The origin of the surname is count. What are Russian surnames of noble origin? Princely surnames of the Russian Empire

The word “nobleman” itself means: “courtier” or “person from the princely court.” The nobility was the highest class of society.
In Russia, the nobility was formed in the XII-XIII centuries, mainly from representatives of the military service class. Starting from the 14th century, nobles received land plots for their service, and family surnames most often came from their names - Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky, Meshchersky, Ryazan, Galitsky, Smolensky, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Belozersky, Suzdal, Smolensky, Moscow, Tver... Other noble surnames came from the nicknames of their bearers: Gagarins, Humpbacks, Glazatyes, Lykovs. Some princely surnames were a combination of the name of the appanage and a nickname: for example, Lobanov-Rostovsky.
At the end of the 15th century, surnames of foreign origin began to appear in the lists of the Russian nobility - they belonged to immigrants from Greece, Poland, Lithuania, Asia and Western Europe who had aristocratic origins and moved to Russia. Here we can mention such names as Fonvizins, Lermontovs, Yusupovs, Akhmatovs, Kara-Murzas, Karamzins, Kudinovs.
Boyars often received surnames from the baptismal name or nickname of the ancestor and included possessive suffixes. Such boyar surnames include the Petrovs, Smirnovs, Ignatovs, Yuryevs, Medvedevs, Apukhtins, Gavrilins, Ilyins.
The royal family of the Romanovs is of the same origin. Their ancestor was a boyar from the time of Ivan Kalita, Andrei Kobyla. He had three sons: Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Elka
Kobylin and Fedor Koshka. Their descendants received the surnames Zherebtsov, Kobylin and Koshkin, respectively. One of the great-grandsons of Fyodor Koshka, Yakov Zakharovich Koshkin, became the founder of the noble family of the Yakovlevs, and his brother Yuri Zakharovich began to be called Zakharyin-Koshkin. The latter’s son’s name was Roman Zakharyin-Yuryev. His son Nikita Romanovich and his daughter Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, bore the same surname. However, the children and grandchildren of Nikita Romanovich became the Romanovs after their grandfather. This surname was borne by his son Fyodor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret) and the founder of the last Russian royal dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich.
In the era of Peter the Great, the nobility was replenished by representatives of the non-military classes, who received their titles as a result of promotion in public service. One of them was, for example, an associate of Peter I, Alexander Menshikov, who from birth had a “low” origin, but was awarded the princely title by the tsar. In 1785, by decree of Catherine II, special privileges were established for nobles.

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Since ancient times, a surname could change a person’s life; it carried the entire history of the family and gave many privileges. People spent a lot of effort and finances to have a good title, and sometimes even sacrificed their lives for this. It was almost impossible for an ordinary citizen to be included in the list of nobles.

Types of titles

There were many titles in Tsarist Russia, each of them had its own history and carried its own capabilities. All noble families followed the family tree and very carefully selected pairs for their family members. The marriage of two noble families was more of a calculated calculation than a love relationship. Russian noble families stayed together and did not allow members without a title into their families.

Among these genera could be:

1. Princes.
2. Graphs.
3. Barons.
4. Kings.
5. Dukes.
6. Marquises.

Each of these clans had its own history and led its own family tree. It was strictly forbidden for a nobleman to create a family with a commoner. Thus, it was almost impossible for an ordinary ordinary resident of Tsarist Russia to become a nobleman, except for very great achievements before the country.

Princes Rurikovich

Princes are one of the highest noble titles. Members of such a family always had a lot of land, finances and slaves. It was a great honor for a representative of the family to be at court and help the ruler. Having proven himself, a member of the princely family could become a trusted person of the ruler. The famous noble families of Russia in most cases had a princely title. But titles could be divided according to the methods of obtaining them.

One of the most famous princely families in Russia were the Rurikovichs. The list of noble families begins with her. The Rurikovichs are immigrants from Ukraine and descendants of Igor’s great Rus'. The roots of many European rulers come from This is a strong dynasty that brought the world many famous rulers who were in power for a long time throughout Europe. But a number of historical events that took place in those days divided the family into many branches. Russian noble families, such as Pototsky, Peremyshl, Chernigov, Ryazan, Galician, Smolensky, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Belozersky, Suzdal, Smolensky, Moscow, Tver, Starodubsky, belong specifically to the Rurik family.

