History presentation on the topic "culture and beliefs in ancient Egypt." Development of culture Great Sphinx in the background

Introduction The history of art does not know a sharper turn from the Middle Ages to modern times than in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. The culture of Peter the Great's time was distinguished by its efficiency, but it could not be called boring: it concealed a romantic impatience - to quickly learn, discover, master, and catch up.

Engraving The most accessible and widespread type of fine art in the Peter the Great era was engraving. Engravings reflected the most important events and served as educational aids and illustrations in books. The most famous Russian engraver of the early 18th century was Alexey Fedorovich Zubov A.F. Zubov. Peter I on horseback Image of the palace in an 18th-century engraving

Iconography of the Soul of Christ Venerable Macarius of Unzhensk and Zheltovodsk At the beginning of the 18th century, Tsar Peter the Great forced Russian artists to follow Western canons. In the art of icon painting, a “free” style with characteristic Baroque features prevailed. It was in the 18th century that icons began to be decorated with metal coverings, called oklads.

Literature M.V. Lomonosov Since the 60s of the 18th century, a new literary direction has been emerging in Russian literature, called sentimentalism. The ruler of the thoughts of young people of the 90s was N.M. Karamzin (his stories: “Poor Liza”, “Natalia, the Boyar’s Daughter”). In the 1920s, a completely new page opened in Russian literature - classicism. The most prominent figures of the new literary era were Prince A. D. Kantemir and M. V. Lomonosov In Peter's times Feofan Prokopovich N.M. Karamzin A.D. Kantemir F. Prokopovich was famous

Music by D.S. Bortnyansky E.I. Fomin The Petrine Epoch marked the beginning of the development of a new type of secular music. The creativity of this time was limited mainly to the simplest genres of applied music - military, table, dance. The main genre characterizing the development of musical art in the 18th century in Russia was opera. It is not surprising that it was in the opera genre that the creative capabilities of Russian composers of the 18th century subsequently manifested themselves most clearly. Along with opera, various genres of chamber music are gaining popularity in Russia. In the mid-18th century, chamber concerts at court became commonplace.

Education A significant role in the development of education in Russia was played by the so-called soldiers’ schools—comprehensive schools for soldiers’ children, successors and continuers of the digital schools of Peter the Great’s time. The second type of schools in Russia in the 18th century. these are closed noble educational institutions: private boarding schools, gentry corps, institutes for noble maidens. The rise of literacy in Russia at the end of the 18th century. B.M. Kustodiev. School in Moscow Rus'. The third type of educational institutions includes theological seminaries and schools. The training of specialists was also carried out through the Academic Universities of the Academy of Sciences, Moscow and Vilna.

Science Russian science of the 18th century. also needed titans, and it is no coincidence that it was at the Russian Academy that the physicist and chemist Lomonosov, the mathematicians Euler and Bernoulli glorified their names with discoveries of world significance. The Academy of Sciences in the 6070s conducted five expeditions that explored vast territories. In the second half of the 18th century. The foundations of scientific biology in Russia are laid. In 1793, the first medical journal in Russia, St. Petersburg Medical Gazette, was published. Euler Bernoulli

Results The eighteenth century in the field of culture and life in Russia is a century of deep social contrasts, the rise of education and science. Russian art, as we will see below, which continued to develop in the 18th century on new European principles, still remained an expressed national phenomenon with its own specific face, and this fact in itself is very significant. However, unlike the previous period of time, the culture was greatly influenced by the nobility, and the dominance of foreigners continued.

Materials "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Russian Artist." Pedagogy Mr. A. N. Petrov. “Russian architecture of the first half of the 18th century.” 1954. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, M.: 1975. Volumes 18,19,20,21. V.V. Mavrodin “The Birth of a New Russia.”, M., 1998. Essays on Russian culture. Higher school of Moscow State University 1990 B.A. Rybakov. History of Russian music. T. 1. From ancient times to the mid-19th century O. Levashova, Y. Keldysh, A. Kandinsky. Russian lira. “Essays on musical Russia.” 1971. Mironov A.G. About Russian art. Collected works vol. 24. M., Gorky A.M. At the origins of Russian theater. Kuzmin A.I. M Rybakova B. A. History of the USSR from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. M.: Higher School Krivorotov V. Milestones. The ups and downs of Russia’s special path // Knowledge is power. 8, Anisimov E.V. The Birth of an Empire // book. History of the Fatherland: people, ideas, decisions. Essays on the history of Russia in the 9th and early 20th centuries. M.: Politizdat. 1991

