What is musical literature?

What is literature? These are books written by writers. And not only writers. Literature includes, for example, folk tales recorded and processed by folk art collectors.

Our literature is musical. What are music books? These are notes. But few experienced musicians can read sheet music like a book. And the music that is written in these notes is listened to and loved by almost everyone. So here it is:

How? Another one? What about your specialty? What about solfeggio?

In solfeggio you study notes, intervals, tonality. This is your musical certificate. And also hearing training. After all, all this must not only be learned, but also be able to hear. And in your specialty, you master musical performance: learn to touch your instrument correctly and deftly in order to play and perform music beautifully and expressively.

What does beautiful and expressive mean? This is the question that musical literature answers. Today we begin to search for the answer. And to do this, let's start learning to listen to music.

Is it really necessary to learn to listen to music? You might be surprised. And you will be right in your own way. Once upon a time, the famous Norwegian violinist of the 19th century Ole Bull As a result of a shipwreck, he ended up on an island inhabited by wild tribes. And the savages were enchanted by the great artist’s violin, although they had never heard European music before. And already in the 20th century, the French traveler and scientist Alain Guerbran took records of Mozart's music on a trip to the Makiritare Indians, living in the Amazon jungle and isolated from the rest of the world. The effect was amazing, Geerbran even made a film about it.

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These examples seem to suggest that music can be felt without special preparation. But let's imagine that we are listening to a beautiful poem in French or English, which we do not know. We will probably be able to feel the beauty of the verse, we will even be able to guess its mood. But we won't understand what we're talking about because we don't know language.

And music also has its own, musical language. But this language is special. There are no words in it, there are only sounds. But these are magical sounds that can make you laugh and cry, and can even tell a whole story.

Some of it you already know. About major and minor, for example. You know that happy music is often in a major key, and sad music is often in a minor key. How is slow music different from fast music? Surely, pace. Is there sad music in a major key and happy music in a minor key? It turns out that it happens. Because the character of music depends not only on Lada(and major and minor are modes), but also from many other things that are called by means of musical expression. They form the basis of the musical language.

Musical literature(lat. musica litteris) - a subject studied in secondary and higher musical institutions. The basis of the subject is the study of creative activity, as well as the biographies of composers who are classics in world music.

History of origin as an educational subject

The subject “musical literature” is the property of the exclusively domestic system of music education. The system of music education in Russia has historically developed as a three-tier system: music school - college - university. Each link performs a specific function: the music school provides general musical education, the college and university provide vocational training.

The modern model of music education was finally formed by the end of the 30s of the 20th century, when stratification into lower, middle and higher levels occurred. In the pre-revolutionary practice of teaching music, private lessons in playing, singing or composition occupied a strong place. At the same time, students, as a rule, did not receive musical theoretical and musical historical information. Public lectures held in St. Petersburg since the 1830s helped only partially fill this gap. Music classes at secondary and higher educational institutions, gymnasiums, colleges, and universities also played a major role in the spread of musical culture. It is especially necessary to note women's closed institutes, the training system of which included not only playing an instrument, but also solfeggio, harmony, and pedagogical practice. A similar scheme was subsequently used as the basis for the curriculum of conservatories, where the history of music became one of the most important subjects of the curriculum.

The content of the subject “musical literature” was developed by the outstanding music historian, professor at the Moscow Conservatory Valentin Eduardovich Ferman at the turn of the 30s and 40s of the 20th century. The idea was to precede the study of the history of music course with a subject that would provide knowledge primarily of music. It was decided to concentrate the main base in the middle level of the music education system.

Subject of study

The overall goal of the course is to familiarize students with the treasury of the heritage of world musical culture. More specifically, it is the expansion of musical horizons, instilling interest and love for music, the development of artistic taste, the development of an active, conscious perception of a musical work.

Unlike music schools and music history courses in universities, children's music schools, etc., this subject is aimed mostly at aesthetic education: teaching how to listen, perceive and understand music; to raise a competent listener and music lover. In the course of study, an important place is occupied by the subject of “listening to music”, which is aimed at solving the main problems of music-historical education at school. Music school involves general musical training. Therefore, the most famous teachers are of the opinion that the chronological nature of the material is not necessary. For example, the feature of E. B. Lisyanskaya’s program - we hear, then we speak - comes from auditory perception. The accumulation of facts and knowledge is secondary material that complements auditory impressions.

The course of musical literature is one of the most important in the system of musical training of students. This is a subject in which classes, along with the specialty (piano, guitar, button accordion, vocals, etc.) and solfeggio, take place throughout the entire period of study. Synthesizing by nature, it combines elements of musical-historical, musical-theoretical, aesthetic and general humanitarian knowledge. The skills acquired in the process of training are necessary for the formation of both an amateur musician and a professional musician. They are associated primarily with the education of the unity of auditory, emotional perception and logical thinking. A special feature of the subject is its diverse connections with other disciplines. In music literature lessons, the knowledge gained from studying solfeggio and special subjects is deepened and improved. So, for example, during lessons the following skills are simultaneously consolidated: auditory analysis; music analysis; ability to practice performing skills and solfeggio.

Literature

• Bokshchanina E. Methods of teaching musical literature at school. - M.: Muzgiz, 1961. - 72 p.
• Geilig M. Essays on methods of teaching musical literature at school. - M.: Music, 1966. - 58 p.
• Golubeva L. On the new concept of the music literature course for children's music schools // Musical education. - 2007. - No. 1. - P. 39−43.
• Lagutin A. Musical literature as a subject of school teaching// Questions of methods of primary music education. - M.: Music, 1981.
• Nikiforova V. On continuity in the teaching of musical and historical disciplines when training a musicologist// Issues in teaching musical and historical disciplines: Sat. tr. - M.: State. Music Ped. Institute named after Gnesins, 1985. - P. 34-51.
• Orlova E. Methodological notes on musical-historical education in conservatories. - M.: Music, 1983. - 43 p.

EXAMINATION TICKETS FOR MUSICAL LITERATURE

Ticket 1

2. Historical operas by Russian composers.

3. Creativity M.V. Little fox.

Ticket 2

1. Musical genres: song, dance, march.

2. Russian art of the second half of the 19th century.

3. Creativity K.G. Stetsenka.

Ticket 3

1. Programmatic and visual music. Mussorgsky "Pictures at an Exhibition".

2. Creativity V.A. Mozart.

3. Choral concerts of Ukrainian composers.

Ticket 4

1 . Music in the theater. Grieg "Peer Gynt"

2. Works of M. I. Glinka

3. Symphonic creativity of Ukrainian composers

Ticket 5

1.Ballet. Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker".

2. The work of L. Beethoven.

3. Ukrainian composers of the Radian period.

Ticket 6

2. Development of musical art during the Soviet period.

3. Creativity of M. Leontovich.

Ticket 7

1. Sonata-symphonic cycle. Symphony Orchestra.

2. The works of P. I. Tchaikovsky.

3. Ukrainian folklore.

Ticket 8

1. Sonata form. Piano works of Viennese classics.

2. The work of composers of the Soviet period.

3. A. Shtogarenko. Symphony-cantata "Ukrainemoya".

Ticket 9

1. Polyphony. Creativity of I.S. Bach.

2. Development of the romance genre in Russian music.

3. Opera works of Ukrainian composers.

Ticket 10

1. The work of F. Chopin.

2. Fairytale opera in the works of Russian composers.

3. Creativity of L. Revutsky.

ANSWERS TO EXAMINATION TICKETS

Ticket 1

In works of art, a person talks about the life around him.

