List of Italian male surnames in Russian. Italian surnames and their meanings

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Italian surnames

Italian surnames

List of famous Italian surnames.

Surnames in Italy appeared around the 14th century, when it became necessary to distinguish between many citizens with the same names. The first surnames appeared in Venice and were initially given only to nobles, then they became widespread. Italians, like other peoples, used personal names, nicknames and derivatives of names and nicknames as surnames. There are also surnames based on geographical, professional and external features.

Surnames in northern and southern Italy differ from each other: the former in most cases end in “i”, and the latter in “o”.

Many Italian surnames have the same roots, the differences are only in various prefixes and suffixes. Particularly common are variants ending in a vowel preceded by a double consonant: -etti, -illo. Italians often use diminutive suffixes: -ini, -ino, etti, etto, -ello, -illo – they mean “small”.

Male and female Italian surnames have the same shape.

Italian surnames (list)

Allegretti

Alberti

Alfieri

Alchato

Ammanity

Anjoni

Argilly

Aretino

Ariosto

Basile

Baccalario

Balbo

Bandello

Barbaro

Baretti

Baricco

Bassani

Battisti

Beccaria

Bembo

Benedetti

Benny

Benzoni

Bergamo

Berlusconi

Bernie

Betokki

Blasi

Brenzoni

Bontempelli

Bordone

Bossy

Bracco

Brancati

Brocky

Bruni

Bruno

Buzzati

Bianchi

Vecchioni

Verdizotti

Vivanti

Vico

Vittorini

Guerrazzi

Guerzoni

Guido

Gherardi

Ghislanzoni

Goldoni

Gozzi

Graziani

Grazzini

Griffey

Grossi

Groto

Guarini

Giannini

Giordano

Germanetto

Gioberti

Giovagnoli

Giordano

Giorgio

Giusti

Zabarella

Zanini

Zamboni

Zanetti

Zendrini

Zeno

Giacomo

Donati

Cavalcanti

Casoni

Calasso

Calvino

Calzabigi

Kanini

Capaccio

Chapel

Capelloni

Capitini

Capriano

Carducci

Carcano

Karpani

Castiglione

Quadrio

Corelli

Correnti

Costa

Kyari

Landino

Landolfi

Levi

Leone

Leopardi

Littizzetto

Lorenzo

Lutsi

Luciano

Mazzini

Machiavelli

Malaparte

Manzoni

Manetti

Manfredi

Mancini

Marani

Marinetti

Marino

Marignolli

Marchetti

Marucelli

Martini

Massey

Merlino

Milani

Milli

Montanelli

Moravia

Morante

Mooney

Muzio

Negri

Nuzzi

Olive

Pavese

Pasolini

Paladini

Palmeri

Panarello

Papini

Parini

Patrizi

Pacini

Patuzzi

Petruccelli

Piaggi

Ricci

Rocca

Rover

Rodari

Rosetti

Rosini

Roccolini

Rollie

Romano

Romei

Russia

Rousseau

Saviano

Sacchetti

Salvi

Salgari

Sapienza

Serafino

Sereni

Silone

Solera

Spaziani

Sperone

Straffi

Tabukki

Tarchetti

Tasso

Tassoni

Tesauro

Tirrito

Tomasi

Tozzi

Ungaretti

Fabbri

Fallaci

Falco

Farina

Farini

Fenoglio
Ferrari

Fiori

Ficino, Marsilio

Fogazzaro

Foscolo

Franco

Fioritto

Ciampoli

Cesari

Ceronetti

Evola

The most common Italian surnames

Bruno

Bianchi

Colombo

Marino

Moretti

Rossi

Russo

Ricci

Romano

Ferrari (Ferrari, Ferrari)

Ferraro

Esposito

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Italian surnames

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We owe the very existence of the surname to the ancient Greeks and Romans, but the surname became mandatory only inXVII century in Italy. And since then, the unbridled Italian imagination could no longer be contained: after curious Italian names like “Eighth”, “Wild” or “Impeccable”, the inhabitants of the Apennines can boast of surnames to match them!

But first, a short excursion into history. In ancient Rome, the surname was initially used to distinguish two people with the same name. The surname could echo the person’s name, indicate the area where he came from, or remind of the characteristic features of his appearance, including defects. Thus, Marco Tullio Cicero was called Cicero because he had a wart on his nose, Ovid was called “Nosyara”, and Plato’s surname could be interpreted as “Flat Legs” or “Long Ears”.