1 slide

Development of culture From its inception to the 20th century Prepared by: student of class 10 “B” of School No. 1095 Maria Kokoreva

2 slide

Primitive culture Primitive art - the art of the era of primitive society reflected the views, conditions and lifestyle of primitive hunters. The main representative of primitive culture for us is rock art

3 slide

Culture of the Ancient World “...After all, somewhere a new planet is waiting for them In the Alpha system there will be a new Earth And there will be a new winter, spring and summer And autumn will be there, I will be there And there will be people, people of the new era And there will be a world that is kinder than all worlds And for love doors are always open And people are at least a little wiser That magical world of kindness and happiness All evil has melted away in a system of black holes Love and friendship without cruel power Such a magical and wonderful world...”

4 slide

5 slide

ANCIENT EGYPT The art of Egypt reflects its majestic nature. The breath of desert winds, the ashen color of sandy plains, the abundance of various types of stone in the depths of the mountains, thickets of papyrus in the Nile Delta, sacred lotus flowers, etc. - largely determined the harsh beauty of Egyptian art. Over the centuries, it has developed perfect methods of depiction and expressive means, with the help of which the complex and majestic image of a person was recreated, and the wealth of mythological ideas was reflected.

6 slide

Ancient Egypt “Oh, Egypt! Tears of the soul. In a scorched, yellow desert. You melted into the haze of time, And I still cry. Your secret language is forgotten. Your knowledge is stored in the pyramids. You suddenly appeared out of nowhere, In this world of evil and resentment. You needed the sultry sand, the silence, the vastness of the desert. Where a stream of rays poured from the sky. Where the radiant god looked at you, And at night, like a distant, silent candle, the Star of Sorrow shone from the heavens.”

7 slide

8 slide

Slide 9

Ancient India Ancient India managed to create priceless artistic treasures. As in other ancient cultures, in Indian culture during the era of its formation the natural factor played a decisive role. Belief in the miraculous power of nature became the basis of Indian mythology and the entire Indian culture. India is considered to be both a rich and poor country. The wealth of India lies in the architectural monuments of ancient medicine-Ayurveda, which is an integral part of the culture of Ancient India.

10 slide

Ancient China The largest building in China at the end of the 4th-3rd centuries. BC e. - The Great Wall of China, reaching a height of 10 m and a width of 5-8 m, it served both as a harsh adobe fortress with many signal towers, protecting against attacks by nomadic tribes, and as a road stretching along the ledges of impassable mountain ranges. At the early stage of construction, the length of the Great Wall of China reached 750 km, and later exceeded 3000 kilometers.

11 slide

Ancient China Chinese culture is one of the most interesting and, of course, unique oriental cultures. The continuity of development of Chinese culture is one of its most important features.

12 slide

Middle Ages “I must be my own enemy from the beginning. My beloved neglects me. Let another be favorable to me, I will not be seduced by another beauty. One insists that I am not worth love, I myself am harsh with the other, who is in love with me. There are two of them, but I am not happy with either one. If only I had known at the beginning that today I would be worthy of such rewards, that love promises me only sorrows, I would be glad not to love forever. madman, I wander at random and fear new troubles in my disgrace. I myself am to blame for my misfortunes.” Rudolf von Fenis

Slide 13

Middle Ages “Middle Ages” is almost a synonym for everything gloomy and reactionary. Its early period is called the “Dark Ages.” But no matter what, the Middle Ages still left a memory of itself in books, icons and frescoes, legends about fearless knights and mysterious castles - silent witnesses of that era.

Slide 14

15 slide

Renaissance An era of intellectual and artistic flourishing that began in Italy in the 14th century, peaking in the 16th century and having a significant impact on European culture.

Culture and beliefs

in Ancient Egypt

originated around 4000 BC.

Construction began in XXVII V. BC. under Pharaoh Djoser.

Pyramid – a structure with a square base

with interlocking edges.

Great Sphinx - fantastic creature

with the body of a lion and the head of a man.

Pyramids - the first of the 7 wonders of the world.

Great Sphinx in the background

Pyramids of Pharaoh Khafre

The largest of

pyramids - Cheops .

Writing originated in Mesopotamia

and in Egypt at the same time,

more than 5000 years ago.

