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"Dwellings of the Nations of the World"

(66 “residential real estate objects” selected by us from “abylaisha” to “yaranga”)

Wall newspapers of the charitable educational project “Briefly and clearly about the most interesting things” (site site) are intended for schoolchildren, parents and teachers of St. Petersburg. They are delivered free of charge to most educational institutions, as well as to a number of hospitals, orphanages and other institutions in the city. The project's publications do not contain any advertising (only founders' logos), are politically and religiously neutral, written in easy language, and well illustrated. They are intended as informational “inhibition” of students, awakening cognitive activity and the desire to read. Authors and publishers, without pretending to provide academic completeness of the material, publish interesting facts, illustrations, interviews with famous figures of science and culture and thereby hope to increase the interest of schoolchildren in the educational process.

Dear friends! Our regular readers have noticed that this is not the first time we have presented an issue in one way or another related to the topic of real estate. We recently discussed the very first residential structures of the Stone Age, and also took a closer look at the “real estate” of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons (issue). We talked about the dwellings of the peoples who have long lived on the lands from Lake Onega to the shores of the Gulf of Finland (and these are the Vepsians, Vodians, Izhorians, Ingrian Finns, Tikhvin Karelians and Russians) in the series “Indigenous Peoples of the Leningrad Region” (, and issues). We looked at the most incredible and unique modern buildings in this issue. We have also written more than once about holidays related to the topic: Realtor Day in Russia (February 8); Builder's Day in Russia (second Sunday in August); World Architecture Day and World Housing Day (first Monday in October). This wall newspaper is a short “wall encyclopedia” of traditional dwellings of peoples from all over the world. The 66 “residential real estate objects” we selected are arranged alphabetically: from “abylaisha” to “yaranga”.

Abylaisha

Abylaisha is a camping yurt among the Kazakhs. Its frame consists of many poles, which are attached from above to a wooden ring - the chimney. The entire structure is covered with felt. In the past, similar dwellings were used in the military campaigns of the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name.

Ail

Ail (“wooden yurt”) is the traditional dwelling of the Telengits, the people of Southern Altai. A log hexagonal structure with an earthen floor and a high roof covered with birch bark or larch bark. There is a fireplace in the middle of the earthen floor.

Arish

Arish is the summer home of the Arab population of the Persian Gulf coast, woven from the stems of palm leaves. A kind of fabric pipe is installed on the roof, which in extremely hot climates provides ventilation in the house.

Balagan

Balagan is the winter home of the Yakuts. Sloping walls made of thin poles coated with clay were strengthened on a log frame. The low, sloping roof was covered with bark and earth. Pieces of ice were inserted into small windows. The entrance is oriented to the east and covered with a canopy. On the western side, a cattle shed was attached to the booth.

Barasti

Barasti is a common name in the Arabian Peninsula for huts woven from date palm leaves. At night, the leaves absorb excess moisture, and during the day they gradually dry out, moistening the hot air.

Barabora

Barabora is a spacious semi-dugout of the Aleuts, the indigenous population of the Aleutian Islands. The frame was made from whale bones and driftwood washed ashore. The roof was insulated with grass, turf and skins. A hole was left in the roof for entry and lighting, from where they descended inside along a log with steps cut into it. Drums were built on hills near the coast to make it convenient to observe sea animals and the approach of enemies.

Bordey

Bordei is a traditional half-dugout in Romania and Moldova, covered with a thick layer of straw or reeds. Such a dwelling saved from significant temperature changes during the day, as well as from strong winds. There was a fireplace on the clay floor, but the stove was heated black: the smoke came out through a small door. This is one of the oldest types of housing in this part of Europe.

Bahareke

Bajareque is a Guatemalan Indian hut. The walls are made of poles and branches coated with clay. The roof is made of dry grass or straw, the floor is made of compacted soil. Bajareques are resistant to the strong earthquakes that occur in Central America.

Burama

Burama is the temporary home of the Bashkirs. The walls were made of logs and branches and had no windows. The gable roof was covered with bark. The earthen floor was covered with grass, branches and leaves. Inside, bunks were built from planks and a fireplace with a wide chimney.

Valkaran

Valkaran (“house of whale jaws” in Chukchi) is a dwelling among the peoples of the Bering Sea coast (Eskimos, Aleuts and Chukchi). A semi-dugout with a frame made of large whale bones, covered with earth and turf. It had two entrances: the summer one - through a hole in the roof, the winter one - through a long semi-underground corridor.

Vardo

Vardo is a gypsy tent, a real one-room house on wheels. It has a door and windows, a stove for cooking and heating, a bed, and drawers for things. At the back, under the folding side, there is a drawer for storing kitchen utensils. Below, between the wheels, there is luggage, removable steps and even a chicken coop! The entire cart is light enough that it could be pulled by one horse. Vardo was decorated with skillful carvings and painted with bright colors. Vardo flourished at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

Vezha

Vezha is an ancient winter home of the Sami, the indigenous Finno-Ugric people of Northern Europe. The vezha was made from logs in the shape of a pyramid with a smoke hole at the top. The frame of the vezha was covered with reindeer skins, and bark, brushwood and turf were laid on top and pressed down with birch poles for strength. A stone hearth was installed in the center of the dwelling. The floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they placed a “nili” - a shed on poles. By the beginning of the 20th century, many Sami living in Russia were already building huts for themselves and calling them with the Russian word “house”.

Wigwam

Wigwam is the common name for the dwelling of the forest Indians of North America. Most often it is a dome-shaped hut with a hole for smoke to escape. The frame of the wigwam was made of curved thin trunks and covered with bark, reed mats, skins or pieces of fabric. From the outside, the covering was additionally pressed with poles. Wigwams can be either round in plan or elongated and have several smoke holes (such structures are called “long houses”). Wigwams are often mistakenly called the cone-shaped dwellings of the Indians of the Great Plains - “teepees” (remember, for example, the “folk art” of Sharik from the cartoon “Winter in Prostokvashino”).

Wikieap

Wikiap is the home of the Apaches and some other Indian tribes of the Southwestern United States and California. A small, rough hut covered with branches, brush, straw or mats, often with additional pieces of cloth and blankets thrown over the top. A type of wigwam.

Turf House

The turf house has been a traditional building in Iceland since the days of the Vikings. Its design was determined by the harsh climate and the shortage of wood. Large flat stones were laid out on the site of the future house. A wooden frame was placed on them, which was covered with turf in several layers. They lived in one half of such a house, and kept livestock in the other.

Diaolou

Diaolou is a fortified multi-story building in Guangdong Province in southern China. The first diaolou were built during the Ming Dynasty, when gangs of robbers operated in Southern China. In later and relatively safe times, such fortified houses were built simply by following tradition.

Dugout

The dugout is one of the oldest and most widespread types of insulated housing. In a number of countries, peasants lived primarily in dugouts until the late Middle Ages. A hole dug in the ground was covered with poles or logs, which were covered with earth. There was a fireplace inside and bunks along the walls.

Igloo

An igloo is a domed Eskimo hut built from blocks of dense snow. The floor and sometimes the walls were covered with skins. To enter, they dug a tunnel in the snow. If the snow is shallow, the entrance was made in the wall, to which an additional corridor of snow blocks was built. Light enters the room directly through the snowy walls, although windows were also made covered with seal guts or ice floes. Often several igloos were connected to each other by long snowy corridors.

Izba

Izba is a log house in the forest zone of Russia. Until the 10th century, the hut looked like a half-dugout, built with several rows of logs. There was no door; the entrance was covered with logs and a canopy. In the depths of the hut there was a hearth made of stones. The hut was heated in black. People slept on mats on an earthen floor in the same room as the livestock. Over the centuries, the hut acquired a stove, a hole in the roof for smoke to escape, and then a chimney. Holes appeared in the walls - windows that were covered with mica plates or a bull's bladder. Over time, they began to partition the hut into two parts: the upper room and the entryway. This is how the “five-walled” hut appeared.

North Russian hut

The hut in the Russian North was built on two floors. The upper floor is residential, the lower (“basement”) is utility. Servants, children, and yard workers lived in the basement; there were also rooms for livestock and storage of supplies. The basement was built with blank walls, without windows or doors. An external staircase led directly to the second floor. This saved us from being covered with snow: in the North there are snowdrifts several meters deep! A covered courtyard was attached to such a hut. Long cold winters forced residential and outbuildings to be combined into a single whole.

Ikukwane

Ikukwane is a large domed reed house of the Zulus (South Africa). They built it from long thin twigs, tall grass, and reeds. All this was intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance to the hut was closed with a special shield. Travelers believe that Ikukwane fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape.

Kabáña

Cabáña is a small hut of the indigenous population of Ecuador (a state in northwestern South America). Its frame is woven from wicker, partially coated with clay and covered with straw. This name was also given to gazebos for recreation and technical needs, installed at resorts near beaches and pools.