Other princely titles

In addition to the descendants of the Rurikovich family, noble families in Russia can be such as the Otyaevs. This family received its title thanks to the good warrior Khvostov, who had the nickname Otyay in the army, and dates back to one thousand five hundred and forty-three.

The Ofrosmovs are an example of a strong will and a great desire to achieve a goal. The founder of the family was a strong and courageous warrior.

The Pogozhevs come from Lithuania. The founder of the family was helped to obtain the princely title by his oratory and the ability to conduct military negotiations.

The list of noble families also includes the Pozharskys, Polevys, Pronchishchevs, Protopopovs, Tolstoys, and Uvarovs.

Count's titles

But surnames of noble origin are not only princes. Count dynasties also had high titles and powers at court. This title was also considered very high and gave a lot of powers.

Receiving the title of count was a great achievement for any member of royal society. Such a title, first of all, made it possible to have power and be closer to the ruling dynasty. The noble families of Russia mostly consist of counts. The easiest way to achieve this title was through successful military operations.

One of these surnames is Sheremetv. This is a count family that still exists in our time. The army general received this title for his achievements in military operations and service to the royal family.

Ivan Golovkin is the founder of another family of noble origin. According to many sources, this is a count who appeared in Russia after the wedding of his only daughter. One of the few count families that ended with a single representative of the dynasty.

The noble surname Minich had many branches, and the main reason for this was the large number of women in this family. When marrying, Milikh women took a double surname and mixed titles.

Courtiers received many count titles during the reign of Catherine Petrovna. She was a very generous queen and awarded titles to many of her military leaders. Thanks to her, such names as Efimovsky, Gendrikov, Chernyshev, Razumovsky, Ushakov and many others appeared on the list of nobles.

Barons at court

Many holders of baronial titles also had famous noble families. Among them are family families and granted barons. This, like all other titles, could be obtained with good service. And of course, the simplest and most effective way was to carry out military operations for the homeland.

This title was very popular in the Middle Ages. The family title could be received by wealthy families who sponsored the royal family. This title appeared in the fifteenth century in Germany and, like everything new, gained great popularity. The royal family practically sold it to all rich families who had the opportunity to help and sponsor all the royal endeavors.

To bring rich families closer to him, he introduced a new title - baron. One of the first owners of this title was the banker De Smith. Thanks to banking and trading, this family earned its finances and was elevated to the rank of baron by Peter.

Russian noble families with the title of baron also added the surname Fridriks. Like de Smith, Yuri Fridriks was a good banker who lived and worked at the royal court for a long time. Born into a titled family, Yuri also received a title under Tsarist Russia.

In addition to them, there were a number of surnames with the title of baron, information about which was stored in military documents. These are warriors who earned their titles by actively participating in hostilities. Thus, the noble families of Russia were replenished with such members as: Baron Plotto, Baron von Rummel, Baron von Malama, Baron Ustinov and the family of Baron Schmidt brothers. Most of them came from European countries and came to Russia on work matters.

Royal families

But not only titled families are included in the list of noble families. Russian noble families headed the royal families for many years.

One of the most ancient royal families of Russia were the Godunovs. This is the royal family, which was in power for many years. The first of this family was Tsarina Godunova, who formally ruled the country for only a few days. She renounced the throne and decided to spend her life in a monastery.

The next, no less famous surname of the royal Russian family is the Shuiskys. This dynasty spent little time in power, but was included in the list of noble families of Russia.

The Great Queen Skavronskaya, better known as Catherine the First, also became the founder of the royal family dynasty. We should not forget about such a royal dynasty as Biron.

Dukes at court

Russian noble families also have the title of dukes. Receiving the title of Duke was not so easy. Basically, these families included very rich and ancient families of Tsarist Russia.

The owners of the title of Duke in Russia were the Chertozhansky family. The family existed for many centuries and was engaged in agriculture. This was a very rich family that had a lot of land.

The Duke of Nesvizh is the founder of the city of the same name Nesvizh. There are many versions of the origin of this family. The Duke was a great connoisseur of art. His castles were the most remarkable and beautiful buildings of that time. Owning large lands, the duke had the opportunity to help tsarist Russia.