Signs for writing –

hieroglyphs (more than 700).

Papyrus -plant,

on stems

which was painted with special paint.

Writing instruments:

A pointed reed for writing, a pot of water for diluting paints, and a pencil case for black and red ink.

The Egyptians knew how to build ships up to 50 m long
We went sailing and rowing.
Low navigation level did not allow

travel long distances

4.Religion.

In Ancient Egypt

didn't exist

one common religion

The religion of Egypt took 3000 years to last

the path of development from fetishism and totemism,

to polytheism and monotheistic thinking.

The concept was first formulated in Egypt

monotheism - Pharaoh Akhenaten attempted

religious reform, the purpose of which was

centralize Egyptian cults around god

Sun of Aten.

At different times the most

deities were revered

Ra and later identified

with him Amon, Osiris, Isis,

Set, Ptah, Anubis

The body of the deceased was embalmed and rubbed with special ointments.

Then the mummy was wrapped in several layers of fabric and placed in special sarcophagus boxes

The more noble the deceased, the more sarcophagi there were, inserted into each other

The mummy of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was placed in 9 sarcophagi

The upper sarcophagi were given the features of the deceased.

pyramid tomb (for pharaohs),

or a cave (for nobles).

Construction of the tomb began

during the life of a noble Egyptian.

Sometimes construction took decades.

Things were placed next to the sarcophagus

necessary for life in

the afterlife. To

the tomb was not robbed - entrance

they walled it up,

and they built traps inside.

Ancient Egypt left a huge cultural

heritage for world civilization,

more works of his art

in ancient times were exported to various

corners of the world and widely copied

masters from other countries.

Egyptian culture had a great influence

influence on the ancient Romans.

laid the foundation for what followed

cultural development of many peoples.

https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Russian culture 17th century

Architecture: - Gradual departure from strict church canons and traditions - External elegance, nicknamed by contemporaries “wonderful patterns” Terem Palace. Moscow Ogurtsov, Ushakov, Konstantinov Mikhail Fedorovich

Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin In 1624-1625, the tower was built on (B. Ogurtsov) and a clock was added (H. Galovey) Mikhail Fedorovich

Wooden palace in Kolomenskoye Alexey Mikhailovich “Wonderful” Assumption Church. Uglich

Church of Elijah the Prophet. Yaroslavl Alexey Mikhailovich

Naryshkinskoe (Moscow Baroque) multi-tiered, upward direction multi-colored rich decoration of buildings decorative carving on white stone colored tiles coloring of facades

Bell tower of the Novodevichy Convent. Moscow Under Sophia, Ivan and Peter

Church of the Intercession in Fili. Moscow Peter I Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Moscow Alexey Mikhailovich

Painting - Icon painting, but stories also appear about the everyday life of people - Development of portrait painting (parsuns) images in icon painting technique (egg paints on a board), later - oil paints on canvas Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands Simon Ushakov

Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands Simon Ushakov Alexey Mikhailovich

Literature “The Tale of Shemyakin’s Court”, “The Tale of Ersha Ershovich”, “The Tale of Thomas and Erem”. Poems by Simeon of Polotsk “Life” of Archpriest Avvakum Works of oral folk art are recorded - epics, proverbs, songs, spells. The first history of Russia, “Synopsis,” was published; primers and religious literature were printed in large editions and at an affordable price. - New literary genres are appearing: satirical, biographical and autobiographical stories:

Education - In 1687 (under Sophia, Ivan and Peter) the first higher educational institution in Moscow was opened - the Slavic-Greek-Latin School (Greek brothers Likhud), where they studied Greek grammar, poetics, rhetoric and philosophy. - The need for educated people grew - The most common form was home schooling: townspeople’s children were taught by literate family members or lower clergy, and the boyars and nobles invited teachers from abroad (Rzeczpospolita), schools were opened at churches and monasteries. For the first time, they began to widely teach foreign languages languages (Polish and Latin) A public school was opened at the Moscow Zaikonospassky Monastery to train educated clerks for orders (at the suggestion of Simeon of Polotsk)

Slide captions:

The emergence of another style - SENTIMENTALISM (
N.M. Karamzin
"Poor Lisa":
This is an artistic movement characterized by attention to human spiritual life, sensuality and an idealized image of people, life situations, and nature.
Sentimentalism gives preference not to reason but to feelings.
Sentimentalism is the predecessor of romanticism.
N.M. Karamzin
1766-1826
G.I.
Ugryumov
“The Election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the Tsar” and “The Capture of Kazan”
Education
New types of educational institutions under Catherine
II
:
-
Public schools
(for children of tax-paying classes) two- and four-year courses in each provincial town
Specialized educational institutions
: Artillery and Engineering Cadet Corps; school at the Academy of Arts; Mining Institute; Commercial school for children of merchants and townspeople

Closed schools
: Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens; Catherine's Institute for girls from merchant and bourgeois families
A special teacher training program has been developed
In 1725 (under Catherine
I
), the Academy of Sciences was opened (the first President was Princess Ekaterina Dashkova.
In 1755 (under Elizaveta Petrovna), Moscow University was opened, with two gymnasiums (for nobles and commoners).
Under Pavel, Medical and Surgical Academies were opened in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
M.V. Lomonosov 1711-1765
DI. Fonvizin
1744-1792
G.I. Derzhavin
1743-1816
Painting
- The paintings were distinguished by a variety of genres: portraits, theatrical scenery, landscapes, still lifes, scenes from folk life
Historical painting:
A.P.
Losenko

"Vladimir before
Rognedoy
»
Russian culture
mid-end
XVIII
century
VC. Trediakovsky 1703-1768
A.P. Sumarokov 1717-1777
- In the second half of the 18th century, monumental sculpture in the style of RUSSIAN CLASSICISM achieved great success:
Monument to Peter the Great
E.M.Falcone
Monument to A.V. Suvorov
M.I.Kozlovsky
Petersburg
Literature
Journalism is developing rapidly (Ekaterina’s humor magazine
II
“All sorts of things”, about wastefulness, female inconstancy; N.I. Novikov’s magazines “Neither this nor that...”, “Mixture”, “Drone”, “Painter” - used satire to show the evils of serfdom)

A.N. Radishchev
“Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” (about arbitrariness and lawlessness in the country, for the first time posed in artistic form the problem of the need to eliminate autocracy and serfdom)
The emergence of a new literary language and a new system of versification
(V.K. Trediakovsky)
A system of genres has developed: ode, fable, elegy, tragedy, comedy, story, novel
The emergence of a new style in literature in the second half
XVIII
centuries –
RUSSIAN CLASSICISM
: criticism of social shortcomings, departure from ancient plots, revelation of important truths using the example of national history, connection with folklore, poetic basis:
V.K. Trediakovsky, A.P. Sumarokov
(in tragedies he attracted attention to the images of noble princes and brave boyars; in fables he criticized the vices of the serfdom system),
M.V. Lomonosov
(in his odes he sang the victories of the Russian troops and the deeds of Peter the Great),
D.I. Fonvizin
(exposed the ignorance and arbitrariness of the landowners in “Nedorosl”),
G.R.Derzhavin
(he ridiculed noble mediocrities and slackers, glorified the victories of the Russian army in patriotic odes)
Father and son
Argunovs
Portrait of “Unknown Woman in Russian Costume” and portrait of P.I.
Kovaleva-Zhemchugova
Music
- Under Anna
Ioanovne
a court opera was created for the first time (the singers and music authors were foreigners)
Under Catherine the Great, the first Russian composers appeared:
D.S.
Bortnyansky
(director of the court singing chapel, author of choral spiritual compositions),
V.A. Pashkevich, E.I. Fomin
Sculpture
- In the second half of the 18th century, the foundations of Russian sculpture were laid, its founder was
F.I.Shubin,
the first master of Russian sculptural portrait, worked with marble:
Bust of A.M. Golitsyn
Statue "Catherine the Lawgiver"
Bust of M.V. Lomonosov
Development of scientific knowledge
M.V. Lomonosov
in a variety of fields: physics, chemistry, astronomy, history, philology (the atmosphere on Venus; a working model of a helicopter; the law of conservation of matter and motion...)
M.I.Shein
– the first Russian anatomical atlas
Creation of the first “Atlas of the Russian Empire”
I.I. Polzunov
– the first steam engine, a project for a universal continuous steam engine
I.P. Kulibin
– mirror lantern (spotlight), elevator for the empress, microscope, projects:
single-arch
bridge, self-propelled carriage, watercraft...
Brothers
Motorina

