Presentation on the topic: Collectors of Russian folk tales Completed by: 4th grade student Milena Egorova Checked by: class teacher O.P. Popova Yakutsk, 2014

Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasyev A. N. Afanasyev (July 11, 1826 - September 23, 1871) - an outstanding Russian collector of folklore, researcher of the spiritual culture of the Slavic peoples, historian and literary critic. He was born in the city of Boguchar, Voronezh province, where his father, a very intelligent man who highly valued education, served as a district attorney. He received his education at the Voronezh gymnasium and Moscow University, where he studied at the Faculty of Law, where he became interested in studying antiquity, and above all, ancient Russian life. Having become interested in folk life, the young scientist could not ignore oral literature, including fairy tales.

Afanasyev A.N. did a great job of collecting and systematizing Russian fairy tales, which were combined into the collection “Russian Folk Tales” and during 1855-1863. published in eight issues. The scientist extracted the texts of the fairy tales from the archives of the Russian Geographical Society and, together with these texts, published recordings of the fairy tales of another outstanding figure of Russian culture - V. I. Dal. In his collection, Afanasyev systematized the voluminous material of Russian fairy tales of the first half of the 19th century, providing them with extensive scientific commentary. The system adopted by Afanasyev is the first attempt to classify fairy tales in general.

The collection includes more than 600 fairy tales from all over Russia. This is still the largest collection of fairy tales. In total, this book went through more than twenty-five editions. Among other fairy tales included in the collection, a special place is occupied by everyone’s favorite “Kolobok”, “Turnip”, “Teremok”, “Morozko”, “Geese - Swans”, “At the Command of the Pike”, etc., which became famous thanks to efforts of A.N. Afanasyev, and which can rightfully be called countless fabulous riches.

IN AND. Dahl is a famous lexiographer. Born November 10, 1801 in the Yekaterinoslav province in the city of Lugansk (hence Dahl’s pseudonym: Cossack Lugansky). The father was a Dane, multilaterally educated, a linguist (he even knew ancient Greek), a theologian and a physician; mother is German, daughter of Freytag, who translated Gesner and Ifland into Russian. Dahl's father accepted Russian citizenship and was generally an ardent Russian patriot. Dahl was a multifaceted personality. He was an outstanding lexicographer, folklorist and ethnographer. He was knowledgeable in agriculture, commerce, maritime and engineering, homeopathy, horse breeding, fishing, and the construction of ships, houses and bridges. He sang beautifully and played many musical instruments, was a good surgeon, a high-ranking official and academician, one of the founders and active members of the Russian Geographical Society. Dal Vladimir Ivanovich

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is the creator of the famous Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language and the author of wonderful fairy tales for children. He was also a connoisseur and collector of Russian folk art. It was he who collected and wrote down the well-known proverbs “You can’t take a fish out of a pond without difficulty”, “If you’re afraid of a wolf, don’t go into the forest.” He was glorified as a writer “Russian fairy tales from oral folk traditions translated into civil literacy, adapted to everyday life and embellished with walking sayings by the Cossack Vladimir Lugansky. The first heel”, published in 1832.

Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky (1824-1870) is the founder of Russian pedagogy, in particular preschool pedagogy. He based his pedagogical system on the idea of ​​national education, believing that children from a very early age should assimilate elements of folk culture, master their native language, and become familiar with works of oral folk art. According to K.D. Ushinsky, fairy tales are “the first and brilliant attempts of Russian folk pedagogy,” and no one can compete with the “pedagogical genius of the people.” Therefore, he believed that children would learn more by reading interesting, but at the same time instructive fairy tales and stories.

Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich - (1828-1910) - one of the most widely known Russian writers and thinkers. Participant in the defense of Sevastopol. Educator, publicist, religious thinker. Leo Tolstoy's fairy tales are designed to make it easier for children to memorize scientific material. Many works of the “New ABC” and “Russian Books for Reading” are subject to this principle. In 1872, he wrote the favorite fairy tale “The Three Bears”, beloved by all children, for the “New ABC”. Its narration is extremely close to a realistic story: it does not have the traditional beginning and ending of folk tales. Events unfold from the first phrases: “One girl left home for the forest. She got lost in the forest and began to look for the way home, but didn’t find it, but came to a house in the forest.”