In modern Italy, only 15 percent of surnames indicate some physical characteristics of its owner; approximately 35 percent are a reference to the name of the father or founder of the clan, another 35 percent are reminiscent of the name of the hometown, village or locality, 10 percent are somehow connected with a profession, craft, position or title, 3 percent are of foreign origin, and the remaining 2 percent are This is a wish surname given to foundlings.

Two of the most common surnames in Italy are Rossi and Bianchi, "Red" and "White". Even in Italian language textbooks, these two gentlemen appear in the first texts and dialogues. Rossi and numerous variants of this surname (Rosso, Rossa, Russi, de Rossi, De Russi, Ruggiu, and even Russian!) are nothing more than a reference to the red-haired ancestor of the family. Bianchi and variants of this surname, of course, indicate a blond or simply fair-haired and fair-skinned person. And the inhabitants of the Apennines with the surnames Nero or Negro (and derivatives Negri, Negrini , Negroni) ancestors were probably very dark and black-haired.

But hidden in such famous Italian surnames as Ferrari and Ferrè in Russia is nothing more than the profession of a blacksmith! By the way, the ancestors of the first Italians with the surname Magnani were also blacksmiths, because in the Milanese dialect magnan is just a “smith” or “tinker”.

Another common surname in Bel Paese, especially in the south of the country, Esposito has its roots in the word “esposto”, that is, “abandoned”, “abandoned”. It is not difficult to guess that this surname was given to foundlings, babies left at the doors of churches or on the threshold of houses. A similar surname Degli Esposti was borne by those children who were brought up in orphanages and shelters, in Italian “houses of the abandoned,” that is, degli esposti.

But Casadei and Incerti, in some ways synonymous with the above-mentioned Esposito, are more common in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna. They interpret the theme of orphanhood differently: here Casadei means "house of God" (casa di dio), and Incerti is translated as "unknown father", from the medieval Latin incertis patris. In Lazio, the region whose capital is Rome, the surname Proietto or Proietti, derived from the Italianized term proiectus, is very common, which was also given to foundlings. In southern Sicily and northern Piedmont, abandoned babies were given a surname like Ignoto, D"Ignoti, D"Ignoto, which in Italian means "child of the unknown", and the surname Innocenti (very common in the northern regions of Italy, especially in Tuscany and Lombardy) or alternatively Innocente) means "innocent". And the surname Trovato, “found”, typical of Sicily and Lombardy, leaves no doubt about its origin.

Do you also have the impression that almost all Italian surnames were given to children abandoned by their parents? But let's not talk about sad things, there are very funny surnames in Italy!

Here, for example, Portafoglio (“wallet”), Sanguedolce (“sweet blood”), Quattrocchi (“four eyes”), Diecidue (“ten two”), Spione (“spy”), Spazzolini (“brushes”), Basta (“basta, that’s enough”) or Gratis (“for free”). There are also surnames and geographical names that do not even need translation: Berlin, London, Madrid, Australia, Francia, Russia.

Italy is a beautiful country with an incredible cultural heritage and cheerful, cheerful people.

Many Italian surnames reflect this cheerfulness. Some surnames that seem offensive to us are perceived by Italians with humor (and not as a punishment on their own head).

The Italian just laughs: “Well, yes, my name is Montemagno (I’ll devour a mountain), well, it’s funny!”

Surnames began to be used in Ancient Rome during its heyday. Then a person’s name consisted of three parts:

Given name.
Dynasty name.
Surname.

In the early Middle Ages, Italians again began to be called only by their first names, for example, Paolo or Bianca.

With the rise of the Venetian Republic, an additional name spread again. There were a lot of people and, in order to distinguish them, the tradition was revived again. In everyday life, a person was always called by name. That is, they didn’t shout: “Ivanov, come here.” They shouted: “Paolo! Come here!"

But when drawing up documents, in addition to the name, a second additional name was already used. Among the upper class of society, this was usually the name of a dynasty. For ordinary people - on behalf of the father. For example, Giuseppe di Nicolo (i.e. Giuseppe, son of Nicolo).