Kava

Kava is a gable hut of the Orochi, an indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Far East). The roof and side walls were covered with spruce bark, and the smoke hole was covered with a special tire in bad weather. The entrance to the home always faced the river. The place for the hearth was covered with pebbles and fenced with wooden blocks, which were coated with clay from the inside. Wooden bunks were built along the walls.

Let's say

Kazhim is a large Eskimo communal house, designed for several dozen people and a long service life. At the site chosen for the house, they dug a rectangular hole, in the corners of which tall, thick logs were placed (the Eskimos do not have local wood, so they used trees thrown ashore by the surf). Next, walls and a roof were erected in the form of a pyramid - from logs or whale bones. A frame covered with a transparent bubble was inserted into the hole left in the middle. The entire structure was covered with earth. The roof was supported by pillars, as were the benches-beds installed along the walls in several tiers. The floor was covered with boards and mats. A narrow underground corridor was dug for the entrance.

Kazhun

Kazhun is a stone structure traditional for Istria (a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, in the northern part of Croatia). The cajun is cylindrical in shape with a conical roof. No windows. The construction was carried out using the dry masonry method (without the use of a binding solution). Initially it served as a dwelling, but later began to play the role of an outbuilding.

Karamo

Karamo is a dugout of the Selkups, hunters and fishermen of the north of Western Siberia. They dug a hole near the steep bank of the river, placed four pillars in the corners and made log walls. The roof, also made of logs, was covered with earth. They dug an entrance from the water side and disguised it with coastal vegetation. To prevent the dugout from flooding, the floor was gradually raised from the entrance. It was possible to get into the dwelling only by boat, and the boat was also dragged inside. Because of such unique houses, the Selkups were called “earth people.”

Klochan

A clochan is a domed stone hut common in the southwest of Ireland. Very thick, up to one and a half meters, walls were laid out “dry”, without a binder mortar. Narrow slits-windows, an entrance and a chimney were left. Such simple huts were built for themselves by monks leading an ascetic lifestyle, so you can’t expect much comfort inside.

Kolyba

Kolyba is a summer home for shepherds and lumberjacks, common in the mountainous regions of the Carpathians. This is a log house without windows with a gable roof covered with shingles (flat chips). Along the walls there are wooden beds and shelves for things, the floor is earthen. There is a fireplace in the middle, the smoke comes out through a hole in the roof.

Konak

Konak is a two- or three-story stone house found in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Romania. The structure, which resembles the letter “L” in plan, is covered by a massive tiled roof, creating deep shadow. Each bedroom has a covered overhanging balcony and steam room. A large number of different rooms satisfy all the needs of the owners, so there is no need for buildings in the yard.

Kuvaxa

Kuvaksa is a portable dwelling for the Sami during the spring-summer migrations. It has a cone-shaped frame of several poles connected at the tops, onto which a cover made of reindeer skins, birch bark or canvas was pulled. A fireplace was set up in the center. Kuwaxa is a type of chum and also resembles the tipi of the North American Indians, but is somewhat squat.

Kula

Kula is a fortified stone tower of two or three floors with thick walls and small loophole windows. Kula can be found in the mountainous regions of Albania. The tradition of building such fortified houses is very ancient and also exists in the Caucasus, Sardinia, Corsica and Ireland.

Kuren

Kuren (from the word “to smoke,” which means “to smoke”) is the home of the Cossacks, the “free troops” of the Russian kingdom in the lower reaches of the Dnieper, Don, Yaik, and Volga. The first Cossack settlements arose in plavny (river reed thickets). The houses stood on stilts, the walls were made of wicker, filled with earth and coated with clay, the roof was reed with a hole for smoke to escape. The features of these first Cossack dwellings can be traced in modern kurens.

Lepa-lepa

Lepa-lepa is the boat-house of the Badjao people of Southeast Asia. The Badjao, "sea gypsies" as they are called, spend their entire lives on boats in the Pacific Ocean's "Coral Triangle" - between Borneo, the Philippines and the Solomon Islands. In one part of the boat they cook food and store gear, and in the other they sleep. They go to land only to sell fish, buy rice, water and fishing gear, and also to bury the dead.

Mazanka

Mazanka is a practical rural house in the steppe and forest-steppe Ukraine. The mud hut got its name from an ancient construction technology: a frame made of branches, insulated with a reed layer, generously coated with clay mixed with straw. The walls were regularly whitewashed inside and out, which gave the house an elegant look. The four-slope thatched roof had large overhangs so that the walls would not get wet in the rain.

Minka

Minka is the traditional home of Japanese peasants, artisans and merchants. The minka was built from readily available materials: bamboo, clay, grass and straw. Instead of internal walls, sliding partitions or screens were used. This allowed the inhabitants of the house to change the layout of the rooms at their discretion. The roofs were made very high so that snow and rain would roll off immediately and the straw would not have time to get wet.

Odag

Odag is the wedding hut of the Shors, a people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia. Nine thin young birch trees with leaves were tied at the top and covered with birch bark. The groom lit a fire inside the hut using a flint. The young people stayed in the odag for three days, after which they moved to a permanent home.

Pallasso

Pallasso is a type of dwelling in Galicia (northwest of the Iberian Peninsula). A stone wall was laid out in a circle with a diameter of 10-20 meters, leaving openings for the front door and small windows. A cone-shaped straw roof was placed on top of a wooden frame. Sometimes large pallasos had two rooms: one for living, the other for livestock. Pallasos were used as housing in Galicia until the 1970s.

Palheiro

Palheiro is a traditional farmhouse in the village of Santana in the east of the island of Madeira. It is a small stone building with a sloping thatched roof all the way to the ground. The houses are painted white, red and blue. The first colonizers of the island began to build Paliera.

Cave

The cave is probably the most ancient natural shelter of man. In soft rocks (limestone, loess, tuff), people have long carved out artificial caves, where they built comfortable dwellings, sometimes entire cave cities. Thus, in the cave city of Eski-Kermen in Crimea (pictured), rooms carved into the rock have fireplaces, chimneys, “beds,” niches for dishes and other things, water containers, windows and doorways with traces of hinges.

Cook

The cookhouse is the summer home of the Kamchadals, the people of the Kamchatka Territory, Magadan Region and Chukotka. To protect themselves from changes in water level, housing (like a plague) was built on high stilts. Logs washed ashore by the sea were used. The hearth was placed on a pile of pebbles. The smoke came out of a hole in the middle of the sharp roof. Multi-tiered poles were made under the roof for drying fish. Cooks can still be seen on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Pueblo

Pueblo - ancient settlements of the Pueblo Indians, a group of Indian peoples of the Southwest of modern USA. An enclosed structure, built of sandstone or raw brick, in the form of a fortress. The living quarters were arranged on terraces of several floors, so that the roof of the lower floor was a courtyard for the upper one. They climbed to the upper floors using ladders through holes in the roofs. In some pueblos, for example, in Taos Pueblo (a settlement dating back thousands of years), Indians still live.

Pueblito

Pueblito is a small fortified house in the northwestern US state of New Mexico. 300 years ago they were allegedly built by the Navajo and Pueblo tribes, who defended themselves from the Spaniards, as well as from the Ute and Comanche tribes. The walls are made of boulders and cobblestones and held together with clay. The interior is also covered with clay coating. The ceilings are made of pine or juniper beams, on top of which rods are laid. Pueblitos were located on high places within sight of each other to allow long-distance communication.

Riga

Riga (“residential Riga”) is a log house of Estonian peasants with a high thatched or reed roof. In the central room, heated in black, they lived and dried hay. In the next room (it was called the “threshing floor”) grain was threshed and winnowed, tools and hay were stored, and livestock was kept in winter. There were also unheated rooms (“chambers”), which were used as storage rooms, and in warmer times as living quarters.

Rondavel

Rondavel is a round house of the Bantu peoples (southern Africa). The walls were made of stone. The cementing composition consisted of sand, earth and manure. The roof was made of poles made of branches, to which bundles of reeds were tied with grass ropes.

Saklya

Saklya is the home of the inhabitants of the mountainous areas of the Caucasus and Crimea. Usually this is a house made of stone, clay or raw brick with a flat roof and narrow windows similar to loopholes. If the sakli were located one below the other on the mountainside, the roof of the lower house could easily serve as a yard for the upper one. The frame beams were made to protrude to create cozy canopies. However, any small hut with a thatched roof can be called a sakley here.

Seneca

Senek is a “log yurt” of the Shors, a people of the south-eastern part of Western Siberia. The gable roof was covered with birch bark, which was secured on top with half-logs. The hearth was in the form of a clay pit opposite the front door. A wooden hook with a pot was suspended from a cross pole above the fireplace. The smoke was coming out of a hole in the roof.

