Family tree of all the princes of Rus'. Family tree of the Rurikovichs

Appendix 3. Family tree of the family

The Norman or Varangian theory, which reveals aspects of the formation of statehood in Rus', is based on one simple thesis - the calling of the Varangian prince Rurik by the Novgorodians to manage and protect a large territory of the Ilmen Slovenian tribal union. Thus, the answer to the question of what event is associated with the emergence of the dynasty is quite clear.

This thesis is present in the ancient one, written by Nestor. At the moment it is controversial, but one fact is still indisputable - Rurik became the founder of a whole dynasties of sovereigns who ruled not only in Kyiv, but also in other cities of the Russian land, including Moscow, and that is why the dynasty of rulers of Rus' was called Rurikovich.

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History of the dynasty: the beginning

The genealogy is quite complex, it is not so easy to understand it, but the beginning of the Rurik dynasty is very easy to trace.

Rurik

Rurik became the first prince in his dynasty. Its origin is a highly controversial issue. Some historians suggest that he was from a noble Varangian-Scandinavian family.

Rurik's ancestors came from the trading Hedeby (Scandinavia) and were related to Ragnar Lothbrok himself. Other historians, distinguishing between the concepts of “Norman” and “Varangian”, believe that Rurik was of Slavic origin, perhaps he was related to the Novgorod prince Gostomysl (it is believed that Gostomysl was his grandfather), and for a long time he lived with his family on the island of Rügen .

Most likely, he was a jarl, that is, he had a military squad and kept boats, engaging in trade and sea robbery. But precisely with his calling first to Staraya Ladoga, and then to Novgorod the beginning of the dynasty is connected.

Rurik was called to Novgorod in 862 (when he began to rule exactly, of course, is unknown; historians rely on data from the PVL). The chronicler claims that he came not alone, but with two brothers - Sinius and Truvor (traditional Varangian names or nicknames). Rurik settled in Staraya Ladoga, Sinius in Beloozero, and Truvor in Izborsk. I wonder what any other mentions there is no mention of brothers in PVL. The beginning of the dynasty is not associated with them.

Oleg and Igor

Rurik died in 879, leaving young son Igor(or Ingvar, according to the Scandinavian tradition). A warrior, and possibly a relative of Rurik, Oleg (Helg) was supposed to rule on behalf of his son until he came of age.

Attention! There is a version that Oleg ruled not just as a relative or confidant, but as an elected jarl, that is, he had all the political rights to power according to Scandinavian and Varangian laws. The fact that he transferred power to Igor could indeed mean that he was his close relative, perhaps a nephew, his sister’s son (according to Scandinavian tradition, an uncle is closer than his own father; boys in Scandinavian families were given to be raised by their maternal uncle).

How many years did Oleg reign?? He successfully ruled the young state until 912. It is he who is credited with the complete conquest of the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” and the capture of Kiev, then his place was taken by Igor (already as the ruler of Kiev), by that time married to a girl from Polotsk (according to one version) - Olga.

Olga and Svyatoslav

Igor's reign can't be called successful. He was killed by the Drevlyans in 945 during an attempt to take double tribute from their capital, Iskorosten. Since Igor’s only son, Svyatoslav, was still small, the throne in Kyiv, by a common decision of the boyars and squads, was taken by his widow Olga.

Svyatoslav ascended the Kiev throne in 957. He was a warrior prince and never stayed long in his capital rapidly growing state. During his lifetime, he divided the lands of Rus' between his three sons: Vladimir, Yaropolk and Oleg. He gave Novgorod the Great as his inheritance to Vladimir (illegitimate son). Oleg (the younger) was imprisoned in Iskorosten, and the elder Yaropolk was left in Kyiv.

Attention! Historians know the name of Vladimir’s mother; it is also known that she was a whitewashed servant, that is, she could not become the ruler’s wife. Perhaps Vladimir was the eldest son of Svyatoslav, his first-born. That is why he was recognized as the father. Yaropolk and Oleg were born from Svyatoslav's legal wife, possibly a Bulgarian princess, but they were younger than Vladimir in age. All this subsequently influenced the relations between the brothers and led to the first princely feud in Rus'.

Yaropolk and Vladimir

Svyatoslav died in 972 on the island of Khortitsa(Dnieper rapids). After his death, the Kiev throne was occupied by Yaropolk for several years. A war for power in the state began between him and his brother Vladimir, ending with the murder of Yaropolk and the victory of Vladimir, who ultimately became the next prince of Kyiv. Vladimir ruled from 980 to 1015. His main merit is Baptism of Rus' and the Russian people into the Orthodox faith.