Sometimes children were named after their place of birth. That is, according to the location of the city or locality where the child was born. For example, the well-known Leonardo da Vinci means « Leonardo from Vinci » (Vinci is a city in Tuscany, Italy). From the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries, the formation of surnames took place. In 1564, the city council of Trento passed a law stating that every newborn child should be assigned not only a first name, but also a surname.

The most common surname (or cognome) of Italians is derivative from father's name. For example, Andrea di Giovanni. Andrea is a personal name, the preposition “di” is a connective (analogous to the Russian prepositions “iz” or “from”), Giovanni is the name of the father. Sometimes they were formed from the double names of father and grandfather. Let's say Kolayani (Nicola and Giovanni).
By profession. In Italy, from ancient times to this day, small businesses have been owned by families. And such a mini-business passes from grandfather to father, from father to son (or daughter). Today, the owners of most small restaurants are the family that inherited the business. And what’s surprising is that usually sons and daughters become imbued with the work of their ancestors, devoting their entire lives to it, and then raise their children in the same spirit. Therefore, surnames were often given according to the person’s profession. For example, Giuseppe Molino (mill), Francesco Contadino (peasant) and so on. Most often, such “professional” cognome were relevant for ordinary people: artisans and peasants.
From a person's habits, as well as his nicknames. Gentile (polite, sweet), Papagallo (parrot).
From the area where the person was born or lived. Mario Torino or Alessio Romano.

For orphans, surnames associated with the church and faith were sometimes used. For example, Pietro di Dio (Pietro from God), Silvio del Amore (Silvio from love) and the like.

List of popular surnames

In Italy there is no concept of female and male surnames. They have the same shape for both women and men.

Most popular:

Rossi are red. We're talking about skin tone. However, other options are also possible.
Biancas are white. This refers to the same factor as in the previous case.
Marino - sea. Probably associated with professions related to the sea. Such as a fisherman, a sailor.
Esposito - found. This was often the name given to abandoned children.
Romano - Roman. Indicates Roman or Gypsy origin.
Columbo is a pigeon.
Bruno is dark.
Verdi - green.

Most of the surnames have similar roots; they differ in suffixes and prefixes. It happens that they end with diminutive suffixes. Such as “-ino”, “-illo”, “-etto”. The suffix "-accio" means "big".

Curious Italian surnames:

Galli are roosters.
Vagnucci - smelly.
Mezzanotte - midnight.
Durante - at this time.
Benvenuti - welcome.
Bonvisuto lived well.
Inocenti - innocent.
Santoro is holy gold.
Gattoni is a huge cat.
Cinquemani - five-armed.
Rottagentie - polite.
Leopazza - lion's paw.
Tornabene - well come back.
Pelegatta - cat's paw.
Macarona probably doesn’t need translation.

Some Italians decided to be original by taking the names of famous people: Lewinsky, Bush, Putin.

Male and female names

Since the sixteenth century, children in Italy have been named after their ancestors. But children, as a rule, are not named after their father. According to tradition, the first son is named after the paternal grandfather, the second - after the maternal grandfather. Previously, names were often assigned depending on how the child was born. For example, the fourth son could be named Quarto.

Popular male names:

Adriano is rich.
Andrea is a warrior, a man.
Antonio is a flower.
Vittorio is the winner.
Giacomo is a destroyer.
Dario is very rich.
Gino is immortal.
Giuseppe - may God multiply.
Italo is Italian.
Christiano - one who follows Christ.
Luciano is easy.
Marco is militant.
Mario is courageous.
Nikola - the people won.
Paolo is small.
Ricardo is strong.
Fabio is seductive.
Fernando is a defender of peace.
Franco is free.
Francesco is originally from France, French.
Emmanuelle - God is with us.

Sometimes women's names differ from men's names only in the ending "a". The root is often the same. For example, the popular name Francesco. If the girl is Francesca. Or Mario and Maria, Angelo and Angela. Girls, especially in the old days, like boys, were named by number. The fifth was called Quinta, the eighth - Ottorina. This was fertility!

History of Italian surnames.

Italian surnames are very melodic and sound romantic to the Russian ear. This arouses special interest in them. Moreover, history of Italian surnames the oldest in Europe. The first Italian surnames appeared in the 14th century in Venice, when confusion arose due to the large number of identical names. And already in the second half of the 16th century, almost all residents of Italy had a family hereditary name. Italians are famous for their loyalty to the culture of their homeland, so when browsing list of Italian surnames alphabetically, you are unlikely to find traces of other peoples in them. It is easy to distinguish Italian surnames - most of them end with the vowels “i” and “o”. In russian language Declension of Italian surnames unacceptable, that is, they do not change by case.