Tipi

A tipi is a portable home for the nomadic Indians of the Great Plains of America. The tipi has a cone shape up to eight meters high. The frame is assembled from poles (pine - in the northern and central plains and juniper - in the southern). The tire is made from bison skins or canvas. A smoke hole is left on top. Two smoke valves regulate the draft of smoke from the hearth using special poles. In case of strong wind, the tipi is tied to a special peg with a belt. A teepee should not be confused with a wigwam.

Tokul

Tokul is a round thatched hut of the people of Sudan (East Africa). The load-bearing parts of the walls and conical roof are made from long mimosa trunks. Then hoops made of flexible branches are put on them and covered with straw.

Tulou

Tulou is a fortress house in the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong (China). The foundation was laid out of stones in a circle or square (which made it difficult for enemies to dig under during a siege) and the lower part of the wall, about two meters thick, was built. Higher up, the wall was built from a mixture of clay, sand and lime, which hardened in the sun. On the upper floors, narrow openings were left for loopholes. Inside the fortress there were living quarters, a well, and large containers for food. 500 people representing one clan could live in one tulou.

Trullo

Trullo is an original house with a conical roof in the Italian region of Puglia. The walls of the trullo are very thick, so it is cool there in hot weather, but not so cold in winter. The trullo was two-tiered; the second floor was reached via a ladder. Often a trullo had several cone roofs, under each of which there was a separate room.

Tueji

Tueji is the summer home of the Udege, Orochi and Nanai - the indigenous peoples of the Far East. A gable roof covered with birch bark or cedar bark was installed over the dug hole. The sides were covered with earth. Inside, the tueji is divided into three parts: female, male and central, in which the hearth was located. A platform of thin poles was installed above the hearth for drying and smoking fish and meat, and a cauldron was also hung for cooking.

Urasá

Urasa is the summer home of the Yakuts, a cone-shaped hut made of poles, covered with birch bark. Long poles placed in a circle were fastened on top with a wooden hoop. The inside of the frame was painted reddish-brown with a decoction of alder bark. The door was made in the form of a birch bark curtain decorated with folk patterns. For strength, the birch bark was boiled in water, then the top layer was scraped off with a knife and sewn into strips with a thin hair cord. Inside, bunks were built along the walls. There was a fireplace in the middle on the earthen floor.

Fale

Fale is a hut of the inhabitants of the island state of Samoa (South Pacific Ocean). A gable roof made from coconut palm leaves is mounted on wooden poles arranged in a circle or oval. A distinctive feature of the fale is the absence of walls. If necessary, the openings between the pillars are covered with mats. The wooden structural elements are tied together with ropes woven from threads of coconut husks.

Fanza

Fanza is a type of rural dwelling in Northeast China and the Russian Far East among indigenous peoples. A rectangular structure built on a frame of pillars supporting a gable thatched roof. The walls were made of straw mixed with clay. Fanza had an ingenious room heating system. A chimney ran from the clay hearth along the entire wall at floor level. The smoke, before exiting into a long chimney built outside the fanza, heated the wide bunks. Hot coals from the hearth were poured onto a special elevation and used to heat water and dry clothes.

Felij

Felij is a tent of Bedouins, Arab nomads. The frame of long poles intertwined with each other is covered with fabric woven from camel, goat or sheep wool. This fabric is so dense that it does not allow rain to pass through. During the day the awning is raised to ventilate the home, and at night or in strong winds it is lowered. The felij is divided into male and female halves by a curtain made of patterned fabric. Each half has its own hearth. The floor is covered with mats.

Hanok

Hanok is a traditional Korean house with mud walls and a thatched or tiled roof. Its peculiarity is the heating system: pipes are laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth is carried throughout the house. The ideal place for a hanok is considered to be this: behind the house there is a hill, and in front of the house there is a stream flowing.

Khata

Khata is a traditional home of Ukrainians, Belarusians, southern Russians and some Poles. The roof, unlike the Russian hut, was made of a hipped roof: straw or reed. The walls were erected from half-logs, coated with a mixture of clay, horse dung and straw, and whitewashed - both outside and inside. Shutters were certainly installed on the windows. Around the house there was a wall (a wide bench filled with clay), protecting the lower part of the wall from getting wet. The hut was divided into two parts: residential and utility, separated by a vestibule.

Hogan

Hogan is the ancient home of the Navajo Indians, one of the largest Indian peoples in North America. A frame of poles placed at an angle of 45° to the ground was intertwined with branches and thickly coated with clay. Often a “hallway” was added to this simple structure. The entrance was curtained with a blanket. After the first railroad passed through Navajo territory, the design of the hogan changed: the Indians found it very convenient to build their houses from sleepers.

Chum

Chum is the general name for a conical hut made of poles covered with birch bark, felt or reindeer skins. This form of housing is common throughout Siberia - from the Ural Range to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, among the Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Mongolian peoples.

Shabono

Shabono is the collective home of the Yanomamo Indians, lost in the Amazon rainforest on the border of Venezuela and Brazil. A large family (from 50 to 400 people) chooses a suitable clearing in the depths of the jungle and fences it off with pillars, to which a long roof made of leaves is attached. Inside this kind of hedge there remains open space for chores and rituals.

Shalash

Shalash is the general name for the simplest shelter from bad weather made from any available materials: sticks, branches, grass, etc. It was probably the first man-made shelter of ancient man. In any case, some animals, in particular great apes, create something similar.

Chalet

Chalet (“shepherd’s hut”) is a small rural house in the “Swiss style” in the Alps. One of the signs of a chalet is strongly protruding eaves overhangs. The walls are wooden, their lower part can be plastered or lined with stone.

Tent

A tent is the general name for a temporary light structure made of fabric, leather or skins, stretched on stakes and ropes. Since ancient times, tents have been used by eastern nomadic peoples. The tent (under different names) is often mentioned in the Bible.

Yurt

Yurt is the general name for a portable frame dwelling with a felt covering among Turkic and Mongolian nomads. A classic yurt can be easily assembled and disassembled by one family within a few hours. It is transported on a camel or horse, its felt covering protects well from temperature changes and does not allow rain or wind to pass through. Dwellings of this type are so ancient that they are recognized even in rock paintings. Yurts are still successfully used in a number of areas today.

Yaodong

Yaodong is a cave house of the Loess Plateau of the northern provinces of China. Loess is a soft, easy-to-work rock. Local residents discovered this long ago and from time immemorial have dug their homes right into the hillside. The inside of such a house is comfortable in any weather.

Yaranga

Yaranga is a portable dwelling of some peoples of northeastern Siberia: Chukchi, Koryaks, Evens, Yukaghirs. First, tripods made of poles are installed in a circle and secured with stones. The inclined poles of the side wall are tied to the tripods. The dome frame is attached to the top. The entire structure is covered with deer or walrus skins. Two or three poles are placed in the middle to support the ceiling. The yaranga is divided by canopies into several rooms. Sometimes a small “house” covered with skins is placed inside the yaranga.

We thank the Education Department of the Kirovsky District Administration of St. Petersburg and everyone who selflessly helps in distributing our wall newspapers. Our sincere gratitude to the wonderful photographers who kindly allowed us to use their photographs in this issue. These are Mikhail Krasikov, Evgeniy Golomolzin and Sergei Sharov. Many thanks to Lyudmila Semyonovna Grek for prompt consultations. Please send your feedback and suggestions to: pangea@mail..

Dear friends, thank you for being with us!

For every person, a home is not just a place of solitude and relaxation, but a real fortress that protects from bad weather and allows you to feel comfortable and confident. Any hardships and long journeys are always easier to endure when you know that there is a place in the world where you can hide and where you are expected and loved. People have always strived to make their home as strong and comfortable as possible, even in those times when it was extremely difficult to achieve this. Now the ancient traditional dwellings of this or that people seem dilapidated and unreliable, but at one time they faithfully served their owners, protecting their peace and leisure.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of the north are the tent, booth, yaranga and igloo. They still remain relevant today, as they meet all the requirements of the difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is perfectly adapted to nomadic conditions and is used by peoples who engage in reindeer herding. These include the Komi, Nenets, Khanty, and Enets. Contrary to popular belief, the Chukchi do not live in tents, but build yarangas.

The tent is a cone-shaped tent, which consists of high poles, covered with burlap in the summer, and with skins in the winter. The entrance to the home is also covered with burlap. The cone-shaped chum allows snow to slide over its surface and not accumulate on the structure, and, in addition, makes it more resistant to wind. In the center of the home there is a fireplace, which is used for heating and cooking. Due to the high temperature of the source, precipitation seeping through the top of the cone quickly evaporates. To prevent wind and snow from falling under the lower edge of the chum, snow is raked from the outside to its base. The temperature inside the tent ranges from +13 to +20°C.

The whole family, including children, is involved in installing the chum. Skins and mats are placed on the floor of the home, and pillows, feather beds and sheepskin sleeping bags are used for sleeping.