The content of a song, romance, or chorus is easy to retell, since the music sounds along with the words. In an opera or ballet, events take place on the theater stage that can be seen. But in instrumental works the content is revealed only in musical sounds; it can be felt and understood. Sometimes the composer gives the work a title and thereby explains its content. The most common are:

1) theme of the historical past (opera “Ivan Susanin” by Glinka, opera “War and Peace” by Prokofiev)

2) the theme of folk life (Rimsky-Korsakov’s operas “The Snow Maiden”, “Sadko”, fantasy for orchestra “Kamarinskaya” by Glinka)

3) based on works of literature and folk art (romances and songs based on poems by Pushkin, Lermontov, etc.; Lyadov’s orchestral play “Kikimora”)

4) images of nature (“Dawn on the Moscow River” from Mussorgsky’s opera)

5) modern life of people (Kabalevsky’s opera “The Family of Taras”, Prokofiev’s oratorio “On Guard of the World”)

When creating a piece of music, the composer uses certain means of expression. These include:

1. Melody - the basis of musical art. A melody is a monophonic sequence of sounds of varying pitch and duration. A melody expresses a certain musical thought.

A melodious, song-like melody is called cantilena.

A melody in which melodiousness is combined with the flexibility of human speech is called recitative .

Instrumental the melody may contain large leaps, chromatic movement, and decorations.

2. Rhythm organizes the melody in time. Features of rhythm affect the character of the melody. The predominance of even durations at a calm tempo makes the melody smooth. The variety of durations gives it grace and flexibility.

3. Harmony is a sequence of chords. Supporting the melody, harmony fills it with new expressive colors.

4. Register - this is the pitch of the sound. The scale is divided into upper, middle and lower registers. The expressiveness of each register is unique. The middle register is the softest and most full-sounding. The lower sounds seem dark and booming. The upper ones sound light, transparent, ringing.

5. Timbre - a special coloring of the voice or sound of an instrument. Female voices - soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto. Male voices - tenor, baritone, bass.

You can become familiar with the timbres of various musical instruments by listening to Prokofiev’s symphonic fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf.”

2. Historical operas by Russian composers

M. I. Glinka is rightfully considered the founder of the genre of historical opera. His opera “IvanSusanin” is a heroic folk musical drama. The plot for the opera was the legend about the heroic feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin in 1612, during the occupation of Russia by Polish invaders.

Characters: Susanin, his daughter Antonida, adopted son Vanya, Sobinin.

The main character is the people. The opera has 4 acts and an epilogue.

The opera “Ivan Susanin” is a realistic work, truthfully and sincerely telling about historical events. The new type of folk musical drama created by Glinka had a huge influence on subsequent works of Russian composers (“The Pskov Woman” by Rimsky-Korsakov, “Boris Godunov” by Mussorgsky).

At the heart of the opera "Boris Godunov" Mussorgsky - Pushkin's tragedy of the same name. The genre of the opera is folk musical drama. Consists of a prologue and four acts, which are divided into scenes. The main idea is the conflict between the criminal Tsar Boris and the people.

The main character is the people. Mussorgsky was attracted by the opportunity to recreate in opera the awakening of the power of the people, which results in a spontaneous uprising. "Boris Godunov" is a great work of Russian music. The creation of this work was an important stage in the development of musical theater.

"Prince Igor" Borodin is a lyric-epic opera in four acts with a prologue. The opera is based on a work of ancient literature of the 12th century - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”.

The music of the opera is based on the intonations of folk songs - Russian and Eastern.

The prologue and act 1 characterize the Russian people. The picture of the solar eclipse from the prologue is important. In folk epic poetry, various dramatic events in people's lives were often compared with powerful and formidable natural phenomena.

Act II is devoted to showing the life of the eastern peoples.

The central place in Act 1Y is occupied by Yaroslavna’s lament, which arose from ancient folk voices and lamentations.

The opera “Prince Igor” is one of the best creations of opera classics. The composer dedicated it to the memory of Glinka. It glorifies the heroic spirit of the people, their resilience, patriotism, and spiritual beauty.

3. Creative ist b M . V. Little Fox

M. V. Lisenko is the most prominent Ukrainian composer. Having become the founder of Ukrainian classical music, he has gone down in the history of the national mystique as a talented leader, a thoughtful teacher, a scholar-folklorist and an important musical community What a boy.

Lisenko performed in various genres:

1)Samples of folk shsen.

M. Little Fox’s interest in folk music dates back to his childhood . Towards the end of his life, Lisenko took up the collection of people's treasures.

Folklore poems were grouped into genres and published in separate editions. Collectors enjoy all possible genres: ritual, everyday, historical and thought. Samples of Ukrainian folk songs became a creative laboratory for M. Lisenko.

2) Romance.

Little Fox has over 100 romances. It turns to the poetry of Taras Shevchenko, who loved deep nationality, Heinrich Heine, I. Frank, LesiUkrainka. Naibіlshvidomі - “Cherry Garden”, “Boundless Field”, “When the Miraculous May Comes”.

3)F orte n Anna creative і there is.

To the point of fortified creativity, M. Lisenko was exhausted by the length of his life. There are great forms here - a sonata, two concert polonaises, two rhapsodies in Ukrainian themes, and small songs - "Songs without Words", "Mriya", "Zhurba", "Elegy". 3 on one side, in the music Little Fox feels the flow of F Chopin and F. Liszt, and from the other - beware of interest in folklore.

4)Khorova creative IS t.

Created by M. Little Fox for the choir to become the bright side of his musical downfall. Most of the choirs are written on the verse of T. Shevchenko. The stench is varied in its ideological and figurative place and form. There are great vocal-symphonic canvases, choral songs, and miniatures. All stench is intrinsically associated with folklore.

Vagomy tvir at the rescue of the Little Fox - cantata "Hail, unwatered one." There is a feeling of joy, spring hopes, and faith has arrived.

5) Opera "Taras Bulba".

The opera "Taras Bulba" is the greatest treasure of musical and theatrical mystique of that time. The opera was written in a trivial hour. Prominent Radyansky composers L. Revutsky and B. Lyatoshinsky edited the opera.

The literary basis for the opera was the story of the same name by M. Gogol.

The opera "Taras Bulba" is a historical and heroic folk musical drama. There is no place in this place for the images of the people. In this song, the composer gives significant respect to the mass choral scenes. The musical characteristics of the main characters - Taras Bulbi, Ostap, Nastya, Andriy, Marilitsa - are vivid. The main idea of ​​the work is the struggle of the Ukrainian people against
social and national oppression.

The opera has five acts and begins with an overture, which concentrates it in a socially imaginative space.

Ticket 2

1. Musical genres. Song, dance, march

Genres of music are its various types. Musical genres arose during the development of musical art. Each of them has its own characteristics. Works related to words and singing belong to vocal music (these are songs, romances, arias, works for choir). Instrumental music includes a variety of compositions for individual instruments, ensembles (duets, trios, quartets) and orchestra. Among them are etudes, preludes, impromptu, nocturnes, sonatas, suites, symphonies, etc.

Musical and theatrical genres include: operas, operettas, ballets.

Song- the most popular form of musical art.

The melody in the song is repeated several times with different words, forming verses. This form is called couplet. At the end of each verse there is a chorus that does not change. If the chorus is usually performed by one singer, then the chorus is often sung in a choir.

The song may have piano, accordion or orchestra accompaniment. Such songs have an introduction, a break between verses and a conclusion. However, songs can be performed without accompaniment. This kind of singing is called a cappella. It is more typical for folk songs.