Classification of surnames by meaning.

Interpretation of Italian surnames very different. Some surnames were formed from the names of the father, grandfather or mother. Such surnames often contain the particle “di”, indicating affiliation. For example, Pietro di Alberto (Pietro, son of Alberto), Leonardo di Caprio (Leonardo, son of Capri. The name Capri indicated that the person was from the island of Capri). In Italy, family occupations are very common and many surnames reflect this (Contandino - “peasant”). Meaning parts Italian surnames associated with geographical names - Romano (originally from Rome), da Vinci (from the city of Vinci). Like other peoples, Italians have many surnames derived from personal nicknames - Gobbo (hunchbacked), Basso (short). I wonder what dictionary of Italian surnames contains surnames that were assigned to foundling children. Among them is the well-known, sonorous and popular surname Esposito in Italy, which means “abandoned”, “nameless”.

Original Italian surnames.

As you can see, Italian surnames are very diverse. Sometimes you can meet people with completely atypical Italian surnames, generated by the rich imagination of their first owners. For example, in different regions of Italy you can find the surname Washington, Paris (Paris), Sofia. And in Milan, the surname Milano does not surprise anyone. Some native Italians with wild imagination take on the well-known surnames Bush, Lewinsky, Blair and even Putin. True, it’s extremely rare. Sometimes such “originality” is simply shocking. For example, the surname Squarcialupi means “sadist,” and the melodic surname Finocchio indicates an unconventional sexual orientation.

It must be said that Italians do not pretend to have a wealth of personal names; they are quite satisfied with the minimum of traditional names. But the number of surnames is striking in its diversity. Top Italian surnames shows that the most common surnames are Russo (red-haired), Bianchi (white), Ferrari (blacksmith) and other equally beautiful surnames.

Popular Italian surnames and their meanings

We present a list that includes the most popular and beautiful Italian surnames.
Allegro- Funny
Barbarossa– Red beard
Barbieri– Hairdressers
Bonmarito- Good husband
Botticelli– Keg
Bruno- Brown
Bugiardini– Little liar
Bianchi- White
Guidice- Judge
Guerra- War
Ghirlandaio- Flowers
Grasso– Toasty
Gentile- Polite
Ingannamorte– The winner
Cavalli- Horses
Carbone- Coal
Quattrocs– 4 eyes
Colombo- Pigeon
Conte– Count
Marino– Marine
Medici– Doctors
Moretti– Black
Neri- Black
Pellegrini– Pilgrims
Pontedra– Arrived from Pontedra
Ricci– Curly
Romano– Roman
Russia- Ginger
Saltaformaggio– Jumping cheese
Sarto– Tailor
Serra– Greenhouse
Squarchalupi– Hunter
Torregrossa– Big Boska
Ferrari– Blacksmith
Finocchio– Fennel
Fumagalli- Smoke
Esposito- Free

Hardly anyone today has not heard of the mafia. In the mid-nineteenth century, this word entered the Italian dictionary. It is known that in 1866 the authorities knew about the mafia, or at least what was called by this word. The British consul in Silicia reported to his homeland that he was constantly witnessing the activities of the mafia, which maintained connections with criminals and owned large sums of money...

The word "mafia" most likely has Arabic roots and comes from the word: mu`afah. It has many meanings, but none of them come close to the phenomenon that soon became known as the “mafia.” But there is another hypothesis about the spread of this word in Italy. Allegedly this happened during the uprisings of 1282. There was social unrest in Sicily. They went down in history as the “Sicilian Vespers.” During the protests, one cry was born, which was quickly picked up by the protesters, it sounded like this: “Death to France! Die, Italy! If you make an abbreviation in Italian from the first letters of the words, it will sound like “MAFIA”.

The first mafia organization in Italy

Determining the origins of this phenomenon is much more difficult than the etymology of the word. Many historians who have studied the mafia say that the first organization was created in the seventeenth century. In those days, secret societies that were created to fight the Holy Roman Empire were popular. Others believe that the origins of the mafia as a mass phenomenon should be sought at the Bourbon throne. Because it was they who used the services of unreliable individuals and robbers, who did not require much remuneration for their work, in order to patrol parts of the city that were characterized by increased criminal activity. The reason that criminal elements in the service of the government were content with little and did not have large salaries was that they took bribes so that the violation of laws would not become known to the king.