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on January 10 (December 29), 1883 in the city of Nikolaevsk, Samara province. An amazing and talented writer who wrote many works of different directions, but we know him as a writer who gave wonderful fairy tales for children. While creating his fabulous masterpieces, Tolstoy could not ignore Russian folk tales. Amazing folklore told the author how best to convey to the listener the idea and deep meaning of each children's fairy tale. Tolstoy, in his own name, processed and rewrote some magical folk tales and tales about animals.

The process of remaking folk tales was very difficult and time-consuming, requiring a certain writing talent. Alexei Tolstoy selected the most interesting and popular fairy tales, which were presented in a very beautiful folk form and written in a magnificent folk language, and diluted them with some classical literature. In his adaptation we know such fairy tales as “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf”, “The Wolf and the Little Goats”, “Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka” and many other fairy tales.

When writing this work, materials from the following Internet resources were used: http://narodstory.net www.hobbitaniya.ru http://ru.wikipedia.org images.yandex.ru

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Municipal budgetary educational institution of additional education "City Center for the Development and Additional Education of Children and Creativity" Game folklore as part of children's folklore Natalya Aleksandrovna Goncharova, additional education teacher

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Purpose of the lesson: popularization of children's play folklore, instilling in students a sense of respect for the cultural and historical heritage of our ancestors Objectives: familiarization with the features of family play songs; development of students' vocal abilities based on children's folklore; the ability to move freely and naturally in folk costumes.

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Play occupies an exceptional place in a child’s life. It begins in the early cradle period and over time becomes work, with the help of which the child develops physically, acquires the knowledge and experience necessary for his future activities. The game is a preparatory exercise for real life.

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Karoly Gros: “Until education with its inherent coercion bursts into children’s lives, children are mainly occupied with play. If you take away food, drink and sleep, then a normal child will have almost nothing to do except play.” It was so in the Stone Age, and it is so now.

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Most folk games are inherited by children from adults. So, in the beginning XIX century “Zhmurki” is the favorite game of brides, “Drake and the Duck” and “Zainka” are the favorite entertainment of adult girls and boys. And 100 years later, in the beginning. XX century, these games have already become popular exclusively among children.

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Ancient children's games can be divided into industrial and household games. The first group includes games of hunting and fishing, cattle breeding, poultry farming, and farming. The second is social and family. Family games, in turn, are divided into girlish, love, marriage, family, and household games. From time immemorial, there have been special songs for games. They, like the games themselves, found their way into children's folklore from adults.

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Games and songs associated with family rituals have a very ancient history, appearing almost in the Stone Age. Let's look at some of them and explain to you the meaning of some words.

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- Boyars, we’ll give you some gingerbread. Dear ones, we’ll give you some gingerbread. - Boyars, her teeth hurt. Dear ones, her teeth hurt. - Boyars, we’ll take you to the doctor. Dear ones, we’ll take you to the doctor. - Boyars, she will bite the doctor. Dear ones, she will bite the doctor. The first team concludes: “Eh, boyars, don’t be a fool, give us the bride forever!” Game "Boyars" - Boyars, and we have come to you! - Dear ones, we have come to you! - Boyars, why did they come? Dear ones, why did you come? - Boyars, we need a bride. Dear ones, we need a bride. - Boyars, which one is dear to you? Dear ones, which one is your favorite? - Boyars, this one is dear to us. Dear ones, this one is sweet to us. - Boyars, she is stupid among us. Dear ones, she is stupid here. - Boyars, and we use her whip. Dear ones, we will whip her. - Boyars, she is afraid of the whip. Dear ones, she is afraid of the whip.

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The amazing game “Boyars” has come down to us from time immemorial. In some places, she reproduces elements of an ancient wedding ceremony with amazing accuracy. Firstly, ritual ridicule of the bride (“she’s stupid here,” “she’ll bite the doctor”). This was done to protect her “from the evil eye.” Secondly, the mention of the whip. In the old days, the groom was given a whip as a symbol of power over his future wife. Thirdly, the solemn dignification of the game participants with the ancient title “boyars”. In ancient times, the participants in the wedding ceremony were sometimes called this because of their very important role.

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Game “Burners” “Burn, burn clearly, So that it doesn’t go out. Stand by the side - Look into the field. The trumpeters are riding there and eating the rolls. Look at the sky - The stars are shining, The cranes are screaming - Gu, gu, gu, I'll run away. One, two, don't be a crow, run like fire!