Music accompanying human movements has been known since ancient times.

Marching music performed at a walking pace. There are marches: solemn, military, marching, sports, and mourning. With all the variety of marches, they have common features. This is a two- or four-beat size and a clear rhythm of the step. The march form is most often three-part.

An example of a solemnly heroic march is the march from the opera “Aida” by the Italian composer Verdi. A march from Tchaikovsky’s ballet “The Nutcracker” accompanies a cheerful children’s holiday. Sometimes marches sound with words - these are march songs (“Aviamarsh”, “March of the Nakhimovites”).

Dance arose in ancient times and is closely connected with everyday life. The music of each dance has its own tempo, size, and rhythmic pattern. Each nation has created dances that are distinguished by their national identity.

Russian folk dances: Kamarinskaya, trepak; Ukrainian dances: hopak, cossack; Belarusian folk dance - Bulba; dance of the peoples of the Caucasus - Lezginka.

Dances of the peoples of Europe

Waltz originates from the leisurely and smooth peasant dance of the Ländler, which was common in Austria, Germany, and the Czech Republic. In the 19th century, the waltz became popular throughout Europe. Waltz music is very diverse in character. There are waltzes that are joyful and sad, bravura and calm, lightly dreamy and thoughtfully sad. The form of waltzes is also different: from small everyday plays to extensive concert works. The waltz is in three beats.

Many composers willingly composed waltzes. Wonderful examples of the waltz were created by Schubert and Chopin, Glinka and Tchaikovsky. The Austrian composer Strauss was called the “King of Waltzes”.

Polka- Czech folk dance of a lively, cheerful character, Polka is characterized by zest and humor.

Mazurka and Polonaise- Polish national dances.

Mazurka is an active and dynamic dance. His melody always has a sharp rhythmic pattern. Often sharp accents move in time from a strong beat to a weak one. Size: trilobed.

Polonaise is a solemn, stately procession dance. The movement is calm, unhurried, with an emphasis on the strong beat of the beat. k,-.. p.sho,.

The most perfect examples of mazurka and polonaise were given in his piano work by the Polish composer F. Chopin.

2. Russian art of the second half XIX century

The second half of the 19th century is a time of mighty flowering of Russian music, as well as all Russian art. A sharp aggravation of social contradictions led to a great social upsurge in the early 60s. Russia's defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856) showed its backwardness and proved that serfdom hampered the country's development. The best representatives of the noble intelligentsia and commoners rose up against the autocracy.

In the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia, the role of Herzen and the activities of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, and the poet Nekrasov were significant. The revolutionary ideas of the 60s were reflected in literature, painting, and music. Leading figures of Russian culture fought for the simplicity and accessibility of art; their works sought to clearly reflect the life of disadvantaged people.

In the second half of the 19th century, Russian painting produced such wonderful artists as Perov, Kramskoy, Repin, Surikov, Serov, Levitan. Their names are associated with the “Association of Traveling Exhibitions”, since painting exhibitions began to be organized in different cities of Russia.

There have also been changes in musical life. Music went beyond aristocratic salons. The organization of the Russian Musical Society played a great role in this.

In 1862, the first Russian conservatory opened in St. Petersburg, and in 1866 - in Moscow. The first releases gave Russian art wonderful musicians.

In the musical creativity of the 60s, the leading place was taken by Tchaikovsky and a group of composers who were part of an association called "Mighty a bunch." The inspirer of the circle was Balakirev. The composition included Cui, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rnmsky-Korsakov. The composers saw their goal in the development of Russian national music, the truthful embodiment of the life of the people.

3. Creativity K.G. Stetsenka

Grigorovich Stetsenko is a classic of Ukrainian music, a follower of M. Lysenko and Russian composers of the 19th century. This creative decline, as well as directive, pedagogical, musical-critical activity is an invisible part of Ukrainian democratic culture.

During his short creative life, Stetsenko wrote a number of operas, music for theatrical performances, several cantatas, over five dozen choirs, close to fifty romances, having collected a significant number of arrangements of Ukrainian folk songs.

The creative principles of Stetsenko the composer were formed under the influx of ideas of revolutionary democrats - T. Shevchenko, G. Chernishevsky, M. Dobrolyubov, I. Frank.

The most popular works are: the choral poem "Early Young Recruits", the romance "Swim, Swim, Swan", "Evening Song", the cantatas "Shevchenko" and "United Nations".

The creative path of K. Stetsenka was short, but his musical attack became a valuable contribution to our national culture. In his lyrical, epic, lyrical-dramatic images, the composer infuses the imagery with the mood of the current hectic life. In many genres, Stetsenko is smart enough to say the word of a talented artist.

Ticket 3

1. Software-visual music. Mussorgsky "Pictures at an Exhibition"

Composers often give various instrumental works. names explaining their content. Sometimes the composer gives the work a literary preface - a program. It sets out the content. This is program music.

True and fantastic stories, pictures of nature, images of birds and animals, heroes of famous fairy tales and works of literature are vividly embodied in program works: “Children’s Album”, “The Seasons” by Tchaikovsky, “Children’s Music” by Prokofiev, “Album for Youth” by Schumann, “Carnival of the Animals” by Saint-Saëns, “Pictures at an Exhibition” by Mussorgsky.

"Pictures at an Exhibition" were written by Mussorgsky under the impression of an exhibition of works by the artist W. Hartmann, a friend of the composer, who suddenly died.

The cycle is a suite of ten independent plays, united by a common concept. Each piece is a musical picture that reflects the impression of Mussorgsky, inspired by one or another drawing by Hartmann. There are bright everyday pictures (“The Tuilerie Garden”, “Limoges Market”), apt sketches of human characters (“Two Jews”), landscapes (“The Old Castle”), and images from Russian fairy tales. (“The Hut on Chicken Legs”), epics (“The Bogatyr Gate”). Individual miniatures contrast with each other in content and means of expression. At the same time they. Connected by the theme of “Walking,” which opens the cycle and then there are more. several times, as if leading the listener from one picture to another.

“Pictures at an Exhibition” became one of the most popular works. Many pianists include this work in their concert programs.

2. Creativity V.A. Mozart « ;■.!.! . і *,■"■"" ї *.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a brilliant Austrian composer. He began his concert activity at the age of 6. Despite the fact that he lived only 36 years, he left a great creative legacy: 50 symphonies, 19 operas (The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute), requiems, concerts, a lot of instrumental and piano music.

Based on Haydn's achievements in the field of sonata-symphonic music, Mozart contributed a lot of new and original things.

The piano sonata in A major is very popular. Having a bright, cheerful character, she is distinguished by grace. The structure of the first part is peculiar - it is written in the form of variations. The second movement is a traditional minuet. The third part is the well-known “Turkish March”.

The G minor Symphony is one of Mozart's most famous last symphonies. Thanks to the unusually sincere music, the symphony is understandable to a wide range of listeners.

3. Choirs і concert ukra їн many composers і V

The main genre of professional music of the XYII-first half of the XYIII century. There will be a party concert in Ukraine. This is one-part, dosit great for obsyag tvir.

The word concert comes from the Latin word, which means “to get excited.” This musical genre originated in Italy in the morning: choral, orchestral (concerto grosso) and solo music for one instrument with an orchestra. The skin of rhinoplasty has its own peculiarities, and the principle of concertation, blurring, contrast, and contrast is common to them.

In Ukraine, the party concert dates back to the 19th century. Among the most prominent composers and concert authors are S. Pekalitsky, I. Kolyadchin, M. Diletsky.