Yaroslav and his sons

An internecine war broke out between Vladimir’s sons immediately after his death, as a result of which one of Vladimir’s eldest sons from the Polotsk princess Ragneda, Yaroslav, took the throne.

Important! In 1015, the Kiev throne was occupied by Svyatopolk (later nicknamed the Accursed). He was not Vladimir’s own son. His father was Yaropolk, after whose death Vladimir took his wife as his wife and recognized the born child as his first-born.

Yaroslav reigned until 1054. After his death, the right of ladder came into force - the transfer of the Kyiv throne and the “junior” in seniority in the Rurikovich family.

The Kiev throne was occupied by Yaroslav's eldest son - Izyaslav, Chernigov (the next "seniority" throne) - Oleg, Pereyaslavsky - Yaroslav's youngest son Vsevolod.

For a long time, the sons of Yaroslav lived peacefully, observing the behests of their father, but, ultimately, the struggle for power entered an active phase and Rus' entered the era of Feudal fragmentation.

Pedigree of the Rurikovichs. The first Kyiv princes (table or Rurik dynasty diagram with dates, by generation)

Genealogy of the Rurikovichs of the period of feudal fragmentation

Tracing the dynastic line of the Rurikovich family during the period of Feudal fragmentation is incredibly difficult, since the ruling princely the genus has grown to its maximum. The main branches of the clan at the first stage of feudal fragmentation can be considered the Chernigov and Pereyaslav lines, as well as the Galician line, which needs to be discussed separately. The Galician princely house originates from the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir, who died during his father’s lifetime, and whose heirs received Galich as an inheritance.

It is important to note that all representatives of the clan sought to occupy the Kiev throne, since in this case they were considered the rulers of the entire state.

Galician heirs

Chernigov house

Pereyaslavsky house

With the Pereyaslav House, which was nominally considered the youngest, everything is much more complicated. It was the descendants of Vsevolod Yaroslavovich who gave rise to the Vladimir-Suzdal and Moscow Rurikovichs. The main representatives of this house were:

• Vladimir Vsevolodovich (Monomakh) - was the prince of Kyiv in 1113-1125 (VII generation);
• Mstislav (the Great) - the eldest son of Monomakh, was the prince of Kyiv in 1125-1132 (VIII generation);
• Yuri (Dolgoruky) - the youngest son of Monomakh, became the ruler of Kyiv several times, the last in 1155-1157 (VIII generation).

Mstislav Vladimirovich gave rise to the Volyn House of Rurikovich, and Yuri Vladimirovich gave rise to the Vladimir-Suzdal House.

Volyn House

Pedigree of the Rurikovichs: Vladimir-Suzdal House

The Vladimir-Suzdal house became the main one in Rus' after the death of Mstislav the Great. The princes who made first Suzdal and then Vladimir-on-Klyazma their capital, played a key role in the political history of the period of the Horde invasion.

Important! Daniil Galitsky and Alexander Nevsky are known not only as contemporaries, but also as rivals for the grand ducal label, and they also had a fundamentally different approach to faith - Alexander adhered to Orthodoxy, and Daniil accepted Catholicism in exchange for the opportunity to receive the title of King of Kyiv.

Pedigree of the Rurikovichs: Moscow House

In the final period of Feudal fragmentation, the House of Rurikovich numbered more than 2000 members (princes and younger princely families). Gradually, the leading position was taken by the Moscow House, which traces its pedigree to the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniil Alexandrovich.

Gradually, the Moscow house from grand ducal transformed into royal. Why did this happen? Including thanks to dynastic marriages, as well as the successful domestic and foreign policies of individual representatives of the House. The Moscow Rurikovichs did a gigantic job of “gathering” the lands around Moscow and overthrowing the Tatar-Mongol Yoke.

Moscow Ruriks (diagram with dates of reign)

Rurikovich.

862 –1598

Kyiv princes.

Rurik

862 – 879

IX century – formation of the Old Russian state.

Oleg

879 – 912

882 - unification of Novgorod and Kyiv.

907, 911 – campaigns against Constantinople (Constantinople); signing a treaty between Rus' and the Greeks.

Igor

912 – 945

941, 944 - Igor's campaigns against Byzantium. /the first one is unsuccessful/

945 - Treaty between Rus' and the Greeks. /not as profitable as Oleg/

Olga

945 –957 (964)

/regetsha of the young prince Svyatoslav/

945 - an uprising in the land of the Drevlyans. Introduction of lessons and graveyards.