The Tsar Bell was cast
K.D.Frolov
– a unique installation for working in mines (pumping water from the mine and supplying ore)
Vitus
Bering
– First Kamchatka expedition (opening of the strait between Asia and America); Second Kamchatka Expedition (exploration of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands)
Stepan Krasheninnikov
– “Description of the land of Kamchatka”
Vasily Tatishchev
– “Russian History” (scientific coverage of the history of the state)
Theater

In 1761, the first Russian professional permanent public theater appeared under the leadership of F.G. Volkov
Under Elizabeth, theaters appeared in the Noble Corps (St. Petersburg) and at Moscow University
The art of theater is developing: the Bolshoi Theater was built in St. Petersburg; private, home theaters were famous (Count Sheremetev had 4 theaters), the theater of the Yusupov princes in Arkhangelsk...
Serf actresses of the Sheremetyev counts: P.I.
Kovaleva-Zhemchugova
and T.V.
Shlykova-Granatova

Portrait painting
:
V.L.
Borovikovsky

Portrait
M.I. Lopukhina
D.G. Levitsky
"Lady in Blue"

F.S. Rokotov
Portrait
A.P.
Struyskoy

Slide captions:

Winter Palace. Petersburg
V.V. Rastrelli
Elizaveta Petrovna
Grand Palace. Peterhof
V.V. Rastrelli
Elizaveta Petrovna
Peter
I
Elizabethan Baroque
Architecture
CLASSICISM is affirmed. Its main features:
predominance of straight horizontal and vertical lines;
parts of buildings are symmetrical, proportional, balanced;
columns serve not only as decoration, they support the ceilings;
roofs are made flat;
building facades are painted in restrained colors: yellow. Coffee, gray, fawn.
The building of the Academy of Arts.
Petersburg
A.F.
Kokorinov
and J.B.
Wallen-Delamote
Catherine
II
classicism
Catherine
II
Pashkov's house. Moscow

A.I. Bazhenov
Senate building in the Kremlin. Moscow

M.F. Kazakov
classicism
Great Catherine Palace. Tsarskoe Selo
V.V. Rastrelli
Catherine
I
Peter
I
Smolny Monastery. Petersburg
V.V. Rastrelli
Elizaveta Petrovna
Elizabethan Baroque

Slide captions:

Golitsynskaya
and Pavlovsk hospital. Moscow
M.F. Kazakov
Catherine
II
Paul
I
classicism
Mikhailovsky Castle. Petersburg
author of the project
A.I. Bazhenov
Tsaritsyn Palace Ensemble. Moscow
author of the project
A.I. Bazhenov and M.F. Kazakov
Paul
I
Catherine
II
classicism
Russian Gothic and classicism
Catherine
II
Tauride Palace. Petersburg
I.E.
Starov
Alexander Palace. Petersburg
D. Quarenghi
classicism
House of Princes Dolgoruky. Moscow
M.F. Kazakov
Petrovsky Travel Palace. Moscow
M.F. Kazakov
Catherine
II
classicism
Russian Gothic

Preview:

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Culture of Russia First quarter of the 18th century

Education The beginning of the formation of a vocational education system: An increase in the number of educational institutions that are secular in nature The emergence of digital schools The appearance of mining schools in the Ural and Olonets factories The emergence of medical, artillery and engineering schools The appearance of special textbooks for training The introduction of a new civil font Under Peter, education became one of the types civil service (for nobles) The number of printed publications increased (books, reference books, visual aids) The first newspaper “Vedomosti” appeared The “Arithmetic” of Leonty Magnitsky appeared (an encyclopedia of mathematical knowledge of that time) The first scientific library was opened

Development of scientific knowledge The first Russian museum "Kunstkamera", the Naval and Artillery museums appeared. The year began to begin on January 1, AD, calendars began to be published with information about the days of the week, months, sunrises and sunsets, eclipses, information about weather Expeditions were sent to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea, for the first time the Aral Sea, which was unknown in Europe, was put on the map The first observatory was created in the Sukharev Tower in Moscow The first hospital was opened, surgical instruments began to be made in St. Petersburg An apothecary garden with medicinal herbs was developed Work was underway to create Academy of Sciences Yakov Bruce organized a Navigation School in Moscow, where astronomy was studied, a Russian map of the starry sky was compiled, and regular weather observations began. A state mining and exploration service was organized (Shilov - copper; Ryabov - mineral waters; Kapustin - coal) Andrei Nartov invented lathes; Nikonov's first Russian submarine