The Yakuts lived in it during the winter. The booth is a rectangular structure made of logs with a flat roof. It was quite easy and quick to build. To do this, they took several main logs and placed them vertically, and then connected them with many smaller diameter logs. What was unusual for Russian dwellings was that the logs were placed vertically, slightly inclined. After installation, the walls were covered with clay, and the roof was covered first with bark and then with earth. This was done in order to insulate the home as much as possible. The floor inside the booth was trampled sand; even in severe frosts, its temperature did not drop below -5°C.

The walls of the booth consisted of a large number of windows, which were covered with ice before severe cold, and in the summer with calf afterbirth or mica.

To the right of the entrance to the dwelling there was a fireplace, which was a pipe coated with clay and going out through the roof. The owners of the house slept on bunks located to the right (for men) and to the left (for women) of the hearth.

This snow shelter was built by the Eskimos. They lived poorly and, unlike the Chukchi, they did not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged home.

The igloo was a structure made from ice blocks. It was dome-shaped and about 3 meters in diameter. In the case when the snow was shallow, the door and corridor were attached directly to the wall, and if the snow was deep, then the entrance was located in the floor and a small corridor led out from it.

When building an igloo, a prerequisite was that the entrance be below floor level. This was done in order to improve the flow of oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. In addition, this location of the entrance allowed maximum heat retention.

Light entered the home through ice blocks, and heat was provided by fat bowls. An interesting point was that the walls of the igloo did not melt from the heat, but simply melted, which helped maintain a comfortable temperature inside the home. Even in the forty-degree frost, the temperature in the igloo was +20°C. The ice blocks also absorbed excess moisture, allowing the room to remain dry.

Nomad dwellings

The yurt has always been the dwelling of nomads. Now it continues to be a traditional home in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Altai. A yurt is a round-shaped dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on wooden poles arranged in the form of gratings. In the upper part of the dome there is a special hole for the exit of smoke from the fireplace.

Things inside the yurt are located along the edges, and in the center there is a fireplace, stones for which are always carried with you. The floor is usually covered with skins or boards.

This home is very mobile. It can be assembled in 2 hours and disassembled just as quickly. Thanks to the felt that covers its walls, heat is retained inside, and heat or extreme cold practically does not change the indoor climate. The round shape of this structure gives it stability, which is necessary in strong steppe winds.

Dwellings of the peoples of Russia

This building is one of the oldest insulated dwellings of the peoples of Russia.

The wall and floor of the dugout consisted of a square hole dug in the ground at a depth of 1.5 meters. The roof was made of planks and covered with a thick layer of straw and earth. The walls were also reinforced with logs and covered with earth on the outside, and the floor was covered with clay.

The disadvantage of such housing was that smoke from the fireplace could only escape through the door, and the proximity of groundwater made the room very damp. However, the dugout had significantly more advantages. These include:

Safety. The dugout is not afraid of hurricanes and fires.
Constant temperature. It is preserved both in severe frosts and in hot weather.
Does not allow loud sounds and noise to pass through.
Virtually no repair required.
A dugout can be built even on uneven terrain.

The traditional Russian hut was built from logs, and the main tool was an ax. With its help, a small depression was made at the end of each log, into which the next log was secured. Thus, the walls were gradually built. The roof was usually made with a gable roof, which saved material. To keep the hut warm, forest moss was placed between the logs. When the house settled, it became dense and covered all the cracks. In those days there was no foundation and the first logs were placed on compacted ground.

The roof was covered with straw on top, as it served as a good means of protection from snow and rain. The outside walls were coated with clay mixed with straw and cow dung. This was done for the purpose of insulation. The main role in maintaining heat in the hut was played by the stove, the smoke from which came out through the window, and from the beginning of the 17th century - through the chimney.

Dwellings of the European part of our continent

The most famous and historically valuable dwellings in the European part of our continent are: hut, hut, trullo, rondavel, palasso. Many of them still exist.

It is an ancient traditional dwelling of Ukraine. The hut, unlike the hut, was intended for areas with a milder and warmer climate, and the peculiarities of its structure were explained by the small area of ​​forests.

The mud hut was built on a wooden frame, and the walls consisted of thin tree branches, which were coated with white clay outside and inside. The roof was usually made of straw or reeds. The floor was earthen or plank. To insulate the home, its walls were coated from the inside with clay mixed with reeds and straw. Despite the fact that the huts had no foundation and were poorly protected from moisture, they could last up to 100 years.

This stone structure is the traditional home of the inhabitants of the Caucasus. The very first saklas were one-room ones with an earthen floor and had no windows. The roof was flat and there was a hole in it for the smoke to escape. In mountainous areas, sakli adjoin each other in the form of terraces. At the same time, the roof of one home is the floor of another. This construction was not only due to convenience, but also served as additional protection from enemies.

This type of dwelling is common in the southern and central regions of the Italian region of Puglia. Trullo is distinguished by the fact that it was created using dry masonry technology, that is, stones were laid on top of each other without the use of cement or clay. This was done so that by removing one stone, the entire house could be destroyed. The fact is that in this area of ​​​​Italy it was prohibited to build houses, so if an official came to check, the trullo was quickly destroyed.

The walls of the house were made very thick so that they protected from extreme heat and saved from the cold. Trullos were most often one-room and had two windows. The roof had a cone shape. Sometimes, boards were placed on the beams located at the base of the roof, and thus a second floor was formed.

This is a common dwelling in Spanish Galicia (northwestern Iberian Peninsula). Pallasso was built in the mountainous part of Spain, so the main building material was stone. The dwellings were round in shape with a cone-shaped roof. The roof frame was made of wood, and the top was covered with straw and reeds. There were no windows in the pallaso, and the exit was located on the east side.

Due to the peculiarities of its structure, the pallaso protected from cool winters and rainy summers.

Indian Dwellings

This is the home of the Indians of the north and northeast of North America. Currently, wigwams are used for various rituals. This dwelling is dome-shaped and consists of flexible, curved trunks held together by elm bark and covered with mats, corn leaves, bark or hides. At the top of the wigwam there is a hole for the smoke to escape. The entrance to the home is usually covered with a curtain. Inside there was a fireplace and places for sleeping and resting; food was prepared outside the wigwam.

Among the Indians, this dwelling was associated with the Great Spirit and personified the world, and the person who came out of it into the light left behind everything unclean. The chimney was believed to help establish a connection with the heavens and provide an entry point for spiritual power.

The Great Plains Indians lived in teepees. The dwelling has the shape of a cone and reaches a height of 8 meters. Its frame was made of poles made of pine or juniper. They were covered with bison or deer skin on top and reinforced with pegs at the bottom. Inside the dwelling, a special belt went down from the junction of the poles, which was attached to the ground with a peg and protected the tipi from destruction in strong winds. In the center of the dwelling there was a fireplace, and along the edges there were places for rest and utensils.

The tipi combined all the qualities that were necessary for the Indians of the Great Plains. This dwelling was quickly disassembled and assembled, easily transported, and protected from rain and wind.

Ancient dwellings of other nations

This is the traditional home of the peoples of southern Africa. It has a round base and a cone-shaped roof; the walls consist of stones held together with sand and manure. The inside is coated with clay. Such walls perfectly protect their owners from extreme heat and bad weather. The base of the roof is made up of round beams or poles made of branches. It is covered with reeds on top.

Minka

The traditional dwelling in Japan is the minka. The main material and frame of the house is made of wood and filled with woven branches, reeds, bamboo, grass, and coated with clay. Inside, the main part of a Japanese house is one large room, divided into zones by movable partitions or screens. There is almost no furniture in a Japanese house.

The traditional home of different peoples is the heritage of their ancestors, which shares experiences, preserves history and reminds people of their roots. There is much in them worthy of admiration and reverence. Knowing their characteristics and fate, one can understand how difficult it was for a person to build a durable home and protect it from bad weather, and how invariably age-old wisdom and natural intuition helped him in this.

Subject: "Interior of a peasant house"

Target:

Educational:

 introduce the concept of interior and features in peasant

Dwelling,

 contribute to the formation of concepts: spiritual and material.

Developmental:

1. Teach observation and perception of what is seen,
2. To promote the development of an understanding of wooden architecture and the interior of a peasant hut,
3. Develop an interest in learning about beauty,

Educating:

1. Cultivate a love of beautymemory of ancestors, to the world of beauty.

Type: lesson – research and study of new educational material.

Methods: verbal, visual, partly problem-based and search: explanation with practical reinforcement (working with historical sources and museum exhibits)

Shapes: individual, frontal, group, independent.
Integration: fine arts and local history.

Equipment: ICT, presentation; visual demonstration material: household items,museum exhibits, table of symbols in folk ornaments; musical series: Russian folk songs.

During the classes:

1. Org moment.

1. Updating basic knowledge.

? By what principles was the appearance of a peasant hut decorated?

Why did people decorate their homes?

What do you know about the Siberian peasant hut, what can you tell us?