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Folklore is oral folk art. Artistic collective creative activity of the people, reflecting their life, views, ideals; Folk art, which originated in ancient times, is the historical basis of the entire world artistic culture, the source of national artistic traditions, and an exponent of national self-awareness.

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Genres Calendar cycle. The law of human life (annual agricultural circle) Family and everyday songs (lullabies, laments, children's calendar fines, songs of late times) Labor songs Folk wedding (crying, glorification of the bride and groom) Dance songs (round dances) Epic works (epics, stories) Urban folk song (urban romance) Songs of democratic movements Ditties Military (military-domestic) Instrumental music

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Folk art Labor choruses and songs In the oral song creativity of the Russian people, song genres that are directly related to labor activity and the rhythm of labor processes have been preserved to this day. These are labor choruses and exclamations - signals that accompany some types of the most difficult artel work. Traditional exclamations are signals: “They took it, they moved it, wow.”

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Calendar agricultural songs The calendar agricultural cycle included various genres of songs: labor, majesty, ritual, invocations of elemental forces and natural phenomena, round dances, lyrical. Among the most ancient agricultural holidays, the Winter Solstice holiday occupies an important place. Most of the winter calendar songs were performed during the winter holidays (holiday time in the old days from December 25 to January 6). Almost everywhere, on Christmas evenings, public gatherings were held, accompanied by the singing of lyrical, comic, and play songs.

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Historical songs The term “historical song” was introduced into folklore by researchers to designate folk songs and tales about the fate of the Russian land, historical events and heroes. Most of the songs of the 16th and 17th centuries were formed by witnesses of historical events. Lyrical songs The content of lingering lyrical songs is primarily the area of ​​the spiritual world, the expression of various emotional experiences, feelings and moods of ordinary Russian people. The lyrical songs are varied, they sing about love for one’s hometown - land, relatives, family, about a bitter, difficult lot.

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Urban folk song New urban folk songs were developed and performed by urban artisans, workers, soldiers and sailors. One of the leading genres of urban folklore should be considered a soldier's drill song. Chatties Lyrical, comic, satirical songs. They more vividly reflect various aspects of folk life, diverse experiences and feelings. The name “ditties” is not the only one; along with it, people also find other designations: “choruses”, “shorties”, “gadgets”, “jokes”, “frequent talkers”, “rhymes”, “buffoons”. Love-lyrical ditties of a more developed melodic nature are almost universally known as “suffering”.

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Russian folk musical instruments Instruments: wind, strings (plucked and bowed). Among them are various pipes, pipes, bagpipes, trumpets, horns, harps, balalaikas, violins, whistles, lyres, tambourines, drums, rattles. In the 19th century, the seven-string guitar, harmonica, and button accordions appeared. Among the instruments of ancient origin are kugikly. This instrument is available today in the Kursk, Bryansk and Kaluga regions. Of the linguistic instruments, the most widely used is the pity. Gudok is an oval-shaped string instrument. It has 3 strings and a bow-shaped bow.

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The horn, a shepherd's instrument, is most widespread in the northern regions. The drum was used by buffoons and bear guides. The lyre is a stringed instrument with a wooden body, reminiscent of a guitar. When the handle is rotated, the protruding wheel comes into contact with the strings and causes them to sound.

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Holidays in Rus' Winter holidays. Winter Christmastide - from December 25 to January 6 (all dates are given according to the old style). Christmas – December 25th. Holy evenings - from December 25 to January 1. Vasiliev's Day - January 1st. Scary evenings - from January 1 to January 6. Epiphany – January 6th. Maslenitsa is the eighth week before Easter.

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Spring-summer holidays. Magpies - March 9; day of spring equinox. Easter - the first Sunday after the first spring new moon (between March 22 and April 25. Yegoryev's day - April 23. Summer Christmastide - Rusal or Semitic week, the seventh week after Easter. Semik - Thursday in Rusal week, the seventh after Easter. Trinity - Sunday in Rusal week, seventh after Easter Agrafena Bathing suit - June 23. Ivan Kupala - June 24. Peter's Day - June 29.