Or maybe the Gabelloti were the first?

The third, but no less popular hypothesis for the emergence of the mafia points to the Gabelloti organization, which acted as a kind of intermediary between the peasants and the people who owned the land. Representatives of the Gabelloti were also required to collect tribute. History is silent about how people were selected for this organization. But all those who found themselves in the bosom of Gabelloti were dishonest. They soon created a separate caste with their own laws and codes. The structure was unofficial, but it had enormous influence in Italian society.

None of the theories described above have been proven. But each is built on one common element - the huge distance between the Sicilians and the power that they considered imposed, unfair and alien, and, naturally, wanted to remove.

How did the mafia come about?

In those days, the Sicilian peasant had absolutely no rights. He felt humiliated in his own state. Most ordinary people worked in latifundia - enterprises owned by large feudal lords. Work on the latifundia was hard and poorly paid physical labor.

Dissatisfaction with the authorities was twisting like a spiral that was bound to shoot one day. And so it happened: the authorities stopped coping with their responsibilities. And the people chose a new government. Positions such as amici (friend) and uomini d`onore (men of honor) became popular, becoming local judges and kings.

Honest bandits

We find an interesting fact about the Italian mafia in Brydon Patrick’s book “Travel to Sicily and Malta,” which was written in 1773. The author writes: “The bandits became the most respected people on the entire island. They had noble and even romantic goals. These bandits had their own code of honor, and those who violated it died instantly. They were loyal and unprincipled. Killing a person means nothing to a Sicilian bandit if the person had guilt in his soul.”

The words Patrick said are still relevant today. However, not everyone knows that Italy once almost got rid of the mafia once and for all. This happened during the reign of Mussolini. The head of the police fought the mafia with its own weapons. The authorities knew no mercy. And just like the mafia, she did not hesitate before shooting.

World War II and the rise of the mafia

Perhaps, if World War II had not started, we would not be talking now about such a phenomenon as the mafia. But ironically, the American landing in Sicily equalized the forces. For the Americans, the mafia became the only source of information about the location and strength of Mussolini's troops. For the mafiosi themselves, cooperation with the Americans practically guaranteed freedom of action on the island after the end of the war.

We read about similar arguments in the book “The Great Godfather” by Vito Bruschini: “The Mafia had the support of its allies, so it was in its hands that the distribution of humanitarian aid - a variety of food products. For example, food was delivered to Palermo based on the population of five hundred thousand people. But since the majority of the population moved to quieter rural areas near the city, the mafia had every opportunity to take the remaining humanitarian aid after distribution onto the black market.”

Help the mafia in the war

Since the mafia practiced various sabotage against the authorities in peacetime, with the beginning of the war it more actively continued such activities. History knows at least one documented case of sabotage, when the Goering tank brigade, which was stationed at a Nazi base, refueled with water and oil. As a result, the engines of the tanks burned out, and the vehicles ended up in workshops instead of the front.

Post-war time

After the Allies occupied the island, the influence of the mafia only intensified. "Intelligent criminals" were often appointed to the military government. In order not to be unfounded, we present statistics: out of 66 towns, people from the criminal world were appointed chief in 62. The further flourishing of the mafia was associated with the investment of previously laundered money into business and its increase in connection with the sale of drugs.

Individual style of the Italian mafia

Each member of the mafia understood that his activities involved some risk, so he made sure that his family did not go into poverty in the event of the death of the “breadwinner”.

In society, mafiosi are very harshly punished for connections with police officers, and even more so for cooperation. A person was not accepted into the mafia circle if he had a relative from the police. And for appearing in public places, a law enforcement representative could be killed. Interestingly, both alcoholism and drug addiction were not welcomed in the family. Despite this, many mafiosi were fond of both, the temptation was very great.

The Italian mafia is very punctual. Being late is considered bad manners and disrespect for colleagues. During meetings with enemies, killing anyone is prohibited. They say about the Italian mafia that even if families are at war with each other, they do not strive for cruel reprisals against competitors and often sign peace agreements.