Menshikov is another of the famous ducal families in Russia. Menshikov was not just a duke, he was a famous military leader, army general and governor of St. Petersburg. He received his title for his achievements and service to the royal crown.

Title of Marquis

The title of marquis in Tsarist Russia was mainly given to wealthy families with foreign origins. This was an opportunity to bring foreign capital into the country. One of the most famous families was the Traversi. This is an ancient French family, whose representatives were at the royal court.

Among the Italian marquises was the Paulluci family. Having received the title of marquis, the family remained in Russia. Another Italian family received the title of marquis at the royal court of Russia - Albizzi. This is one of the richest Tuscan families. They earned all their income from entrepreneurial activities in the production of fabrics.

Meaning and privileges of title

For courtiers, having a title provided many opportunities and wealth. When receiving a title, it often brought with it generous gifts from the crown. Often these gifts were lands and wealth. The royal family gave such gifts for special achievements.

For wealthy families who earned their wealth on the generous Russian soil, it was very important to have a good title, for this they financed the royal endeavors, thereby buying their family a high title and good attitude. In addition, only titled families could be close to the royal family and participate in ruling the country.

To the Nobility of the Russian Empire

Golovin, Myasoedov, Abaturov,
Kareev, Kislovsky, Kozhin,
Osorgin, Pestrikov, Rezanov,
Selivanov, Sipyagin, Sushkov,
Yazykov and many other noble
Dedicated to my ancestors.

Complete list of noble families of the Russian Empire (titled and pillar nobility)

We have to see many unfounded claims by various people to nobility (despite the fact that it has not existed in Russia for 100 years), or to descent from one or another noble family, as well as to noble titles (some of which never belonged to that particular family at all). or another family). That is why the idea of ​​this list arose, since the author was unable to find anything similar anywhere that would be sufficiently complete and entirely logical.

This list only includes births hereditary nobles, and to begin with they will only bring titled clans (including clans that received their title from foreign sovereigns and foreign titled nobles, provided that their title was officially recognized in Russia) or ancient(“pillar”, until 1685) clans of the Russian Empire, that is, noble clans that were, respectively, in the V-th and VI-th parts of genealogical books by province, see page Differences among the nobility). Thus, this list probably covers only about 15% of the noble families (but for the rest, information is much more accessible, since the families that arose in the 18th and 19th centuries are recent, the fact of their entry into the hereditary nobility is always well documented and all their 2-6 generations are easily tracked in the noble genealogical books of the corresponding provinces).

Thus, Not includes:

• personal nobles (who did not create a clan),


• hereditary nobles of the first four parts of the genealogical books (who received nobility by grant after 1685, or for service in the army or civil service, as well as untitled foreigners),


• untitled nobles of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Finland, who, strictly speaking, were not part of the Russian Empire, but were more or less relatively autonomous states in a personal union with Russia (having the same monarch),


• untitled nobles of the Caucasus and other territories annexed after Peter I.

Of course, different clans that bore the same surname are listed separately (in any case, until their connection is clearly established), i.e. we see several Bartenev families, several Golovin families, several Levashov families, several Neklyudov families, etc. Also, titled and untitled branches of the clan (or the same clan changing its title - for example, a count clan becoming a princely clan) stand separately, even if there is no talk of a real decline of the clan. Two different branches of the clan are also placed separately if they used different coats of arms.

Naturally, only titles officially recognized by the supreme power of Russia before 1917 are included. Thus, the grants of titles made by pretenders to the throne and self-proclaimed “emperors” after 1917 NOT INCLUDED, since they are private acts of individuals other than the reigning monarchs (who alone can confer any titles of nobility).

Note

1. About the date of origin(fourth column of the table): depending on the case, we are talking about the date of the grant of the patrimony, or the date of the first mention of the surname anywhere, or the date of the grant of the title (in the case of titled clans), or the date of official recognition in Russia of a foreign title kind.

2. Surnames in Russia, in their modern sense, began to appear only in the 16th century. For example, Ivan the Terrible (from the Moscow branch of the Rurikovichs) simply did not have a surname. Accordingly, in the “surname” column (the second column of the table) sometimes there is not the surname itself, but the name by which this or that family was known as the ruling one in some fief (for example, the princes of Rostov, the princes of Chernigov and other Rurikovichs ).