Literature - A new hero has appeared in literary works - an educated, brave, greedily exploring the world. The genre of journalism has become established: Feofan Prokopovich in his “Laudatory Tale about the Russian Navy” glorified Peter’s reforms. The works of Ivan Pososhkov have become famous. Dance music, military music, table melodies, popular cants (polyphonic everyday singing on state and military holidays) Fine arts New phenomenon: engraving (printed relief drawing on paper) - Alexey Zubov Development of secular portrait painting - Ivan Nikitin

Panorama of St. Petersburg Wedding of Peter and Catherine

"Peter I on his deathbed" "Hetman of the Floor"

Architecture The transition from church canons to secular ones. Further development of the Russian (Petrine) baroque. The appearance of regular gardens (Summer) of Kikin's Chambers. St. Petersburg Peter's Baroque Peter I Andreas Schlüter?

Peter and Paul Cathedral. St. Petersburg Petrine Baroque Peter I Domenico Trezzini

Peter-Pavel's Fortress. St. Petersburg Petrine Baroque Domenico Trezzini Peter I

Building of 12 colleges. Petersburg. Peter I Petrine Baroque Domenico Trezzini

Menshikov Palace. Petersburg. Peter I Petrine Baroque Giovanni Fontana and Gottfried Schedel

Menshikov Tower. Moscow Petrovsky Baroque Peter I

Sculpture Bust of Peter I (C. Rastrelli) Empress Anna Ioannovna with a little black (C. Rastrelli)

Changes in everyday life: Introduction of European clothing (camisoles, stockings, shoes, ties, hats) Shaving of beards Celebration of the New Year New European entertainment: assemblies, masquerades, fireworks Emergence of the first public theater in Moscow Development of rules of etiquette “An honest mirror of youth, or Indications for everyday behavior” , collected from various authors"

Preview:

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Features: did not lead to decline; formation of own cultural traditions. Literature: Chronicles are kept in every principality. “Teachings” and “Word” are new literary genres: Vladimir Monomakh “Teachings for Children” is the idea of strengthening the unity of the Old Russian state. Daniil the Sharpener - 1197 - “The Word of Daniil the Sharpener” Unknown author “The Prayer of Daniil the Sharpener” is the ideal image of a prince, a defender of all the disadvantaged, a supporter of firm order, capable of ensuring the external security of the country. Unknown author - 1185 - “The Word and Igor’s Campaign”: The campaign of Novgorod-Seversk Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich against the Polovtsians Protest against strife, there is strength in unity!!!

Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral Pereyaslavl-Zalessky 1152 Yuri Dolgoruky

Fresco "The Miracle of George on the Dragon"

Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, Veliky Novgorod, 1198

Fragment of the fresco “The Last Judgment”

Preview:

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Russian culture from the 9th century to the 12th century

The main motive of ancient Russian art is patriotism. Bylinas are poetic tales about the past, in which the exploits of Russian heroes were glorified. Ilya Muromets Alyosha Popovich Dobrynya Nikitich Mikula Selyaninovich Oral folk art Writing and literacy The Slavic alphabet of the Byzantine monks Cyril and Methodius penetrated into Rus' in the 10th century Opening of the first schools in churches and temples Translations of Greek and Bulgarian books Reading the work “Alexandria” From the 11th century, after its founding the first convent in Kyiv – the beginning of girls’ education

Literature 1113 – chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years” – monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery Nestor Lives – literary description of the lives of people canonized as saints. Life of Boris and Gleb - Nestor “Sermon on Law and Grace” - Hilarion, the first Metropolitan of Kiev, a native of Rus' 1049, in honor of the completion of the fortifications of Kiev: The first part praises the ideas of Christianity In the second part “Praise to Prince Vladimir” In the third part dedicated to Yaroslav the Wise, successor to Vladimir’s work

Architecture and fine arts St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, 1037 Yaroslav the Wise Golden Gate in Kyiv Tithe Church (Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary) in Kyiv, 989 Prince Vladimir

Art craft: filigree, graining, enamel Filigree: an ornament or design made with thin gold or silver wire, which was soldered onto a metal surface. Grain: when a pattern consisting of many tiny grain balls is applied to a product. Enamel: when the spaces between the partitions were filled with multi-colored enamel. St. Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod Yaroslav the Wise

Russian culture from the 12th century to the 13th century

Features: did not lead to decline; formation of own cultural traditions. Literature: Chronicles are kept in every principality. “Teachings” and “Word” are literary genres: Vladimir Monomakh “Teachings for Children” is the idea of strengthening the unity of the Old Russian state. Daniil Zatochnik “Word” and “Prayer” is the ideal image of a prince, a defender of all the disadvantaged, a supporter of firm order, capable of ensuring the external security of the country. Unknown author - 1185 - “The Word and Igor’s Campaign”: The campaign of Novgorod-Seversk Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich against the Polovtsians Protest against strife, there is strength in unity!!!