Forest selection : Mostly pine trees were used to build housing, but they tried to build the bottom row of logs and foundation posts from larch. Only smooth, resinous trees that grew in the depths of the forest were suitable for felling. The material had to be prepared in advance - in late autumn or winter, during the full moon.

Housing construction time and site selection: You can’t locate a house at a crossroads - “it won’t be okay with the family, there won’t be any cattle in the yard.” Only those places that were well lit, at some elevations, were considered suitable. We clarified the choice of place at night or early in the morning (at 5 am). We walked barefoot in just a shirt, without outer clothing, to feel the cold and warm places. If it was cold, they dug a well; if it was warm, they built a house. They built the house in early spring, as soon as the snow had melted.

? What customs were used?

Customs. When the house was laid, a priest was invited to consecrate the construction. They also used customs: in the bottom row of logs, grain was placed at one corner so that the owner would have bread, under the other - wool and rags, so that there would be livestock and clothing. Silver coins were placed under the matitsa - the main ceiling beam - for the wealth of the owner. They did not start construction on Sunday and Monday, on church holidays.

? Do you know any signs?

Moving to a new home: Moving to a new house was accompanied by many signs. Saturday was considered a good day to move. The dough was prepared in the old house, and the bread was baked in the new house. They transferred the ash from the corner (a place near the Russian stove) of the old stove to the corner of the new one. Friends and relatives were invited to the housewarming party. The celebrating procession set off from the old house to the new one. The owner walked ahead with bread and salt, the hostess with a broom and poker, and the honorable old woman carrying an icon. Other participants carried animals and household utensils. Guests were invited into the house, cattle were driven into the yard. The first to enter were the hostess and the owner, sometimes an old woman with an icon, or a small child, or a cat was allowed through the threshold.

Entering a new house was a whole ritual event in Ancient Rus'. The safety of the new home had to be tested: on the first night in the new house, the cat and cat were locked up (they are able to see and drive away evil spirits); on the second - a rooster and chicken; on the third - a pig; on the fourth - a sheep; on the fifth - a cow; on the sixth - a horse. And only on the seventh night did a person decide to enter the house and spend the night - and then only if all the animals remained alive, cheerful and healthy the next morning. Otherwise, “at least re-arrange the hut,” or “there will be no life.”

When entering the house for the first time, the owner certainly took with him bread or dough in a kneading bowl. They had to drive out the remnants of evil from the house (if it was still lurking there) and, of course, provide the new settlers with a rich and well-fed life.

Then a ball of thread was thrown inside through the open door. Holding onto a thread, the head of the family himself crossed the threshold, and then by this thread he “dragged” other newcomers according to seniority. The meaning of the custom is this: people are going to explore a new, unknown, “different” world. And you can get to the “other world” - heavenly or underground - only through the World Tree. It is this, as scientists suggest, that is replaced by thread.

The entrance to a new house was accompanied by the ritual of moving the brownie from the old home to the new one. The brownie was respectfully invited to his new place of residence: “Brownie! Brownie! Come with me!" The brownie was carried with heat from the old oven on a bread shovel, with a pot of porridge, in an old bast shoe or felt boot. In the new house, a treat was already waiting for the “grandfather-in-law”: a loaf of bread with salt, a pot of porridge, a cup of water or a honey drink.

They tried to take Dolya with them from the old house to the new one. It was believed that not only a person has a Share, but also a hut. The transfer of the Share was expressed in the fact that some “symbols of habitability” were transported from the previous place to the new one: household statues of the Gods (in the Christian era - icons), hearth fire, household rubbish and even... a basket of manure from the barn.

1. Formation of new knowledge.(Presentation).

? What is a “hut”?

The word “izba” comes from the ancient “yzba”, “istba”, “izba”, “istoka”, “istopka” (these synonyms have been used in ancient Russian chronicles since ancient times). Initially, this was the name for the heated part of the house with the stove.

In the XI – XII centuries. the hut consisted of two rooms: a living room and a vestibule.

In the 16th – 17th centuries. - mainly of the three: “a hut and a cage and a canopy between them.”

Let's go up to the red carved porch. It seems to invite you to enter the house. On it, the owners of the house greet their dear guests with bread and salt, thus expressing hospitality and wishes for well-being. Passing through the entryway, you find yourself in the world of home life.

In a low room with a casement window

The lamp glows in the twilight of the night:

The weak light will completely freeze,

It will shower the walls with trembling light.

The new light is neatly tidied up:

The window curtains turn white in the darkness;

The floor is planed smooth; the ceiling is level;

The stove collapsed into a corner.

On the walls there are installations with grandfather’s goodness,

A narrow bench covered with a carpet,

Painted hoop with an extendable chair

And the bed is carved with a colored canopy.

L. May

The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with the aromas of dry herbs, spruce needles, and baked dough.

Everything here, except for the stove, is made of wood: the ceiling, smoothly hewn walls, benches attached to them, shelves - half-shelves stretching along the walls just below the ceiling, shelves, a dining table standing by the window, simple household utensils. Unpainted wood emits a soft, muted golden color. The peasant felt its natural beauty especially keenly.

The inner world of a peasant house was filled with symbols, and its small space reflected the principle of the structure of the world. The ceiling is the sky, the floor is the earth, the underground is the underworld, the windows are light.

Ceiling often decorated with symbols of the sun, walls - floral ornament.

A simple peasant house consisted of a large room, conventionally divided into two main centers - spiritual and material.

? What do you understand by the word material?

(Under material we understand the world of objects intended for our body, health, well-being).

In the peasant house the source of all this was bake - nurse, protector from the cold, healer from illness. It is no coincidence that the stove is a common character, often found in Russian fairy tales. No wonder they say: “The stove is beautiful - there are miracles in the house.”

? What fairy tales do you know that talk about the stove?

The stove takes care of the material needs of a person, so it personifies the material center of the house.

(textbook, p. 30)

Pay attention to the shape of the stove and its individual parts.

Well arranged in front of the mouth of the furnace pole - a wide thick board on which pots and cast iron are placed. Near the mouth of the stove there are iron grips at attention, which are used to place pots in the stove and take them out, as well as a wooden tub of water. And at the very bottom, a dark spot marked the entrance to oven where shovels for baking bread and pokers were stored. It, according to the peasant, was the dwelling of the brownie - the patron of the family.

The stove was covered with a wall on the side or a box was attached in the form of a cabinet with doors - cabbage roll . It was often painted with bright colors and birds and animals were depicted on it.

The Russian stove is an amazing invention. She doesn’t know what “professions” she knows.

The main one is to give people warmth. The stove occupied almost a quarter of the area of ​​the home; it was heated for several hours, but once warmed up, it kept the heat and warmed the room for a whole day.

In the old days, huts were heated in a black way - the stove did not have a chimney. Acrid smoke escaped through a hole in the roof or through windows in the ceiling. “If you can’t endure the smoky bitterness, you won’t see any heat,” they used to say in the old days. Although the walls and ceiling were covered with soot, we had to put up with it: a stove without a chimney was cheaper to build and required less firewood.

They cooked food in the oven: they baked bread and pies, cooked porridge, cabbage soup, beer, stewed meat and vegetables. In addition, mushrooms, berries, and fish were dried in the oven.

Bread was not baked in a Russian oven every day, but only once a week, because the peasant woman had no other option. In addition, it was believed that freshly baked bread was “heavy” and harmful to the stomach.

Old people slept on the stove, the warmest place in the hut, and children slept on the flooring attached to the side - the beds.

If the peasant did not have a bathhouse, he used a Russian stove as a steam room. After the firebox, the coals were removed from it, thoroughly swept and covered with straw. The lover of steaming climbed into the oven feet first and lay down on the straw. If it was necessary to add steam, they sprinkled water on the hot arch. True, we had to wash ourselves in the hallway.

Hence the unique design of the traditional Russian stove. In fact, it was a whole room with a high vault. Poor people washed themselves this way in the 19th century.

Babiy kut - women's corner

? Who usually does housework and prepares food in the house?

(woman)

Therefore, the part where the stove stood was calledfemale half.

The corner opposite the mouth of the stove was the kitchen and was called "woman's kut" ( kut - ancient name for the corner). Everything needed for cooking was located here: a poker, a grip, a broom, a wooden shovel, a mortar with a pestle and a hand mill.
Poker a woman was clearing ashes from the stove. With a grip sent pots of food into the heat. IN stupa crushed the grain, clearing it of husks, and with the help mills ground into flour. broom the housewife was sweeping the bottom of the stove, where shovel planted bread dough. In the woman's kutu, on the shelves there were simple peasant utensils: pots, ladles, cups, bowls, spoons.

Red corner

In the front corner of the hut there was a red corner. People also called him big and holy. This was the most honorable place - the spiritual center of the house. In the corner, on a special shelf, there were icons decorated with a woven embroidered towel, bunches of dry herbs, and a dining table stood nearby.