Based on the nature of the music, the figurative place of participatory concerts, one can mentally divide into two groups: urban, glorious and lyrical-dramatic, mournful.

One of the peaks of contemporary professional music was the choral concerts of M. Berezovsky, A. Wedel, D. Bortnyansky. . "; :;;.!:> sch< ■

These composers tried to incorporate the progressive artistic ideals of their time. In its music one can hear people's protest against violence, evil, injustice, and social oppression. They are smart to embrace the reach of the modern European musical culture and say their original word in mystique.

Ticket 4

1. Music in the theater. Grieg "Peer Gynt"

Operas, ballets, and operettas are staged in the musical theater. In these genres, music is the basis of the performance. But even in the dramatic theater, music occupies a prominent place. It enhances the impact of the performance on the viewer, helps to more clearly depict this or that moment of action, and convey the mood of the hero.

Music for dramatic performances was written by many outstanding composers - Beethoven and Mendelssohn, Grieg and Bizet, Glinka and Tchaikovsky, Khachaturian and Prokofiev. Sometimes the music they created went beyond the theater and acquired an independent concert life.

"Peer Gynt"- a play by the outstanding playwright Ibsen. Certain episodes of the performance are accompanied by Grieg's music. The composer sang the harsh and beautiful nature of Norway, fantasy and ancient life, simple and sincere human feelings.

The orchestral suite, compiled by the composer from individual numbers of music for the drama, is very popular. With

The suite consists of four rooms, contrasting in character:

1. "Morning"- paints a picture of the awakening of nature. Music conveys not only the colors of dawn, but also the spiritual mood that arises at the sight of the rising sun.

There is a small motif at the heart of the play. It resembles a shepherd's tune.

2. "The Death of Oze" accompanies in the drama the scene of the death of Peer Gynt's mother, old Ose. Full of deep sorrow, in slow measured movement, the music resembles a funeral procession.

3. "Anitra's Dance" Anitra is the girl Peer Gynt meets: during; of his journey. She performs a dance - light, elegant, graceful. The music of the dance is very changeable, like Anitra’s mocking and fickle temperament.

4. "In the Cave of the Mountain King." The music of this number vividly and vividly depicts a fantastic procession. The play is based on one theme in the nature of the march. Her accompaniment varies. The sonority intensifies, the tempo accelerates, and the whole orchestra gradually enters.

2. Creativity M.I. Glinka

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka is a brilliant Russian composer. Like Pushkin in poetry, he was the founder of Russian classical music - opera and symphony.

The origins of Glinka's music lie in Russian folk art. His best works are imbued with love for the Motherland, its people, and Russian nature. : , :

Main works: folk heroic opera “Ivan Susanin”; fairy-tale-epic opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”; romances; symphonic fantasy “Kamarinskaya”, “Waltz-Fantasy”; piano pieces.

Opera "Ivan Susanin"- heroic folk musical drama. The plot for the opera was the legend about the heroic feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin in 1612, during the occupation of Russia by Polish invaders.

Characters: Susanin, his daughter Antonida, adopted son Vanya, Sobinin. The main character is the people. The opera has 4 acts and an epilogue.

The first act is a characterization of the Russian people and the main characters;

The second act is a musical characteristic of the Poles. Dance music is playing. Four dances form a symphonic suite: a brilliant polonaise, a krakowiak, a waltz and a mazurka.

In the final chorus “Glory” from the epilogue, the music is stately and solemn. This gives it the characteristics of an anthem. The people glorify their native land and fallen heroes.

Pieces for symphony orchestra occupy an important place in Glinka's work. All his works are accessible to the wide masses of listeners, highly artistic and perfect in form. Symphonic fantasy "Kamarinskaya" represents variations on two Russian folk themes":

"Waltz Fantasy"- one of Glinka’s most poetic lyrical works. At the core is a sincere theme, impetuous and aspirational.

Romances Glinka wrote throughout his life. Everything about them captivates: sincerity and simplicity, restraint in the expression of feelings, classical harmony and severity of form, the beauty of the melody and clear harmony. Glinka composed romances based on poems by contemporary poets - Zhukovsky, Delvig, Pushkin.

Romances from the cycle “Farewell to St. Petersburg” - “Lark” and “A Passing Song” (lyrics by N. Kukolnik) are popular. The romance to the words of Pushkin “I remember a wonderful moment” is a pearl of Russian vocal lyrics. Refers to the mature period
creativity, that’s why there is so much mastery in it. " : ""- )(R: ":

IN In his romances, Glinka summarized all the best that was created by his predecessors and contemporaries.

3. Snmfo neither chna creative yes stolen їн many composers і V

The symphony "appeared in the work of composers of the Mannheim school (the friendship of Czech composers who formed a court orchestra in the German city of Mannheim). For them, the term "symphony" is assigned to an orchestral cyclical work.

The classical symphony was formed in the 70-80s of the 18th century. in the creativity of Haydn and W. Mozart.

A symphony is an important cyclical composition. ^

The first movement - a sonata allegro - will be based on a contrasting composition of two themes, the other movement will be lyrical, the third movement will be minus, the fourth will be a lively finale.

The orchestra included the following instruments: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, clarinets, 2 horns, 1-2 trumpets, timpani, first and other violins, violas, cellos, double basses. Over the course of an hour, such a warehouse was gradually updated with new tools.

In the other half of the 19th century. “Youth Symphony” is composed by M. Lysenko, “Ukrainian Symphony” by M. Kalachevsky, Symphony in G minor by V. Sokalsky.

The most significant achievements of the Ukrainian Radian symphony are associated with the names of L. Revutsky, B. Lyatoshinsky, S. Lyudkevich.

Ticket 5

1. Ballet. Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker" shts-ishi-

Ballet is a musical and theatrical work that combines music, dance and stage action. A ballet has a plot and characters. The characters' feelings are revealed through dance movements to music.

In addition to dancing, pantomime plays a big role in ballet, that is, silent acting, consisting of expressive gestures and facial expressions.

The creator of Russian classical ballet was Tchaikovsky (“Swan Lake”, “Sleeping Beauty”, “The Nutcracker”). Wonderful ballets were written by Delibes and Ravel, Glazunov and Stravinsky, and Soviet composers Asafiev, Gliere, Prokofiev, Khachaturian.

Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker". The basis for the ballet was a children's fairy tale by the German writer Hoffmann about the amazing adventures of the girl Masha, which she dreamed about after a cheerful New Year's Eve party. Real life is intertwined here with fiction and fantasy. Each of the characters has its own musical characteristic. Music truly conveys childhood experiences.

The ballet has two acts. In the second act, a colorful divertissement is presented (this is a string of various dances that are not directly related to the development of the action).

Each dance from the divertissement has its own name: chocolate (Spanish dance), coffee (Arabian dance), tea (Chinese dance), shepherdess dance, “Waltz of the Flowers,” dance of the Sugar Plum fairies.

2. Works of L. Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven is a German composer. In his work, classical music reached its peak. The mighty flowering of his work coincided with the beginning of the 19th century. A contemporary of the events of the French Revolution, Beethoven for the first time in music expressed with such force the heroic aspirations of the people.

Creative heritage: 9 symphonies, overtures, concerts, instrumental music, 32 piano sonatas, opera “Fidelio”.

Among the piano sonatas, the most famous are: “Pathetique”, “Appassionata”, “Moonlight”.<;;; " З УїіїРШ.t■*.:

Symphony No. 5 won the love of the people. Its structure is traditional - 4 movements. But for the first time Beethoven managed to make a four-part symphonic cycle so unified and inseparable. All parts are united by one imperative theme (the theme of fate), which initially sounds like an epigraph.