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Cycle of calendar songs Calendar songs are genre-diverse, but they exist in an inextricable unity, representing a kind of cycle. It represents the relationship between the pagan calendar and the Christian church calendar. By imposing holidays, dual faith was formed - a fusion of paganism and Christianity. The rituals and songs corresponding to them were intended to ensure a good harvest, livestock production, the birth of children, and well-being. For a more vivid implementation of ritual actions, people used the magic of singing. The calendar has 4 cycles: - summer solstice (June 24) - winter solstice - spring (March 21) - autumn (end of the harvest)

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Songs of the winter calendar carols for Maslenitsa carols - magical songs. The Slavs called them “Kolyadka”, “Tausen”, “Sausen”, “Shchedrovki”, “Vinogradye”. They depict the bright, desirable side of life. Carols are performed by ensembles of either children, youth, or older people. They sang very loudly, it was believed that this influenced the forces of nature. They put on masks and danced. Podpodnye songs Podvydnye songs (fortune-telling). The name comes from the form of execution. The girls poured a dish with water, threw objects into it and told fortunes. Performed on Christmastide from January 7 to 19. Christmastide - “bright evenings”. Maslenitsa songsMaslenitsa is a holiday of farewell to winter. In ancient times, this holiday was the greatest in scale. The meaning of the holiday is the spell of the sun, which should be helped to make a circle in order to bring spring closer. Pancakes are a symbol of the sun. The culmination of the holiday is the “funeral” of the effigy, which was burned amid laughter and songs on the last day of Maslenitsa week.

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Songs of the spring calendar - invocation - willow - willow Spring was celebrated in different places at different times. The peasants believed that the arrival of spring could be accelerated by performing certain ritual actions. Bird figurines (usually larks) were baked from dough. Girls and children climbed onto the roofs of houses, barns, woodpiles, trees and called out to spring from above. The stonefly calls asked spring birds to bring keys and locks from across the blue sea, “close the cold winter” and open “unlock the warm summer.” After the stoneflies performed, the heads of the “larks” were stuck on the straw that covered the roof, and the rest of the cookies were eaten.

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On Yegoryev Day, for the first time after winter, they drove the cattle out to pasture, whipping the animals with willow branches. This holiday was predominantly male. The men walked around the fields, calling on Yegor to protect the cattle from death, disease, animals and the evil eye. Teenagers walked from yard to yard and sang wish songs in front of each house. In this spring holiday, a special role was assigned to the shepherd. He was supposed to ritually play the shepherd's horn and use special spells to keep the cattle safe and sound for the entire time the cattle were grazing in the field.

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The end of spring - the beginning of summer (May - June) is the time of new holidays. The most multi-ritual among them is summer Christmastide or Rusal Week. The main characters during the summer Christmastide are girls; The main character of the songs performed was the birch tree, which embodied life-giving and plant power for the peasants.

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In Semik, dressed festively, the girls went into the forest to curl a birch tree: they tied the ends of the trees with rings, weaved birch tops with grass, bending the birch. The wreath formed by the branches was a magic circle. The birch tree was curled for several days - until Trinity Day, when they went to see whether the wreath had withered or not, and depending on this, they predicted whether the next year would be happy or unhappy and how the fate of the fortune-telling girl would turn out. Like all calendar rituals, Trinity-Semitic rites are associated with future fertility: harvest and marriage. After curling the birch trees, we went to look at the fields. Wondering about the fate of the girl, they wove wreaths and, floating them on the water, waited to see whether the wreath would wash ashore or float with the flow, which meant a quick or delayed marriage; a drowned wreath promised death...

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Ivan Kupala The time of the summer solstice (June 22-24), when the sun's warmth and light reached its greatest strength, corresponded to the holiday "Ivan Kupala", associated with the ancient cult of the sun and fire. The peasants believed that on Kupala night all evil spirits came to life, and it was necessary to protect livestock and bread from it. On Ivan Kupala, medicinal herbs were collected (Ivan da Marya was especially popular). The fern, which, according to legend, blooms once a year on Kupala night, was considered magically omnipotent. Those who found a blooming fern should have discovered the location of the treasures.

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After the rituals on the night of Ivan Kupala and the meeting of the sun on Peter’s Day, there were no festive rituals until the harvest. The harvesting rituals were not strictly linked to the calendar, because they depended on the time of grain ripening. Since the harvest, unlike plowing and sowing, was a woman’s task, the stubble rituals and songs associated with them are primarily women’s. Three types of songs correspond to the three stages of the harvest: - zazhinnye - at the beginning of the harvest; - stubble - during field work (these songs talk mainly about the work of peasant women in the field); - dozhinochnye (obzhinochnye) - sung after the end of the harvest. At the end of the grain harvest, they left a few ears of grain in the field and curled the uncompressed bunch or, bending it to the ground, buried it along with the bread and salt. The last sheaf was decorated and carried into the house.