The red corner - a place of honor in the hut - was located diagonally from the stove. Here, on a special shelf, there were icons and a lamp was burning.

When a guest entered the hut, he first bowed to the images in the red corner. The most dear guests were seated in the red corner, and during the wedding - young people. On ordinary days, the head of the family sat at the dining table here.

Men's corner

A shop was set up from the door to the side wall - horseman , where men did household work. The vertical board often depicted a horse, hence the name. This place wasmale half.

Strengthened under the ceiling shopkeepers with utensils, and wooden floorings were arranged near the stove - pay, they slept on them.

Children's corner

For a newborn, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling of the hut. Rocking gently, she lulled the baby to the melodious song of a peasant woman.

Home interior decoration

A significant place in the hut was occupied by wooden

the weaving mill was a cross, the women weaved on it. Its individual parts were decorated with rosettes - signs of the sun, as well as images of horses

The main piece of furniture was the table. He stood in the red corner. Every day at lunchtime the whole peasant family gathered at the table. The table was of such a size that there was enough space for everyone.

The difference between a bench and a bench is quite fundamental: the bench was fixedly fixed along the wall of the hut, and the bench was equipped with legs and could be moved.

A place on a bench was considered more prestigious than on a bench; the guest could judge the attitude of the hosts towards him, depending on where he was seated - on a bench or on a bench.

The vertical board was often carved on top in the shape of a horse’s head - hence the name of the shop “konik”, on which men usually did household chores.

Peasants kept their clothes in chests. The greater the wealth in the family, the more chests there are in the hut. They were made of wood and lined with iron strips for strength. Often chests had ingenious mortise locks. If a girl grew up in a peasant family, then from an early age her dowry was collected in a separate chest.

The chest was used to store food or grain. It was most often placed in the entryway.

Along the floor were rainbow homespun rugs, or paths, which indeed, in their shape, resembled a road creeping along the ground.

A simple peasant hut, but how much wisdom and meaning it has absorbed!

The interior of the hut is as high art as anything created by the talented Russian people.

1. Consolidation of knowledge.

? Why did people decorate the objects around them?

? Why do people need beauty?

1. Practical work.

Draw a fragment of the interior of the hut with the main objects, using the proposed diagrams for depicting the internal space.

1. Analysis of works.

Evaluation for work.

1. Homework.

1 difficulty level.

Select illustrations on the topic “Household Items.”

Difficulty level 2.

Visit the grandparents of your village, collect interesting material about ancient household items and their use.

Municipal autonomous educational institution

“Secondary school with. Berdyuzhye"

Research project

« History of the Russian wooden hut »

Completed by: Nyashin Ivan

Head: Vereshchagina L.N.

S. Berdyuzhye, 2014

I. Abstract.________________________________________________ page 3

II. Work plan _____________________________________________________ page 4

III. Introduction________________________________________________page 5

Main part

IY. Theoretical chapter

2.1. History of the home_____________________________________________page 6

2.2. Construction of a Russian hut______________________________pp.7-10

Y. Practical chapter

3.1. Creation of a photo gallery of Russian wooden architecture. (In the application)

3.2. Making a model of a Russian hut _________________________ page 11

YI.Conclusion_______________________________________________page 11

YII. References______________________________________________page 12

YIII.Appendix___________________________________________pages 13-15

annotation

This work assumes the following target:

To achieve this goal, the following methods and techniques were used in the work:

- Verbal: search and processing of necessary information from literary sources and the Internet;

- Search: search on the streets of the village of Berdyuzhya for preserved wooden houses and newly built modern ones, created in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture; visiting tourist routes telling about the culture of the Russian people.

- Practical: development of step-by-step instructions for creating a layout of a Russian hut and creating your own layout

This work contains two main aspects of the study: theoretical and practical. The first side of the research work is to study the theoretical material on the research question, that is, when Russian wooden architecture arose, what rules were followed during construction, how folk wisdom manifested itself in the rules for the construction of a Russian hut.

The second side of the work is the practical part of this study. The application of the experience of ancestors in the 21st century was studied: the use of Russian wooden architecture in the construction of modern residential buildings, visiting tourist routes that recreate the life of a Russian village in the 19th century. Using the knowledge gained, a model of a Russian hut was created. Step-by-step instructions have been developed so that anyone can create their own model of a Russian hut.

Work plan:

Find, study and systematize information about Russian wooden architecture.

Find residential buildings on the streets of the village of Berdyuzhya that have survived from the 20th century and modern buildings created in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture.

Visit the tourist routes of your native land, introducing you to the origins of Russian culture.

Work on creating your own model of a Russian hut.

Develop instructions for creating a model of a Russian hut.

Introduction

Over the past two years, tourist routes telling about the history of my native land have become especially popular; I was able to go on excursions to the Yalutorovsky fortress and the Abalak tourist complex. The Yalutorovsky fort is a life-size settlement with a fort, and the Abalak tourist complex is a fairy tale made of wood brought to life. The impression was so vivid that I wanted to find out how wooden architecture developed in Rus' and what traditions of it were embodied in modern life.

Relevance:

The relevance of the topic under study is due to the fact that in recent years there has been a rethinking of the entire historical heritage, the growth of national self-awareness and the restoration of historical and cultural memory. New values ​​are created against the backdrop of existing old ones. Knowledge of the origins of national culture, morals, and customs of one’s people is necessary in order to understand and explain many aspects of the country’s history, in order to awaken interest in everyday history, and prompt reflection on the threads connecting the past and present. Look at yourself as direct descendants and heirs of peasant Russia.

Purpose of the study:

Get acquainted with the origins of Russian culture, feel that you belong to traditional culture using the example of the Russian Izba.

Tasks:

Study scientific literature from a research perspective;

Identify the traditions of building a Russian hut;

Establish which traditions of wooden architecture have been preserved in modern construction;

Make a model of a Russian hut using the knowledge gained during the research.

Subject of study:

History of the Russian wooden hut.

Hypothesis:

The construction of a Russian wooden hut revealed the wisdom and rich experience of the Russian people, which was continued in the modern construction of residential buildings.

Main part

Theoretical chapter

1.1. The wooden hut has long been the most common dwelling of the Russian peasant. Despite the fact that at present only huts no older than the 19th century remain, they have preserved all the traditions of construction and arrangement. The design of the hut is a square or rectangular log house. The walls consist of horizontal log crowns - rows connected at the corners by notches. The Russian hut is simple and laconic, and the picturesque symmetry of the buildings conveys true Russian comfort and hospitality. Wooden buildings have retained their relevance today. Many people prefer log dwellings due to the freshness and environmental friendliness of these buildings. Log (log) houses are a structure in which the walls are assembled from debarked logs (roundwood). Log houses are made from round timber of coniferous and deciduous species. For the construction of external walls, logs with a diameter of 22 to 30 cm are used. They are laid in horizontal rows and connected in the corners with notches. A system of walls made of logs connected to each other is called a log house. Each row of logs in a log house is a crown. The crowns are connected to each other in a groove and a ridge. The groove serves to connect the logs more closely to each other in height, which reduces the air permeability of the walls. To prevent rain and melt water from flowing in, a groove is selected at the bottom of the log. To eliminate air permeability and make the logs fit more tightly to each other in height, tow or dry moss is laid in the grooves. Today, almost everyone associates a hut with the word “village”. And it is right. Since previously buildings erected in a village, countryside, settlement, etc. were called huts, and dwellings of the same type built in the city were called “houses.”

The word “izba” (as well as its synonyms “yzba”, “istba”, “izba”, “istok”, “stompka”) has been used in Russian chronicles since ancient times. The connection of this term with the verbs “to drown”, “to heat” is obvious. In fact, it always designates a heated structure (as opposed to, for example, a cage). In addition, all three East Slavic peoples - Belarusians, Ukrainians, Russians - retained the term “heating” and again denoted a heated structure, be it a pantry for the winter storage of vegetables (Belarus, Pskov region, Northern Ukraine) or a tiny residential hut (Novogorodskaya , Vologda region), but certainly with a stove. The construction of a house for a peasant was a significant event. At the same time, it was important for him not only to solve a purely practical problem - to provide a roof over his head for himself and his family, but also to organize the living space so that it was filled with the blessings of life, warmth, love and peace. Such a dwelling could be built, according to the peasants, only by following the traditions of their ancestors; deviations from the behests of their fathers could be minimal.