The overture from the music to Goethe’s tragedy “Egmont” is also imbued with a heroic mood. Beethoven's interest in the destinies of the people, the desire in his music to show struggle as an inevitable path to achieving a goal and future victory - the main content of the composer's heroic works.

3. Ukra ї ns ькі composer And Radyansky lane io du m

The formation of the Ukrainian Radian composition school is in progress in the 20s. At its core were classical composers - Stetsenko, Stepovy, Leontovich. A young school of composers is taking shape - including L. Revutsky, P. Kozitsky, B. Lyatoshinsky, G. Verovka, M. Kolyada. In 1918, a graduate of the Petrograd Conservatory, V. Kosenko, a composer and pianist, came to Ukraine. Vin is widely involved in the work.

The activity of the composers' fortune-telling has already achieved significant success in the 20s. Bright musical compositions were created, which became an important stage in the history of Ukrainian culture.

The most popular works were: the opera "Bogdan Khmelnytsky" by Dankevich "Milan" Mayborodi, "The Forest Song" by Kireik, the symphony-cantata by Shtogarenko. "My Ukraine".

On the musical skyline of Ukraine 60 - 70's rocks are: names: L. Grabovsky, M. Skorik, V. Sylvestrov, V. Gubarenko, E. Stankovych, L. Dichko, Y. Ishchenko, O. Kiva and others. Just as the first ideas of young composers were related to chamber-instrumental music, apart from miniature, then young people are working in many different genres.

Ticket 6

1. Opera

Opera is a large and complex musical and theatrical work. It is performed by an orchestra, choir, singers and often dancers. Opera combines various types of art: drama and music, singing and dancing, acting and the skill of decorative painters.

The plot for an opera is most often a literary work. On its basis, the text of the opera is created - the libretto. Depending on the content, operas can be historical (“Ivan Susanin” by Glinka, “Prince Igor” by Borodin, “War and Peace” by Prokofiev), everyday (“The Bartered Bride” by Smetana, “Sorochinskaya Fair” by Mussorgsky), fairy-tale (“The Magic Flute” Mozart, “The Snow Maiden” by Rimsky-Korsakov).

The action of the opera takes place in front of the audience on a stage furnished with scenery. The main means of expression is music. It reveals the characters of the characters and the main idea of ​​the entire work.

An opera performance usually begins with an orchestral introduction - an overture. The music of the overture expresses the general mood of the work and thereby prepares listeners for its perception.

The overture and orchestral introductions to other acts of the opera are performed by a symphony orchestra. It also accompanies the singing of singers, as well as ballet scenes.

An opera performance is divided into actions (acts). Each action consists of separate scenes and numbers. Musical numbers can be solo (for one performer) - songs, arias; ensemble - duets, tercets, quartets, etc.; choral and orchestral.

Almost all the great composers wrote operas: Mozart and Verdi, Wagner and Bizet, Glinka and Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov, Rachmaninov and Prokofiev.

2. Development of musical art during the Soviet period *

Since 1918, the mass introduction of the people to musical culture began; The Bolshoi Theater, the center of Russian opera, opened its doors to new listeners. The Moscow and Petrograd Conservatories became state-owned. Daytime and evening music schools, clubs, and studios are opening. Amateur artistic activities are flourishing, helping to reveal the wealth of people's talents.

Music radio broadcasting has been developing since the mid-20s. Many classical works became accessible to huge masses of listeners.

The young performing school has achieved great success. Among the world-famous performing musicians are violinists Oistrakh and Kogan, pianists Gilels and Richter, cellists Rostropovich and Shafran.

The creativity of Soviet composers also begins to develop. Innovation is a characteristic feature. This manifests itself in the search for new means of expression and musical forms.

An important feature of Soviet musical culture is its multinational character. The most common genre is the mass song. This is a kind of chronicle of the history of the state. ->s.; ; .

Opera became one of the most important genres of Soviet music. Composers sought to create operas on modern themes. To do this, it was necessary to update the traditional genre and find new means of expression. The first successful Soviet operas were “Quiet Don” by Dzerzhinsky (based on the novel by Sholokhov), “Into the Storm” by Khrennikov, “Semyon Kotko” by Prokofiev. Later the operas “The Family of Taras” appeared Kabalevskog oh, “Young Guard” by Meitus, “Jalil” by Zhiganov, "War and Peace" by Prokofiev, “Katerina Izmailova” by Shostakovich.

The achievements of Soviet ballet are great. They are largely connected with the flourishing of choreographic art in our country. The ballets “Red Flower” by Gliere, “Flames of Paris” and “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” by Asafiev, “Romeo and Juliet” by Prokofiev, “Spartacus” by Khachaturian appeared.

In the genres of symphonic music, Soviet composers were able to deeply reflect modernity and find new means of expression. N. Myaskovsky, the author of 27 symphonies, is rightfully considered the head of the Soviet symphony school. Sounds all over the world

7 symphonies by S. Prokofiev. One of the greatest symphonists in the world is D. Shostakovich.

The attention of composers is attracted by vocal and symphonic genres - cantata and oratorio, which acquire a new character. In the past, these genres were associated with religious subjects. In Soviet music they become works of heroic and patriotic content (“On the Kulikovo Field” by Shaporin, “Alexander Nevsky” by Prokofiev, “Poem in Memory of Sergei Yesenin” by Sviridov, etc.).

The works of Soviet composers include a variety of instrumental and vocal genres - suites and concertos, chamber ensembles, romances and vocal cycles.

3. Creative IS t M. Leontovich

Mikola Dmitrovich Leontovich is a classic of Ukrainian pre-Dawn music and at the same time one of the founders of the Radian musical culture. Throughout his entire life, Leontovich worked in the genre of Ukrainian folk songs, reaching the true mystical heights. Its choral creativity is one of the most beautiful aspects of Ukrainian music. Vaughn has gone down to the treasury of ancient and light musical mysticism: The composer’s works can be heard widely in our country abroad. Yogo muzikakhviliu sikh.

Working on a sketch of a skin folk song takes a long time, often the composer comes up with three or four variations, exhausting all the internal possibilities of the performer. By making the melody unchangeable, it creates a rich arsenal of harmonious, polyphonic, textural and timbral features for creating individual images. The main masterpiece is the chorus “Small Mother of One Daughter”, “Spinning”, “Above the River Bank”, “Dudarik”, “Shchedrik”.

During the last hour, Leontovich created, in addition to samples of folk songs, several choral songs ("Icebreaker", "Summer Tones", "My Song") and an opera-ballet "On the Mermaid's Great Day", which was left unfinished.

Leontovich’s choral works are, without a doubt, high-class images. In them there is a vibrancy, an image of Radian activity is embedded.

Music M.D. Leontovych has once gone to the treasury of our national musical mysticism.

Ticket 7

1. Sonata-symphonic cycle. Symphony. Symphony Orchestra.

The great Austrian composer Joseph Haydn is considered the founder of the classical symphony. His works are characterized by harmony and balance of form, a bright, life-affirming character. A symphonic cycle was finally formed in his work.

A symphony is a cyclic work (that is, multi-part), with a certain sequence of parts. Translated, the word “symphony” means “consonance”, “concord”. This word acquired different meanings. The symphony turned into an independent concert work in the 19th century.

Part I is at a fast tempo, in sonata form, Part II is slow, Part III is a menuzt, Part IV is the finale, and the fast tempo returns.

The symphony is intended for a mass audience. It is performed by a symphony orchestra.