Svyatoslav

I957 –972.

964 – 966 - defeat of the Kama Bulgarians, Khazars, Yases, Kosogs. The annexation of Tmutarakan and Kerch, a trade route to the East was opened.

967 – 971 - war with Byzantium.

969 - appointment of his sons as governors: Yaropolk in Kyiv, Oleg in Iskorosten, Vladimir in Novgorod.

Yaropolk

972 – 980

977 - the death of Prince Oleg in the struggle with his brother Yaropolk for leadership in Rus', the flight of Prince Vladimir to the Varangians.

978 - victory of Yaropolk over the Pechenegs.

980g. - Defeat of Yaropolk in the battle with Prince Vladimir. Murder of Yaropolk.

VladimirISaint

980 – 1015

980g. – pagan reform /unified pantheon of gods/.

988 –989 - adoption of Christianity in Rus'.

992, 995 - battles with the Pechenegs.

Svyatopolk the Accursed

1015 - 1019

1015 - the beginning of strife between the sons of Vladimir. The murder of the young princes Boris and Gleb on the orders of Svyatopolk.

1016 - the battle of the princes of the skiatopolk and Yaroslav near Lyubich. Flight of Svyatopolk to Poland.

1018 – return of Svyatopolk to Kyiv. Flight of Yaroslav to Novgorod.

1018 – 1019 -war between Yaroslav and Svyatopolk.

Yaroslav the Wise

1019 –1054

Beginning XI century - compilation of the “Russian Truth” (Yaroslav’s Truth), which consisted of 17 articles (according to academician B.A. Rybakov, this was an instruction on fines for scandals and fights).

1024 - the battle between Yaroslav and his brother Mstislav Listven for control over all territories of Rus'.

1025g. - division of the Russian state along the Dnieper. Mstislav is the eastern, and Yaroslav is the western part of the state.

1035 - death of Mstislav Vladimirovich. Transfer of his inheritance to Yaroslav.

1036 – formation of the Kyiv Metropolis

1037 – the beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Kyiv.

1043 - Vladimir Yaroslavich’s unsuccessful campaign against Byzantium.

1045 - the beginning of construction of the Church of St. Sophia in Novgorod.

IzyaslavIYaroslavich

1054 – 1073, 1076 – 1078

1068 - defeat of the Yaroslavichs on the river. Alte from the Polovtsians.

1068 – 1072 – popular uprisings in Kyiv, Novgorod, Rostov-Suzdal and Chernigov lands. Supplementation of “Russian Pravda” with “Pravda Yaroslavichs”.

Svyatoslav

II 1073 –1076gg.

Vsevolod

1078 – 1093

1079 - speech of the Tmutarakan prince Roman Svyatoslavich against Vsevolod Yaroslavich.

SvyatopolkIIIzyaslavich

1093 – 1113

1093 - the devastation of Southern Rus' by the Polovtsians.

1097 - Congress of Russian princes in Lyubich.

1103 - defeat of the Polovtsians by Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh.

1113 – the death of Svyatopolk II, the uprising of townspeople, smerds and purchases in Kyiv.

Vladimir Monomakh

1113 – 1125

1113 – addition of “Russkaya Pravda” to the “Charter” of Prince Vladimir Monomakh on “purchases” /debtors/ and “cuts” /interest/.

1113 –1117 - writing “The Tale of Bygone Years.”

1116 - the campaign of Vladimir Monomakh with the sons of the Polovtsians.

Mstislav the Great

1125 – 1132

1127 – 1130 - Mstislav’s struggle with the Polotsk appanage princes. Their exile to Byzantium.

1131 – 1132 – successful campaigns in Lithuania.

Strife in Rus'.

Moscow princes.

Daniil Alexandrovich 1276 – 1303

Yuri Danilovich 1303 –1325

Ivan Kalita 1325 – 1340

Semyon the Proud 1340 – 1355553

IvanIIRed 1353–1359

Dmitry Donskoy1359 –1389

BasilI1389 – 1425

BasilIIDark 1425 – 1462

IvanIII1462 – 1505

BasilIII1505 – 1533

IvanIVGrozny 1533 – 1584

Fyodor Ivanovich 1584 – 1598

The end of the Rurik dynasty.

Time of Troubles.

1598 – 1613

Boris Godunov 1598 – 1605

False DmitryI1605 – 1606

Vasily Shuisky 1606 – 1610

“Seven Boyars” 1610 – 1613.

Romanov dynasty.