2.1. When building a new house, great importance was attached to the choice of location. They chose a place closer to water and forest, so that it would be convenient for farming, hunting and fishing. It should be tall, light, dry. To check if the place was dry, they put the yarn, covered it with a frying pan, then checked, if the yarn was not wet, then the place was dry. And Selverst in the 17th century in his book “Healer” wrote: “... If you want to test where to put a hut or other mansions, take old oak bark and the bark with the same side that was facing the oak, put it in the place where you want to put hut, and don’t move it. And that bark will lie for three days, and on the fourth day you will lift it up and look under the bark, and if you find a spider or an ant under it, do not build a hut or other mansion here: that place is bad. And when you find a black goosebump under that bark, or what worms you find, and you build a hut here or any other mansions you want: that’s a good place.” A place where there used to be a road, a bathhouse, or a crooked tree was considered unsuitable for construction. A good place was also defined this way: they let a pet in, where it lies down, there is a good place. Having chosen a place, it was fenced off and plowed open. Wherever the house will be, they planted a birch tree, and in Siberia - cedar. I was wondering why they did this. And here's what I found out. It turns out that in every hut there lived a bright, friendly creature - the Brownie. When a tree was planted, it was moved to a new home.

Special requirements were also placed on the building material. Our ancestors believed that it was necessary to cut down trees in winter on the full moon because if they were cut down earlier, the logs would become damp and later crack, and it also seems to me that our ancestors were kind, because they believed that trees were dead in winter, which meant they don't hurt. Trees were cut down with an ax because it was believed that it covered the edges of the tree and it did not rot. They preferred to cut huts from pine, spruce, and larch. These trees with long, even trunks fit well into the frame, tightly adjacent to each other, retained internal heat well, and did not rot for a long time. However, the choice of trees in the forest was regulated by many rules, violation of which could lead to the transformation of the built house from a house for people into a house against people, bringing misfortune. Thus, it was forbidden to take “sacred” trees for felling - they could bring death into the house. The ban applied to all old trees. According to legend, they must die a natural death in the forest. It was impossible to use dry trees that were considered dead - they would cause dryness in the household. A great misfortune will happen if a “lush” tree gets into the log house, that is, a tree that grew at a crossroads or on the site of former forest roads. Such a tree can destroy the frame and crush the owners of the house. It was believed that if these rules were not followed, the house would bring misfortune.

The construction of the house was accompanied by many rituals. The beginning of construction was marked by the ritual of sacrificing a chicken, ram, horse or bull. It was carried out during the laying of the first crown of the hut. Money, wool, grain - symbols of wealth and family warmth, incense - a symbol of the holiness of the house were placed under the logs of the first crown, the window cushion, and the matitsa. The completion of construction was celebrated with a rich treat for all those involved in the work. The Slavs, like other peoples, “unfolded” a building under construction from the body of a creature sacrificed to the Gods. According to the ancients, without such a “model” the logs could never have formed into an orderly structure. The “construction sacrifice” seemed to impart its form to the hut, helping to create something rationally organized out of the primeval chaos. Archaeologists have excavated and studied in detail more than one thousand Slavic dwellings: at the base of some of them the skulls of these very animals were found. Horse skulls are especially often found. So the “skates” on the roofs of Russian huts are by no means “for beauty”. In the old days, a tail made of bast was also attached to the back of the horse, after which the hut was completely like a horse. The house itself was represented as a “body”, the four corners as four “legs”. Another favorite sacrificial animal when laying the foundation of a house was a rooster (chicken). Suffice it to recall “cockerels” as roof decorations, as well as the widespread belief that evil spirits should disappear at the crow of a rooster. They also placed a bull's skull at the base of the hut. And yet, the ancient belief that a house was built “at someone’s expense” persisted ineradicably. For this reason, they tried to leave at least something, even the edge of the roof, unfinished, deceiving fate. When laying the foundation of a house, it was also important to determine where the red corner would be, the most important point of the house; coins and barley grains were placed under it so that neither money nor bread would be transferred.

The house was built when all agricultural work ended. They built it quickly, in a week, the whole village helped. They didn’t pay for the work, but they fed us; it was impossible to refuse help later when someone else was building. The construction of a log house begins with cutting down the frame of the hut, its residential part. A square or rectangular log house is the basis of any peasant building. The logs harvested for construction determined its dimensions and proportions. The laying of the first so-called frame crown could already give an idea of ​​the future structure. For the simplest frame of a four-wall hut, the frame crown was usually knitted from four of the thickest resinous pine logs, connected at the corners. During the construction of a five-walled hut, the frame crown consisted of five logs. When cutting a log house, the outer walls and the internal main wall were simultaneously erected. The five-wall was approximately twice the size of the four-wall.

The old carpenters cut off the ends of each log with an ax so carefully that even with a saw, other craftsmen were not always able to obtain such a clean cross-section. In the old days, carpenters did not use a saw because a hut with chopped off ends was much stronger than one with sawn off ends. After all, the wood fibers chopped with an ax crumpled and blocked the access of moisture inside the log. The logs were placed tightly one on top of the other. A recess was made in the logs on the bottom side so that it would fit more tightly onto the bottom.
Initially (until the 13th century), the hut was a log structure, partially (up to a third) going into the ground. That is, a recess was dug and the hut itself was built above it in 3-4 rows of thick logs, which thus resembled a semi-dugout. There was initially no door; it was replaced by a small entrance hole, approximately 0.9 meters by 1 meter, covered by a pair of log halves tied together and a canopy. Sometimes the log house was erected directly on the site of the future house, sometimes it was first assembled on the side - in the forest, and then, after disassembling, it was transported to the construction site and folded “completely”. Scientists were told about this by notches - “numbers”, applied in order to the logs, starting from the bottom. The builders took care not to confuse them during transportation: a log house required careful adjustment of the crowns. To make the logs fit closer to each other, a longitudinal recess was made in one of them, into which the convex side of the other fit. Ancient craftsmen made a recess in the lower log and made sure that the logs were facing up with the side that was facing north in a living tree. On this side the annual layers are denser and smaller. And the grooves between the logs were caulked with swamp moss, which, by the way, has the property of killing bacteria, and were often coated with clay. But the custom of sheathing a log house with planks is historically relatively new for Russia. It was first depicted in miniatures of a 16th-century manuscript. The usual roof of Russian houses was made of wood, planks, shingles or shingles. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was customary to cover the top of the roof with birch bark to prevent moisture; this gave it a variegated look; and sometimes earth and turf were placed on the roof to protect against fire. The roof was made sloping on both sides. Rich peasants covered it with thin aspen boards, which were fastened one to another. The poor covered their houses with straw. The straw was piled on the roof in rows, starting from the bottom. Each row was tied to the base of the roof with bast. Then the straw was “combed” with a rake and watered with liquid clay for strength. The top of the roof was pressed down with a heavy log, the front end of which was shaped like a horse's head. This is where the name skate comes from. The shape of the roofs was pitched on two sides with gables on the other two sides. Sometimes all departments of the house, that is, the basement, middle tier and attic, were under one slope, but more often the attic, and in others the middle floors had their own special roofs. Rich people had intricately shaped roofs, for example, barrel roofs in the shape of barrels, and Japanese roofs in the shape of a cloak. Along the edges, the roof was bordered with slotted ridges, scars, railings, or railings with turned balusters. Sometimes, along the entire outskirts, towers were made - depressions with semicircular or heart-shaped lines. Such recesses were mainly made in towers or attics and were sometimes so small and frequent that they formed the edge of the roof, and sometimes so large that there were only two or three of them on each side, and windows were inserted in the middle of them. The huts have windows. True, they are still very far from modern ones, with bindings, windows and clear glass. Window glass appeared in Rus' in the 10th-11th centuries, but even later it was very expensive and was used mostly in princely palaces and churches. In simple huts, so-called drag (from “to drag” in the sense of pushing apart and sliding) windows were installed to allow smoke to pass through. Two adjacent logs were cut to the middle, and a rectangular frame with a wooden latch that ran horizontally was inserted into the hole. One could look out of such a window, but that was all. They were called that way - “enlighteners”... When necessary, skin was pulled over them; in general, these openings in the huts of the poor were small to preserve warmth, and when they were closed, it was almost dark in the hut in the middle of the day. In wealthy houses, windows were made large and small; the former were called red, the latter were oblong and narrow in shape.

Almost the entire façade of the peasant house was decorated with carvings. Carvings were made on shutters, window frames that appeared in the 17th century, and the edges of porch awnings. It was believed that images of animals, birds, and ornaments protected homes from evil spirits. If we enter a peasant's hut, we will definitely stumble. Why? It turns out that the door, hung on wrought iron hinges, had a low lintel at the top and a high threshold at the bottom. It was over him that the person entering stumbled. They took care of the warmth and tried not to let it out in this way.

Centuries passed, and the experience of building a peasant hut with its simple household utensils was passed on from generation to generation without changing. The new generation only gained more experience and skill in making products and building houses.

Practical chapter.

2.1. In the process of observations and excursions, a photo gallery of wooden architecture of the native land was created. Photos are presented on slides.

(Appendix 1, 2, 3, 4)

2.2. Making a layout of a Russian hut (Appendix 5)

To make a model of a Russian hut you will need white paper, scissors, glue, and a pencil for twisting tubes (logs).

Step 1. From twisted and glued tubes we build a log house - a building consisting of four walls with outlets - the ends of the logs protruding from the log house.