The composition of the symphony orchestra was also established in Haydn's work. It is based on four groups of tools:

1) the string group includes: violins, violas, cellos and double basses;

2) the woodwind group includes: flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons;

3) a group of brass instruments consists of horns and trumpets.

4) Haydn used only timpani among percussion instruments.

2. Creativity P.I. Tchaikovsky

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky dedicated all his work to man, his love for the Motherland and Russian nature, his aspirations for happiness and a courageous fight against the dark forces of evil. And no matter what the composer talks about, he is always truthful and sincere.

Tchaikovsky wrote in almost all genres, and in each of them he said his word as a brilliant artist. But his favorite genre was opera. He paid great attention to the content, giving preference to subjects from Russian life.

At the same time, symphonic music also occupies an important place in Tchaikovsky’s work.

Main works: 10 operas (Eugene Onegin, The Enchantress, The Queen of Spades, Iolanta, etc.), 3 ballets (Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker), 6 symphonies and other symphonic works, piano pieces (including the cycles “Seasons”, “Children’s Album”), romances.

Tchaikovsky's work is the pinnacle of world musical culture of the 19th century.

First Symphony “Winter Dreams”

Tchaikovsky's First Symphony is a remarkable example of his early orchestral work. For the first time, characteristic images and techniques, deeply developed by the composer in the symphonic work of his mature period, appear in it.

Part I - “Dreams on the Winter Road” - pictures of winter Russian nature are depicted here in soft colors..

Part II - “Gloomy land, foggy land.” This music is inspired by the impressions of Tchaikovsky’s journey across Lake Ladoga.

Parts III and IV - the scherzo and the finale - do not have titles, but in their content they do not fall out of the general poetic concept.

Opera "Eugene Onegin"

Tchaikovsky called his opera “lyrical scenes.” The composer focused all his attention on revealing the inner, spiritual world of his heroes. Pictures of folk life are also revealed vividly and truthfully. With great love, poetic “sketches” of Russian nature are given, against the “backdrop of which the feelings and experiences of the heroes are revealed.

Characters: Tatiana, Olga, Onegin, Lensky, Prince Gremin.

The orchestra plays an important role in revealing characters. Each of the main characters is outlined by their own special musical themes. gomshe ill-.-.:■",.. >*■ ■ ;!: ■ ■■

The characters of the characters also develop and gradually change throughout the development of the plot (for example, in the writing scene, the character of the main character is given in motion: from a naive, dreamy girl, Tatyana turns into a passionately loving woman, gaining mental maturity).

The opera “Eugene Onegin” is the highest achievement of Russian operatic art. Already during the composer's lifetime, it became one of the most beloved operas.

3. Ukra їн Chinese folklore

Folklore is the greatest spiritual wealth for the people. This is due to the expressions of the souls of the people, whose cylinders are filled with plenty of light, the expressions of the soul that have been seen throughout the ages.

The people created songs for centuries. The ancient ones found are associated with the agricultural calendar and rituals.

In the XY - XYI centuries, new folklore genres were formed - thoughts and historical songs. The stinks arose under the influx of the struggle of the Ukrainian people against the Tatars, Turks, and Polish gentry. They were crowned by kobzars and bandura players.

In the 19th century, lyrical, fiery and dance songs were born. People feel a sense of confusion, confusion, joy, confusion, experiencing the beauty of the human soul.

The 19th century has a song-romance in which professional and popular principles come together.

Prominent literary figures - Grigory Skovoroda, Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Taras Shevchenko, as well as composers Mykola Diletsky, Maxim Berezovsky, Artem Vedel, Dmytro Bortnyansky, Mykola Lisenko were inspired by folklore, loved yotsinuvili, vikorized their They are creative.

The scientific record of musical folklore begins in the 19th century. These are the collections of M. Maksimovich and O. Alyab'ev, O. Rubtsya, M. Lisenko, E. Linova, S. Lyudkevich, I. Kolessi and K. Kvitka.

The most ancient layer of folk songs, sung from the pores of rock, is called ritual, or calendar-ritual. These are carols and Shchedrivka (winter), vesnyanka (spring), Kupala (summer) and obzhinkov (autumn), as well as songs, pov" We are involved in the rituals of burial and burial.

Carols and generous і vki accompanied by the ritual of caroling and generosity from the blessings of the new saints.

This was a kind of theatrical musical performance. The plots of the songs are varied, but are inevitably related to the work and life of the villagers. This is due to the success of the new farming family, happy health to the ruler, his wife and children.

I will kill a group of ritualists. write a song stoneflies(in the western regions of Ukraine they are called gaivki). The time of spring is associated with the awakening of nature, and it is full of joy, new hopes and peace. From a long time ago it was believed that spring should be called upon, called upon.

Stoneflies are important girls' songs. The song of stoneflies is often associated with a song, a round dance, and a stage performance. The nature of the melodies of the song of the spring cycle is soft, lyrical, and joyful. In all of them, the dance basis is paramount.

Summer cycle The song is dedicated to Saint Ivan Kupala in honor of the sun. On this day, until the very last hour, you have been saving yourself to shave through the water (purification), put the wines on the water, and cast a spell. This ritual was accompanied by the singing of bathing songs.

The cycle of ritual songs based on the agricultural calendar will be completed obzhinkovi(Zhnivarsky) songs. The ritual of roasting itself has the following major moments:

1) by finishing work, women will deprive themselves of the stress of burning, which is caused by acne and the wasting of grain in the field, which is likely to give birth to the next generation,

2) weave a wreath from the bean and put it on the head of the closest worker. Go to the Lord's support. The girl gives her a wine wreath. Then the Lord welcomes the women, singing and music sound.

Ticket 8

1. Sonata form. Piano works of Viennese classics

Sonata called a cyclic product for one or two instruments. The word "sonata" means "to sound" in Italian.

In Haydn's work, the type of classical sonata is established. It consists of three parts: Part I is written at a fast tempo, in sonata form; Part II is at a slow pace; Part III, the finale, again in quick succession.

The parts of the cycle, contrasting with each other, reveal a single artistic concept.

Among Haydn's sonatas, the most popular sonatas are in E minor (lyrical) and D major (cheerful). Their structure is traditional. Music is clear and accessible

Haydn's younger contemporaries - Mozart and Beethoven - are also called Viennese classics. (For their sonatas, see tickets No. 3, No. 5)

2. Works of composers of the Soviet period ^

The works of Soviet composers include a variety of instrumental and vocal genres - suites and concertos, chamber ensembles, romances and vocal cycles.

The largest composers of this period are rightfully considered S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturyan, D. Kabalevsky.

Great Soviet composer Sergei Sergeevich Prokofiev is rightly called a classic of the 20th century. In his work he conveyed the feelings of his contemporaries, the sharp dramatic clashes of the era and the belief in the victory of the bright beginning in life. Prokofiev is a brave and innovative artist. He opened “new worlds” in the field of melody, rhythm, harmony, and instrumentation. At the same time, his art is firmly connected with the traditions of Russian and world classics,” “War and Peace”; “The Tale of a Real Man”, etc.); 7 ballets (“Romeo and Juliet”, “Cinderella”, etc.); oratorio “Guardian of Peace”; cantata "Alexander Nevsky"; 7 symphonies; concerts; cycles of piano pieces: “Fleetingness”, “Tales of an Old Grandmother”, “Children’s Music”; symphonic fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf”, music for films.

Seventh Symphony- Prokofiev's last completed major work.