3. Brackets are used when there were several spelling options (for example, Counts of Rzhevussky or Rzhevussky), the same applies to the noble predicates “von” (Germany) or “de”: many genera of German or French origin were written this way, then this, or gradually abandoned the use of the predicate (in such cases it is in parentheses), or, on the contrary, they constantly used it (in which case it appears without a parenthesis). In at least two cases (Counts Devier and Fonvizin), the original predicate was included in the actual Russian surname.

4. A question mark is used when some information seems dubious or unfounded to a number of researchers.

NB! If you see your name on this list, this does not mean at all that you belong to this noble family. For a number of reasons, from the fact that many serfs were recorded at emancipation under the surname of their former owners to the fact that a noble family (received nobility for length of service or for some merit) could bear the same surname and were completely unrelated with her are simple namesakes. The same is with titles - individual branches of a particular family sometimes received a title from the monarch and began a new, titled branch, while the remaining branches remained “just” nobles. Thus, there were, for example, the Putyatin princes, the Putyatin counts, the Putyatin nobles (and the Putyatins who did not have nobility at all), and there are a lot of such examples. Consequently, without careful and serious genealogical searches based on documents, you do not have to “automatically” attribute yourself to one or another famous noble family, even if your last name is Golitsyn or Obolensky.

Against, if you did NOT see your name on this list, this does not mean at all that you do not belong to any noble family - as stated above, the overwhelming majority (more than 4/5) of untitled Russian noble families arose after 1685 and therefore are not included in this list.

Please report any inaccuracies, errors or omissions to [email protected]!

Compiled by: Leo Golovin.

Abbreviations

B: boyar family, i.e. one in which there was at least one boyar

BC: the genus is included in the Velvet Book (1687)

G: the clan has a coat of arms, but it is not included in the published parts of the Armorial Book

Ged: Gediminovichi

DD: a descendant of the ancient nobility (before 1685), but was not included in the Velvet Book

R: Rurikovich

U: extinct clan (for simplicity, this letter also stands for a clan that, for example, ceased to be a count and became a princely one, or even in the case of adding a new part to the surname, for example, the princes of the Beloselskys became under Paul I the princes of the Beloselsky-Belozerskys, so that preserve the extinct Belozersky family)

All titled genera belong to one or more of the following 22 categories :

Princes: UK: former appanage princes (the so-called “natural princes”, who received the title as real rulers, and not as a result of the award of an honorary princely title by the king or emperor), PC: granted princes, IR: foreign princes recognized in Russia, or Russians who received a princely title from foreign states, or natural princes of other countries who were allowed to use their title in Russia, RK: Russian-princely families, KRI: princes of the Roman Empire (Holy Roman Empire of the German nation), recognized in Russia, KP: Polish princely families, CT: “Tatar princes”, i.e. descended from the Tatar Murzas, GK: Georgian (Caucasian) princely families, ranked among the Russian nobility after the entry of Georgia, Imereti, Guria, Kartalinia, Kakheti, Mingrelia, Abkhazia into the Russian Empire, recognized by decree of December 6, 1850 (in contrast to the few Russian-princely families of Georgian origin) .

Graphs: PG: granted counts, RG: Russian-count families, ISIS: foreign counts recognized in Russia, or Russians who received the title of count from foreign states, GRI: counts of the Roman Empire (Holy Roman Empire of the German nation), recognized in Russia, GP: Polish count surnames, GF: Finnish count surnames.

Barons: PB: granted barons, RB: Russian-baronial families, IS: foreign barons recognized in Russia, or Russians who received a baronial title from foreign states, BB: Baltic baronial families included in the matricules of the nobility before the annexation of the Baltic region to Russia, BRI: barons of the Roman Empire (Holy Roman Empire of the German nation), recognized in Russia, BP: Polish baronial surnames, BF: Finnish baronial surnames.

IT : dukes, marquises, baronets, etc., that is, families granted titles that do not exist in Russia and/or officially received permission to use foreign titles that do not exist in Russian laws (which recognized only three titles - princes, counts and barons) .

THERE WILL BE ABOUT 5,000 BIRTH ON THE LIST, BUT SO far ONLY ABOUT 3,700 HAVE BEEN INCLUDED, AND THE LIST IS THUS NOT COMPLETELY COMPLETE!