Architecture: Novgorod-Pskov school Church of St. George, Staraya Ladoga, second half of the 12th century

Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, Veliky Novgorod, 1198 Yaroslav Vladimirovich

Vladimir-Suzdal school Assumption Cathedral in Vlad and Mir, 1160 Andrey Bogolyubsky

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, 1165 Andrey Bogolyubsky

Golden Gate in Vladimir, Andrey Bogolyubsky

Dmitrov Cathedral in Vladimir, late 12th century, Vsevolod the Big Nest

Russian culture from the 14th century to the 16th century

Culture of the Moscow State in the 14th – 16th centuries: Features: Cultural revival of Rus' Revival of a unified Russian culture Moving the center to Moscow Cultural contacts of Rus' with other countries Relations with Italy are developing especially successfully Printing: The appearance of paper Opening of schools in churches and monasteries in Moscow and other cities 14th century – the emergence of Russian printing: Moscow, Printing House, Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets – the first Russian printed book “Speaker of Hours”, “Apostle”

Monument to Ivan Fedorov in Moscow

Oral folk art: Epics - about Vladimir the Red Sun; About the Novgorod merchant Vasily Buslaevich and about Sadko Historical songs - “about Avdotya Ryazanochka”; “about Shchelkan Dudentievich”; “about the struggle of Ivan the Terrible with the boyars” Literature: Theme of the struggle against foreign invaders: War stories: “The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu” “The Tale of the Massacre of Mamaev” by an unknown author The poem “Zadonshchina” in honor of Dmitry Donskoy and Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky - author Safoniy Ryazanets Travel notes (walkings): Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin 1466: “Walking across the three seas” Revival of all-Russian chronicles: Trinity Chronicle and Moscow chronicles of 1418 - 1479 (the union of the Moscow grand princely authorities with the urban population for the purpose of political unification of Rus'

Literature: Journalism: Ivan Peresvetov (reform projects that strengthen autocratic power based on the nobility) Prince Andrei Kurbsky - “Stories about the Grand Duke of Moscow” (the monarch must rule together with an elected body of representatives of the estates) “Chronograph” - a collection of interesting and moralizing essays on world history The entourage of Metropolitan Macarius - “Four Menaions” - books intended for reading, works distributed by day and month Priest Sylvester - “Domostroy”, instructions on housekeeping, raising children, performing religious norms and rituals

Archangel Cathedral in Moscow, second quarter of the 14th century Ivan Kalita Aristotle Fioravanti Aleviz New Architecture:

Bell tower of Ivan the Great / Church of Ivan Climacus, Ivan Kalita Aristotle Fioravanti Bon Fryazin after being built to a height of 81 m in 1600 (under Boris Godunov), the bell tower was the tallest building until the beginning of the 18th century.

Assumption Cathedral in Moscow, second quarter of the 14th century Ivan III Aristotle Fioravanti

Chamber of Facets Ivan III Marco Ruffo Pietro Solari

Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow, 15th century Ivan III

Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (tent style), 1532 Vasily III

Intercession Cathedral on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral) Ivan the Terrible Barma and Postnik

Church of the Transfiguration, 14th century Veliky Novgorod

Church of Fyodor Stratelates on the Stream, XIV century Veliky Novgorod

Painting of the Savior Almighty painting of the dome of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior in Veliky Novgorod Theophanes the Greek Church of the Nativity, Kremlin Tower of St. Basil the First, frescoes of the Archangel Cathedral, iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral

“Trinity” Andrei Rublev Together with Theophan the Greek and Prokhor from Gorodets, he painted the Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow and with Daniil Cherny he worked on the frescoes of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, then he decorated the Trinity-Sergius Monastery

First printer Ivan Fedorov and Francis Skaryna

Smolensky Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent

Cathedral of the Nativity Monastery in Moscow

Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye

St. Basil's Cathedral

Church of the Transfiguration