A symphony for children - that was the original idea. But in the process of work he changed. The result was a symphony “for both children and adults” - a profound composition that combined features characteristic of Prokofiev’s work of the late period.

Music Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich- the strongest artistic embodiment of his contemporary time. This is art imbued with love for man, faith in his nobility, will and reason. This is art that exposes everything hostile to man, fascism and other forms of suppression of human dignity.

Main works:

15 symphonies (among them the seventh “Leningrad”, the eleventh “1905”); opera "Katerina Izmailova"; oratorio “Song of the Forests”; concerts; instrumental music; 24 preludes and fugues for piano; songs, vocal cycles; music for films.

Seventh Symphony (“Leningrad”)- one of the most significant works of Shostakovich. The symphony was written in 1941. Most of it was composed in besieged Leningrad. The score bore the author's inscription: “Dedicated to the city of Leningrad.”

The Seventh Symphony is often compared to documentary works about the war, called a “chronicle”, “document” - it so accurately conveys the spirit of events. And at the same time, this music amazes with the depth of thought. Shostakovich revealed the battle of the Soviet people with fascism as a struggle between two worlds: the world of creation, creativity, reason and the world of destruction and cruelty; good and evil. The idea of ​​struggle and triumph of Man is revealed in different ways by the four movements of the symphony.

Aram Ilyich Khachaturyan- an artist with a bright, unique individuality. Temperamental, cheerful, attractive with its fresh harmony and orchestral colors, his music is permeated with the intonations and rhythms of Armenian folk songs and dances. In his works he also relies on the traditions of world, and primarily Russian, music.

Main works:

2 symphonies; 2 ballets (“Gayane”, “Spartacus”); concert for violin and orchestra; pieces for piano; songs and romances; music for Lermontov's drama "Masquerade".

Violin concert- one of his most perfect works. The composer's gift for creating music, widely drawing on folk art, manifested itself here with particular force. The concert has three parts, a kind of paintings from folk life, poetic sketches of the nature of Armenia.

Dmitry Borisovich Kabalevsky- one of the outstanding composers of the Soviet period. The composer was especially attracted to images of childhood and youth. This is what he says

most of his works.

The composer not only wrote music for his young friends. He gave lectures on the radio and from the concert stage and held fascinating conversations about music. These conversations formed the basis of his book “About Three Whales and Much More.” Kabalevsky was concerned about issues of children's musical education.

Main works:

4 symphonies; 5 operas (“Cola Brugnon”, “Taras’s Family”, “Sisters”); operetta “Spring is Singing”; 2 cantatas; requiem; concerts; instrumental music; works for piano, songs; music for films.

3. A. Shtogarenko. Sympho neither I-cantata "Ukra" їн oh my"

The versatility of Andriy Yakovich Shtogarenok as a composer began in the 1930s. Mitz’s greatest creative achievement was the majestic vocal-symphonic composition “My Ukraine” (1943). This four-part symphony-cantata is driven by a severe conflict between opposing forces. Literary. The basis of the composition was the works of A. Malishka and M. Rilsky.

The parts of the symphony-cantata have a program name. Persha - “Get up, Ukraine” - is filled with drama, bitter confusion, pity and suffering. The character of the music is indicated by two musical themes: dramatic, spiritual anger (its final choir) and taarious rage (baritone solo), which conveys the suffering of the atrocities committed by the fascists.

Another piece - "Koliskova" - is the lyrical center of the cycle. Shtogarenko created a miraculous, tender, warm-hearted song for his mother, trying to steal away her son.

The third movement - "Partizanska" - is a heroic scherzo. It is permeated with dynamism, moving forward. The symphony-cantata ends with a heroic finale.

Ticket 9

1. Polyphony. Creation I.S. Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach is a great German composer. Most of Bach's works are polyphonic. “Polyphony” in translation means polyphony. Each voice in polyphonic music is independent.

One of the main means of development in polyphony is imitation (“imitation”). In music, this is a technique of alternate entry of voices, with each voice seeming to imitate the previous one with some delay. Imitation promotes continuity of melodic movement, which is a hallmark of polyphonic music.

In Bach's work, polyphony reached its highest perfection. He wrote small preludes, fugues, 2- and 3-voice inventions.

The 48 preludes and fugues, which make up two volumes, are of great value. The work was called “The Well-Tempered Clavier.” Here the composer proved that all tones are equal and sound equally good.

Bach also wrote a lot of music for the organ, which was his favorite instrument.

2. Development of the romance genre in Russian music

One of the most beloved types of musical art at the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 19th century was romance. Many romances of that time were closely related to urban everyday songs. They were performed to the accompaniment of a piano, harp or guitar. An important role in the development of Russian romance was played by the composers Alyabyev (“The Nightingale”), Varlamov (“The Lonely Sail Whitens,” “Mountain Peaks,” “A Blizzard is Sweeping Along the Street”), Gurilev (“Mother Dove,” “The Blue-Winged Swallow Flies” , "Bell"). The work of these composers is a valuable contribution to the treasury of Russian music. . . .

Romance occupies an important place in the works of M.I. Glinka. Glinka wrote romances throughout his life. Everything about them captivates: sincerity and simplicity; restraint in expressing feelings, classical harmony and severity of form, beauty of melody and clear harmony. Romances are popular - “The Lark”, “A Passing Song”, “I Remember a Wonderful Moment”

Romances and songs occupy a prominent place in the works of Dargomyzhsky, Borodin, Mussorgsky, and Tchaikovsky.

3. Opera creative і there is stolen ї nskyh composer і V

Opera- this is a genre that combines singing (solo, ensemble, choral), instrumental music, stage acting, creative arts (costumes, makeup, lighting; artistic design of the performance).

The foundations of European musical and theatrical mystique are rooted in ancient folk theater performance (in Italy - commedia dell'arte, in Russia - the Petrushka Theater, in Ukraine - nativity scene). Opera originated in Italy. The first works were written on ancient subjects. The rest of the opera is shaped by the creativity of the renowned Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi.

Already in the second century after the century, opera became the most popular genre.

The great master of operatic mystique is B.A. Mozart. His top operas are “Vesilla Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, “The Charming Flute”. . .And.

Ukraine їн ska opera formed in the other half of the 19th century. The first classical characters are named after S. Gulak-Artemovsky ("Zaporozhets beyond the Danube", 1862) and Mlisenko ("Natalka Poltavka", 1889 and "Taras Bulba", 1890).

The theme of the opera can be varied. These are historical scenes, pictures, experiences of people and their inner light.

The text, which is the basis of the vocal numbers, helps to reveal the opera's setting. This text is called whether bretto He is a singer, a playwright and a composer himself.

The composer creates artistic images using the methods of musical virtuosity. Among them are a clear melody, harmony, varied orchestration, and unique rhythm. An important role is played by the choice of musical forms for various numbers, scenes, and acts. Solo numbers have the following names: aria, arioso, arrieta (small in size aria), cavatina, romance.

In opera, recitatives (musical declamation) are widely used. Stinks..of the edible choirs, ensembles, choirs.

A series of solo parts in opera ensembles, choruses, ballet numbers.

Duzhe Vagoma in opera role orchestra. It not only accompanies your sleep, but also complements it and makes you rich. The orchestra is entrusted with independent numbers: overture, intermission to subsequent acts, episodes, introduction to arias.

Overture- It is necessary to wait for the flaming completion of the orchestral number, which ends until the end. In it, the composer concentrates on the main musical ideas of the opera.

Intermission- this is a small orchestral introduction to the stage, considering its size.