Step 2. Cut out the roof, windows, shutters, and glue them to the frame.

Step 3. We decorate the hut with openwork curtains, towels and towels.

The model of the Russian hut is ready.

Conclusion.

Thus, as a result of the work, the following conclusion can be drawn:

This work gave us the opportunity to get in touch with the history of our region, learn the Russian national traditions of wooden architecture, make sure that in the construction of the Russian hut the people use their many years of experience, and it is no coincidence that in recent years wooden architecture has acquired a new life. For a Russian person, a house is not just a residential building, it is both a homeland and a family, so our ancestors always paid great attention to the construction of a house and its arrangement. Studying the topic “History of the Russian wooden hut” gives us the opportunity to understand that the beauty of the Russian peasant hut lies in the feeling of the warmth of human hands, the love of a person for his home, which is passed on to us from generation to generation.

Interior in Russian style.

Hut, tower, estate -

interior of ancient Russian style in modern life.

The interior in the style of a Russian hut can be fully recreated only in a wooden house made of logs, cut from logs. The interior in the style of a mansion or manor is appropriate in any log house. In other cases, when we are talking about a brick house, for example, or an apartment in a multi-story building, we can only talk about stylization, about introducing some features inherent in a Russian hut or tower.

The center of the Russian hut has always been the stove, which was called the queen of the house. In the tradition of the ancient Russians, the stove was a kind of reflection of the universe as a triune world: heavenly, earthly and beyond the grave. They slept on the stove, they washed in it, and in addition, they considered it the abode of the brownie and a place of communication with their ancestors. She warmed and fed, and therefore was perceived as the center of the house. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the expression “dance from the stove.” The hut was zoned into a female half, a male half and a red corner. There was a woman in charge of the stove corner. In the women's corner there were shelves with various kitchen utensils and dishes. In their corner, the women gathered, sewed and did various types of handicrafts. Women's themes are generally quite widely represented in connection with the stove, and this is understandable: who fiddles around with it, bakes pies and cooks porridge! That's why they said: "a woman's road - from the stove to the threshold." And they laughed: “a woman flies from the stove, seventy-seven times she will change her mind” (out of fear).

The man spent more time in the men's corner, under the blankets.

The largest and most beautiful place in a peasant house, where they took food and welcomed guests, was the upper room. It was both a living room and a dining room, and sometimes a bedroom. In the upper room, diagonally from the stove, a red corner was arranged - the part of the house where the icons were installed.

There was usually a table near the red corner, and in the very corner on the shrine there were icons and a lamp. Wide benches near the table were, as a rule, stationary, built into the wall. They not only sat on them, but also slept on them. If additional space was needed, benches were added to the table. The dining table, by the way, was also stationary, made of adobe.

In general, the peasant life was modest, rough, but not without embellishment. Above the windows there were shelves on which beautiful dishes, boxes, etc. were placed in plain sight. The wooden beds had beautiful carved headboards, covered with patchwork blankets, on which there were piles of down pillows. In almost every peasant hut one could find chests for various purposes.

During the time of Peter the Great, new pieces of furniture appeared, which took their place in Russian huts, and even more so in towers. These are chairs, cabinets, which have partially replaced chests, piles for dishes and even armchairs.

In the towers, the furnishings were more varied, but in general the same principle was preserved: a large hearth, a red corner, the same chests, beds with many pillows, slides with dishes, shelves for displaying various decorative items. Flowers were placed on window sills in simple vases: wildflowers in the summer months and garden flowers in October. And, of course, there was a lot of wood in the towers: walls, floors, and furniture. Russian country style is wood, only wood and almost nothing but wood.

Creating the style of a Russian hut or Russian estate in the interior of your home.

To create the style of a Russian hut or a Russian estate in the interior of your home, you first need to decide on the style of the era... Will it be a stylization of an ancient Russian hut or a hut of the first half of the twentieth century? But some people prefer the colorful and elegant decor of Russian towers, almost like something out of a fairy tale or wooden manor houses of past centuries, which were sometimes described in the works of the classics, when features of other styles were introduced into typical village life: classicism, baroque, modernism. After choosing a certain direction, you can select suitable furniture, interior items, textiles and decor.

Basics. It is better to leave wooden walls unfinished. A solid board is suitable for the floor - matte, perhaps with an aged effect. There are dark beams under the ceiling. You can do without a stove, but a hearth is still necessary. Its role can be played by a fireplace, the portal of which is lined with tiles or stone.

Doors, windows. Plastic double-glazed windows would be completely inappropriate here. Windows with wooden frames should be complemented with carved frames and wooden shutters. Doors should also be wooden. As platbands for doorways, you can use boards that are uneven and deliberately roughly processed. In some places you can hang curtains instead of doors.

Furniture. Furniture, of course, is preferable to wood, not polished, but perhaps aged. Cabinets, cabinets and numerous shelves can be decorated with carvings. In the dining area you can arrange a red corner with a shrine, a massive, very heavy table and benches. The use of chairs is also possible, but they should be simple and good-quality.

The beds are high with carved headboards. Instead of bedside tables, you can put chests in the Russian style. Patchwork bedspreads and numerous pillows - stacked in stacks from largest to smallest - are perfect.

You can’t do without sofas in a modern interior, although, of course, there weren’t any in the huts. Choose a simple sofa with linen upholstery. The color of the upholstery is natural. Leather furniture will be out of style.

Textile. As already mentioned, you should give preference to bedspreads and pillowcases made using the patchwork technique. There can be quite a lot of textile products: napkins on cabinets and small tables, tablecloths, curtains, etc. All this can be decorated with embroidery and simple lace.

By the way, you can’t spoil the interior of a hut with embroidery - women in Rus' have always loved to do this needlework. Embroidered panels on the walls, curtains decorated with sewing, embroidered bags with herbs and spices hung on the kitchen beam - all this will be in place. The main colors of textiles in the Russian hut style are white, yellow and red.

Lighting. For an interior in the style of a Russian hut, choose lamps in the form of candles and lamps. Lamps with simple lampshades would also be appropriate. Although lampshades and sconces are more suitable for a house whose interior is stylized as a Russian estate.

Kitchen. It is impossible to live without household appliances in a modern hut, but a technical design can spoil the integrity of the picture. Fortunately, there is built-in equipment that helps with housework, but does not violate the harmony of the Russian style.

Solid furniture is suitable for the kitchen: a kitchen table with pull-out shelves and cabinets, open and closed buffets, a variety of hanging shelves. Furniture, of course, should not be polished or painted. Kitchen structures with facades finished with glossy enamel, PVC film, glass inserts, aluminum frames, etc. would be completely inappropriate.

In general, in an interior in the style of a Russian hut there should be as little glass and metal as possible, and plastic will be completely inappropriate. Choose furniture with simple wooden facades - they can be decorated with paintings in Russian folk style or carvings.

As kitchen decor, use a samovar, wicker baskets and boxes, onion braids, barrels, pottery, wooden products of Russian folk crafts, and embroidered napkins.

D interior decoration in the style of a Russian hut. Decorative linen textiles with embroidery, many wooden items. A wooden wheel, spinning wheel and fishing nets will fit perfectly if the house is located near a river, lake or sea. You can lay knitted round rugs and self-woven runners on the floor.

Creating the style of an old wooden manor

A simple peasant hut and a rich old estate have much in common: the predominance of wood in the interior, the presence of a huge stove (in the estate it is always lined with tiles), a red corner with icons and candles, and textiles made of linen and lace.

However, there were also numerous differences. The rich actively borrowed something new from foreign styles. These are, for example, bright upholstery of upholstered furniture, porcelain plates and clocks on the walls, elegant wooden furniture in English or French style, lampshades and sconces, paintings on the walls. In an interior in the style of a Russian mansion, stained glass windows will be very useful as interior windows, partitions or veranda glazing. In a word, everything here is quite simple, like in a hut, but there is a slight touch of luxury.

Russian style courtyard

The interior itself, the windows in it, and the space outside the window should be in harmony. To fence off the area, it is better to order a fence approximately 180 cm high, assembled from pointed logs.

How do they create a courtyard in the Russian style now? It is impossible to answer unequivocally, since in Rus' the courtyard was organized differently, depending on the area. However, designers have found common features that are recreated in landscape design. A path (often winding) is laid from the gate to the entrance to the house. It is often covered with a board. Along the edges of the path there is a flower border. In the old days, peasants used any free plot of land for garden beds, but they still tried to decorate the front yard with flower beds.

Nowadays they use lawn grasses for the backyard of the hut. This area is shaded by pine trees planted around the perimeter. However, currant or raspberry bushes will also be very much in the spirit of the Russian court. Elements of landscape design in the Russian style are various wooden objects: a gazebo, a wooden children's slide, a stationary table with benches, a Russian swing, etc. And, of course, all buildings in the yard must be made of wood.