Italian mafia laws

Another law that the Italian mafia honors is family above all, no lies among your own. If a lie was answered in response to a question, it was considered that the person had betrayed his family. The rule, of course, is not without meaning, because it made cooperation within the mafia safer. But not everyone adhered to it. And where big money was involved, betrayal was an almost obligatory attribute of relationships.

Only the boss of the Italian mafia could allow members of his group (family) to rob, kill or loot. Visiting bars unless strictly necessary was not encouraged. After all, a drunken mafioso could blurt out too much about his family.

Vendetta: for the family

Vendetta is revenge for violation or betrayal. Each group had its own ritual, some of which are striking in their cruelty. It did not manifest itself in torture or terrible murder weapons; as a rule, the victim was killed quickly. But after death, they could do whatever they wanted with the body of the offender. And, as a rule, they did.

It is curious that information about the laws of the mafia in general became public knowledge only in 2007, when the father of the Italian mafia, Salvatore La Piccola, fell into the hands of the police. Among the boss's financial documents, they found the family charter.

Italian mafia: names and surnames that went down in history

How not to remember which one is connected with drug trafficking and a network of brothels? Or, for example, who had the nickname “Prime Minister”? Italian mafia names are known throughout the world. Especially after Hollywood filmed several stories about gangsters at once. What is shown on the big screens is true and what is fiction is unknown, but it is thanks to films that in our days it has become possible to almost romanticize the image of the Italian mafioso. By the way, the Italian mafia likes to give nicknames to all its members. Some choose them for themselves. But the nickname is always associated with the history or character traits of the mafioso.

The names of the Italian mafia are, as a rule, bosses who dominated the whole family, that is, they achieved the greatest success in this difficult work. Most of the gangsters who did the grunt work are unknown to history. The Italian mafia still exists today, although most Italians turn a blind eye to it. Fighting it now, when we are in the twenty-first century, is practically pointless. Sometimes the police still manage to catch the “big fish” on a hook, but most mafiosi die of natural causes in old age or are killed by a gun in their youth.

New "star" among the mafiosi

The Italian mafia operates under cover of obscurity. Interesting facts about her are very rare, because Italian law enforcement agencies are already having problems finding out at least something about the actions of the mafia. Sometimes they are lucky, and unexpected, or even sensational, information becomes public knowledge.

Despite the fact that most people, when they hear the words “Italian mafia,” think of the famous Cosa Nostra or, for example, the Camorra, the most influential and brutal clan is the ‘Ndranghenta. Back in the fifties, the group expanded beyond its area, but until recently remained in the shadow of its larger competitors. How did it happen that 80% of the drug trafficking of the entire European Union ended up in the hands of the 'Ndranghenta? - fellow gangsters themselves are surprised. The Italian mafia "Ndranghenta" has an annual income of 53 billion.

There is a myth very popular among gangsters: the 'Ndranghenta has aristocratic roots. Allegedly, the syndicate was founded by Spanish knights who had the goal of avenging the honor of their sister. Legend has it that the knights punished the culprit and themselves went to prison for 30 years. They spent 29 years, 11 months and 29 days in it. One of the knights, once free, founded the mafia. Some continue the story with the assertion that the other two brothers are precisely the bosses of Cosa Nostra and Camorra. Everyone understands that this is just a legend, but it is a symbol of the fact that the Italian mafia values and recognizes the connection between families and adheres to the rules.

Mafia hierarchy

The most revered and authoritative title sounds approximately like “boss of all Bosses.” It is known that at least one mafioso had such a rank - his name was Matteo Denaro. Second in the mafia hierarchy is the title “king - boss of all bosses.” It is awarded to the boss of all families when he retires. This title does not carry privileges, it is a tribute of respect. In third place is the title of the head of an individual family - don. The Don's first consultant, his right-hand man, bears the title "Advisor". He has no authority to influence the state of affairs, but the don listens to his opinion.

Next comes the Don's deputy - formally the second person in the group. In fact, he comes after the advisor. A capo is a man of honor, or rather, the captain of such people. They are mafia soldiers. Typically, one family has up to fifty soldiers.

And finally, little man is the last title. These people are not yet part of the mafia, but they want to become one, so they carry out small assignments for the family. Young men of honor are those who are friends of the mafia. For example, bribe takers, dependent bankers, corrupt police officers and the like.