An example of a lyric-comic opera is the opera by S. Gulak-Artemovsky “Zalorozhets beyond the Danube.” Two storylines are intertwined here: lyrical (the married couple is Oksana IAndriy) and comical (Ivan Karas and his wife Odarka).

The characteristic feature of a comic opera is its informal dialogues. This opera has played a significant role in the history of Ukrainian opera art. Here the brightest folk types are shown, the brightest rice of the Ukrainian people is highlighted.

An example of a historical-heroic opera is Little Fox’s opera “Taras Gulba”. There is a place in it to give images to the people. In this context, the composer pays special attention to the mass choral scenes. Here the hero’s struggle and the triumph of victory are instilled.

Ticket 10

1. Works of F. Chopin

Fryderyk Chopin is a great Polish composer and pianist. He enriched music with new content and introduced new techniques of pianistic performance. His work coincides with the era of romanticism, which is characterized by the genre of miniatures.

Chopin composed exclusively for piano. His music was recognized during his lifetime, and today there are competitions named after Chopin.

Main works: mazurkas, polonaises, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes, etudes, impromptu, sonatas, ballads, scherzos, fantasies, concertos.

Chopin significantly expanded the expressive capabilities of many genres (such as mazurka, polonaise, etude, waltz, etc.), turning them into concert works.

Particularly popular are the Waltz in C sharp minor, the “Revolutionary” etude, and the cycle of 24 preludes (Chopin was the first to interpret the prelude as an independent piece)

2. Opera-fairy tale in the works of Russians composers

The fairy tale opera genre appeared in Glinka’s work with the creation of the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”. He reached his peak in the works of Rimsky-Korsakov (“The Snow Maiden”, “Sadko”, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Golden Cockerel”).

Opera "Snow Maiden" written on the plot of the play by A.N. Ostrovsky in 1880. The composer reproduced ancient customs and rituals with great warmth. A truthful depiction of people's lives and everyday life is combined with the world of fantasy and fairy tales. Characters: Tsar Berendey, Bermyata, Kupava, Lel, Mizgir, Bobyl and Bobylikha (realistic images); Spring-Red and Father Frost are endowed with human traits; The image of the Snow Maiden - the daughter of Frost and Spring - combines real features with fantastic ones.

Nature is often depicted in opera. Sometimes images of nature have an allegorical meaning - they personify the justice and regularity of life phenomena.

Rimsky-Korsakov often uses leitmotifs - consistent musical characteristics. Scenes based on continuous (“end-to-end”) development alternate in the opera with completed numbers. The opera has many choirs, genuine folk melodies are widely used, and folk rituals are shown.

The opera consists of a prologue and four acts.

3. Creativity of L. Revutsky

Lev Mykolayovich Revutsky is involved in the history of Ukrainian Christian musical culture as a prominent composer, teacher, teacher and musical activist. The creative path began in the early 20s, although the rest of the formation of this yakmyts began much later, in the 20s.

For the formation of Revutsky’s individual style, little effort and serious work with folk songs is of great importance. The composer compiles folk songs, which is important for

Cycle "Sonechko" appeared in 1925. Here came 20 different songs depending on their character and genre: a number of stoneflies (Come out, come out, little sun, Podolyanochka, Go, go, plank), lyrical (A quail has flown in), dance songs ( Dibi-dibi), koliskikhs ("Little kitty is gray", "Oh, it's a dream to walk"), game ones ("Oh, there is a viburnum", " Get drunk, I'm drunk).

The new stage of the mystical gangway has become Symphony No. 2.

The originality of the work lies in the fact that all its thematic material is based on folklore. Composer vikoristav 7 songs: in Part I - “Oh spring, spring”, “Oh don’t feel sorry for me”, in Part II - “Oh Mikito, Mikito”, “Oh there’s a pine tree in the field”, “At the Kiev market”, in Part III - “And we were sowing millet”, “At the valley of poppies”.

The melodies of these folk songs became the “grain” of imagery, the starting point, the impulse for development.

Symphony No. 2 became the first classical example of the symphonic genre in Ukrainian Radian music.

The greatest creation of the 40s cantata-poem "Hustina"(behind the work of T. Shevchenko). Musical images arise from folklore songs, moreover, the composer does not quote folk melodies, but creates an original fabric - melody, rhythm, harmony, texture - at folklore dusi.

"Hustina" is a one-part TV. There are choral, solo and orchestral episodes.

With his cantata-singing, Revutsky developed the principles of the cantata genre, expanded by Lisenko and Stetsenko. Vin interprets this genre in a lyrical-dramatic way (classical cantatas are not important for their urban character).

Tvorchiydorobok L.M. Revutsky is not very great, he’s just a wag. The composer’s beautiful works have entered the golden fund of our culture.

Dear friend! You already know that the roots of musical culture go back to the distant past. Over the millennia of its existence, many musical instruments have appeared.

skills, genres of musical art. Wonderful composers wrote music in these genres.
By the 17th century, vast experience in music had already been accumulated. But this century has truly become a milestone, opening up new paths for music.
What is the most important thing in this century?
Explain what polyphony is, how is this word translated from Greek?
In what genres did this style of music prevail?
What is the name of the style in which only one voice is in charge, and the rest accompany it? Translated this word into Russian!
In which genres was homophony prevalent?

1. What is a healthy lifestyle? A. List of activities aimed at preserving and strengthening health b.

Medical and physical training complex

V. Individual system of behavior aimed at maintaining and strengthening health

d. Regular physical exercise

2. What is a daily routine?

A. Order of daily activities

b. The established routine of a person’s life, including work, nutrition, rest and sleep

V. List of daily tasks distributed by execution time

d. Strict adherence to certain rules

3. What is balanced nutrition?

A. Meals distributed according to meal times

b. Nutrition based on the body's needs

V. Eating a specific set of foods

d. Nutrition with a certain ratio of nutrients

4. What are the nutrients that have energy value?

A. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates and mineral salts

b. Water, proteins, fats and carbohydrates

V. Proteins fats carbohydrates

g. Fats and carbohydrates

5. What are vitamins?

A. Organic chemical compounds necessary for the synthesis of enzyme proteins

b. Inorganic chemical compounds necessary for the body to function

V. Organic chemical compounds that are enzymes

d. Organic chemical compounds contained in food

6. What is motor activity?

A. The number of movements necessary for the body to function

b. Physical education and sports

V. Performing any movements in daily activities

d. Any muscle activity that ensures optimal functioning of the body and good health

Please help me answer questions about music for grade 6 on the musical "Notre Dame de Paris" 1) What is a musical? 2) In what year did the musical debut? 3) B

In which country was this musical first performed? 4) What does “Notre-Dame de Paris” mean in translation? 5) The author of the novel? 6) Name the composer and librettist of the musical? 7) What is a librettist? 8) Who is a librettist? 9) Where does the action take place (city) 10) Who is Esmeralda’s guardian? 11) What was Quasimode’s job in the cathedral? 12) King of the Vagabonds? 13) Why did the tramps want to hang the poet Gringoire? 14) why was the execution (hanging of the poet) not put into practice? 15) Name Quasimod’s guardian and mentor? 16) Why was Quasimodo sentenced to ride on the wheel? 17) Name the main characters (7 people) 18) Who was chosen as the king of the jesters? 19) For what crime was Esmeralda hanged? 20) What does the inscription on the wall of the Anke Cathedral mean? 21) Who was Esmeralda in love with? 22) Who wounded Captain Phoebus with Esmeralda’s dagger? 23) Name Esmeralda’s husband? 24) Who will Captain Phoebus stay with? 25) How will the priest Frolo die?