impression that the authors are arguing something like this, and it arises a kind of (note, extremely highly paid) “club of interests” - some reasoning on a given topic, surrounded by the opinions of various experts, and this rolls along the well-trodden track of all kinds of forecasts that are interesting only to those participating in them.
Why am I so harsh, the reader will say, aren’t forecasts needed? Or are they not interesting to anyone?
As a specialist in computer forecasting, I will answer: of course, they are necessary and interesting. But we live in the 21st century, and today forecasting is not just a set of opinions of certain experts, but rather strict computer and statistical procedures based on various nonlinear algorithms using powerful computers. But most importantly, for such a forecast there must be a clear and transparent object, in this case the Russian economy and its development. And this is where the biggest problem arises, in the sense that you need to analyze what seems to be there, but at the same time, as if not quite.
For ease of understanding, let's remember our recent past. During the Soviet era, the CIA had unique specialists who could, by where one of the Politburo members stood on the podium or how Leonid Ilyich’s eyebrow was arched when visiting the state farm. predict appointments and dismissals in the Soviet leadership. Sometimes the Americans were able to make surprisingly accurate predictions, although America did not expect the collapse of the USSR. But the point is different: such forecasts were made not out of a good life, but out of despair, since there was practically no real information from behind the Iron Curtain.
Now, of course, everything is different, and there is an abundance of information, but its reliability, to put it mildly, “raises questions.”
For example, we had valiant servants starting with the letter M, and now they have become starting with the letter P. And there seems to be a lot of information in the media about how everything is improving as a result of this - right before our eyes. And I really want to believe. This is how it seems: you are driving along the highway, a polite law enforcement officer stops you and says: “We are now not the letter M, but the letter P. So we don’t need any money, but I stopped you just to wish you a happy journey.” Only the eye (what a nasty organ!) sees a different picture.
And suddenly I came across information: the African tribe Babongo renamed the dry month so that God would send rains to the new name.
Or here are national projects. Can anyone (other than the “experts on assignment”) say, hand on heart, that they see how they work. Don’t analyze something obscure in numbers, but go out into the street, look around and see for yourself that, for example, large-scale road construction is underway. Just like in China: there is a project similar to ours, and large-scale road construction is visible everywhere. And we seem to have a project, and it’s written that it’s right there in front of our eyes, but we can’t help but want to ask: “Before whose eyes?”
A little more history. In the 80s, the leadership of the USSR decided to create a forecast supersystem for the national economy and surpass the RAND Corporation itself in this. As planned, this system was supposed to be based on two bases - an analysis of the economy and an analysis of the workforce (i.e., personnel, in today's language). The best minds were brought in to work on this project, in particular the economic part was headed by Pavel Bunich.
As a result, the system was only half built - in terms of personnel analysis, the now well-known expert complexes of NPO Etalon emerged from it. But Bunich refused to do the economic part and explained this later with the following example: “If the ruble exchange rate is determined by economic reasons, you can try to predict it. But if the exchange rate is calculated based on a call from Old Square, a correct forecast is unrealistic, since too much depends on manipulation.”
Alas, this example of the outstanding economist Academician Pavel Bunich has not lost its relevance in today’s Russian realities.
P.S. Explanation from Wikipedia. Old Square in colloquial speech is synonymous with top management: during the Soviet period, the Central Committee of the CPSU was located in house No. 4 on Old Square, currently the same building is occupied by the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation.
With respect to the readers, Igor Zalyubovsky
The path of life... What should it be?.. As it seems straight and without bumps. However, you don't see this very often. As a rule, a person is subject to all kinds of tests and choices. By the way, Russian people clearly know their goal and see the road to achieving it, tempering their character along the way both in peacetime and wartime. This is evidenced by the works of writers L. Tolstoy, F. Dostoevsky, M. Sholokhov, as well as representatives of 20th century literature L. Borodin and B. Vasiliev.
It is known that the strategy and tactics of human behavior are determined by the goal. Thus, in B. Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists,” Nikolai Pluzhnikov, having entered a military school and graduated with excellent results, considered it his need to experience army life, and not stay at headquarters (as the school’s management suggested). Pluzhnikov chooses not the easy road, but the thorny one, in order to become a high specialist who knows his job perfectly. Perhaps he would have become one, since he was responsible in everything. But fate has prepared a severe test for him - to remain faithful to his military and civic duty or to surrender? By the way, for Nikolai Pluzhnikov such a dilemma did not exist. Like all Russians, the young man loves freedom and wants to see his homeland free, so he decided to fight the occupiers.
The writer shows Pluzhnikov’s active life position. He was not at a loss in the conditions of the outbreak of war, but took command of the people hiding in the casemates of the fortress. Without water, without food, without weapons, Pluzhnikov wages war with the Germans, because the Motherland is above all else for him. This man never deviated from his chosen path. Even when dying, he does not give his rank or last name, but declares that he is a Russian soldier. You are simply amazed at his courage, inner fortitude and fortitude!
B. Vasiliev showed the behavior of not only the main character in an extreme situation, but also the actions of other soldiers who found themselves in the casemates of the Brest Fortress. Among them, I would especially like to note Sergeant Semishny, who wore the banner of the fortress under his tunic, and the military doctor who helped the doomed old men and children in the casemates, and the latter, being sick, refused to eat, because others, in his opinion, needed it more.
So, the author showed the high national spirit of the Russians, the inflexibility of their will. Twenty-year-old Nikolai Pluzhnikov, gray-haired, thin, blind, with frostbitten fingers, who got to the surface with the help of Svitsky, appeared before the Germans as a proud man. Moreover, he pushed aside the orderlies and walked to the ambulance on his swollen legs. It must be said that the German general greeted this man by placing his hand on the visor of his cap, and his soldiers saluted, and they saluted not the enemy, but the patriot, who for many months remained faithful to his homeland until his last breath. He died free and after life, “trampling death upon death.”
The Nus people are distinguished by their extraordinary thinking, integrity and optimism. This is the hero of L. Borodin’s story “The Third Truth” - Andrian Selivanov. This person is not dependent on anyone or anything. He has his own point of view, different from others, on the events taking place during the post-revolutionary period in the country and is ready to defend “his truth.” This man is proud of himself, although he is unlucky with his height or physique. He is a strong person, who values freedom and fights for his principles by any means: he is cunning, he is cunning, he takes a grave sin on his soul. Andrian is not satisfied with the policy of conquering the taiga and enters into a fight with the new government, as a result of which he saves Chekhardak - a unique place.
Leonid Borodin showed his life path as a path filled with surprises. A chance acquaintance with a white officer who came to see his daughter and die in his homeland was a test of humanity for the hero. Risk and trouble did not frighten Andrian. He hides them in the taiga, helping the sick officer, trying to support his daughter Lyudmila with kind words and convince her of the unnecessaryness of the massacre that occurred as a result of the struggle for power.
Andrian Selivanov is a man who is always true to his word. Having promised the dying white officer to take care of his daughter, he enters into a mortal battle with Dlinny, knowing full well that Lyudmila is not on the same path with him, since he is in a meaningless struggle against the already established new government. Thus, our hero saved a young soul who was not involved in any politics and who had suffered in life because she was the daughter of a white officer. Moreover, being part of the fate of his friend Ivan Ryabinin (“thundered” for twenty-five years of hard labor) and his wife Lyudmila, the main character raises their joint daughter as his own. Selivanov's devotion to this family knows no bounds. He preserves the Ryabinin house by hook or by crook, successfully resolving all the problems that arose along the way.