1613 –1917

The Rurikovichs are a princely, royal and later royal family in Ancient Rus', descended from the descendants of Rurik, which over time split into many branches.

The Rurik family tree is very extensive. Most of the representatives of the Rurik dynasty were rulers, as well as the Russian principalities that were formed after. Some of the representatives of the dynasty later belonged to the royal family of other states: the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Bulgarian Kingdom, the Georgian Kingdom, the Duchy of Austria, etc.

History of the Rurik dynasty

According to the chronicles, in 862 several tribes (Ilmen Slovenes, Chud, Krivich) called three Varangian brothers Rurik, Truvor and Sineus to reign in Novgorod. This event was called the “calling of the Varangians.” According to historians, the calling occurred due to the fact that the tribes living on the territory of future Rus' were constantly overwhelmed and they could not decide who should rule. And only with the arrival of the three brothers, civil strife ceased, the Russian lands began to gradually unite, and the tribes became a small semblance of a state.

Before the calling of the Varangians, numerous scattered tribes lived on Russian lands that did not have their own state and governance system. With the arrival of the brothers, the tribes began to unite under the rule of Rurik, who brought his entire family with him. It was Rurik who became the founder of the future princely dynasty, which was destined to rule in Rus' for many centuries.

Although the first representative of the dynasty is Rurik himself, very often in the chronicles the Rurik family is traced back to Prince Igor, the son of Rurik, since it was Igor who was not a conscript, but the first truly Russian prince. Disputes about the origin of Rurik himself and the etymology of his name are still ongoing.

The Rurik dynasty ruled the Russian state for more than 700 years.

The reign of the Rurik dynasty in Rus'

The first princes from the Rurikovich family (Igor Rurikovich, Oleg Rurikovich, Princess Olga, Svyatoslav Rurikovich) began the process of forming a centralized state on Russian lands.

In 882, under Prince Oleg, Kyiv became the capital of a new state - Kievan Rus.

In 944, during the reign of Prince Igor, Rus' for the first time concluded a peace treaty with Byzantium, stopped military campaigns and was given the opportunity to develop.

In 945, Princess Olga for the first time introduced a fixed amount of quitrent - tribute, which marked the beginning of the formation of the state tax system. In 947, the Novgorod lands underwent administrative-territorial division.

In 969, Prince Svyatoslav introduced a system of governorship, which helped the development of local self-government. In 963, Kievan Rus was able to subjugate a number of significant territories of the Tmutarakan principality - the state expanded.

The formed state came to a feudal system of government during the reign of the Yaroslavichs and Vladimir Monomakh (second half of the 11th - first half of the 12th century). Numerous internecine wars led to the weakening of the power of Kyiv and the Kyiv prince, to the strengthening of local principalities and a significant division of territories within one state. Feudalism lasted quite a long time and seriously weakened Rus'.

Starting from the second half of the 12th century. and until the middle of the 13th century. the following representatives of the Rurikovich ruled in Rus': Yuri Dolgoruky, Vsevolod the Big Nest. During this period, although princely feuds continued, trade began to develop, individual principalities grew greatly economically, and Christianity developed.

From the second half of the 13th century. and until the end of the 14th century. Rus' found itself under the yoke of the Tatar-Mongol yoke (the beginning of the Golden Horde period). The ruling princes more than once tried to throw off the oppression of the Tatar-Mongols, but they failed, and Rus' gradually declined due to constant raids and devastation. Only in 1380 was it possible to defeat the Tatar-Mongol army during the Battle of Kulikovo, which was the beginning of the process of liberation of Rus' from the oppression of the invaders.

After the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar oppression, the state began to recover. During the reign of Ivan Kalita, the capital was moved to Moscow, under Dmitry Donskoy it was built, and the state actively developed. Vasily the 2nd finally united the lands around Moscow and established the practically inviolable and sole power of the Moscow prince over all Russian lands.

The last representatives of the Rurikovich family also did a lot for the development of the state. During the reign of Ivan the 3rd, Vasily the 3rd and Ivan the Terrible, the formation began with a completely different way of life and a political and administrative system similar to an estate-representative monarchy. However, the Rurik dynasty was interrupted by Ivan the Terrible, and soon it came to Rus' - it was unknown who would take the post of ruler.

The end of the Rurik dynasty

Ivan the Terrible had two sons - Dmitry and Fyodor, but Dmitry was killed, and Fyodor was never able to have children, so after his death he began to rule in Rus'. During the same period, it began to gain strength and political authority, whose representatives became related to the royal Rurik family and soon ascended the throne. They ruled for several centuries.