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Folklore Epics Fairy tales Small genres Songs Ditties Sayings Proverbs Tongue twisters Riddles.

What is folklore? Folklore - this word means the creativity of any people, which is passed on from generation to generation. Folklore is proverbs, songs, fairy tales, ditties, riddles. Modern literature has its roots in folklore, many of whose works are similar even in completely different cultures. The main feature of folklore is the absence of a famous author, because any folklore work has existed for a very long time and has been transformed many times by new and new storytellers. That is why in many literatures of the world there are similar plots, characters and works. At the same time, folklore is constantly developing and changing along with people's lives. However, it is folklore that reflects the individual characteristics of the people, their differences from others

Bylina Bylina is a legend. Genre of literary creativity, telling about the exploits of heroes and reflecting the life of Ancient Rus' of the 9th-13th centuries; type of oral folk art. The main plot of the epic is some heroic event, or a remarkable episode of Russian history (hence the popular name of the epic - “starina”, “old woman”, implying that the action in question took place in the past).

Fairy tale A fairy tale is a genre of literary creativity. Short stories of a fantastic nature. A rosaic story about fictional events and heroes in the folklore of different nations. Rhythmic prose phrases: “Once upon a time ...”, “And I was there, I drank honey and beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth”, “A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows”, “ Soon the fairy tale will be told, but the deed will not be done soon,”

Songs Song is the simplest, most common form of vocal music, combining poetic text with a simple, easy-to-remember melody. The musical and poetic creativity of the people is an integral part of folk art, existing, as a rule, in oral form, passed on from generation to generation. Since folk music is known to all socio-historical formations, it should be considered not only as a component of folk art, but also, in a broader sense, as a branch (root) of musical art. One of the main branches, contrasted with popular and academic music.

Sayings and proverbs A saying is a phrase, a figure of speech that reflects some phenomenon of life, one of the small genres of folklore. Often has a humorous character. A proverb is a small form of folk poetry, clothed in a short, rhythmic saying that carries a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory with a didactic bias.

Tongue Twister and Riddle A tongue twister is a short, syntactically correct phrase in any language with artificially complicated articulation. Tongue twisters contain sounds that are similar in sound (for example, c and sh) and combinations of phonemes that are difficult to pronounce. Often contain alliteration and rhyme. Used to train diction and pronunciation. A riddle is a metaphorical expression in which one object is depicted through another that has some, at least distant, similarity with it; Based on the above, a person must guess the intended object.

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Russian folklore Presentation of a local history project in 5th grade. Teacher Nosova T.V.

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Goals: Acquaintance with the genres of Russian folklore; Development of cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities, stimulation of the desire to know as much as possible about the native land; Formation of skills for independent work with literature. Formation of teamwork skills. Development of skills in presenting the results obtained

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Folklore NAR ONE TV ORCHESTVO (folk art, folklore), artistic collective creative activity of the people, reflecting their life, views, ideals; poetry (legends, songs, fairy tales, epics), music (songs, instrumental tunes and plays), theater (dramas, satirical plays, puppet theater), dance, architecture, fine and decorative arts created by the people and existing among the masses. Folk art, which originated in ancient times, is the historical basis of the entire world artistic culture, the source of national artistic traditions, and an exponent of national self-awareness.

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Russian folk tales A fairy tale is a narrative folk-poetic work about fictional persons and events involving magical, fantastic forces.

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Russian riddles Riddle is a genre of folk poetry; an allegorical poetic description of an object or phenomenon that tests the ingenuity of the guesser. The dress is lost - the buttons remain. (Rowan)

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Proverbs and sayings AFTER OWITZ, a genre of folklore, a figurative, grammatically and logically complete saying with an instructive meaning. POGOV ORKA, a figurative expression, a figure of speech that aptly defines any phenomenon of life.

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Small genres of folklore Small genres of folklore include: - Tongue twisters; - Fables; - Nursery rhymes, jokes; - Calls; - Counting books; - Teasers Etc.

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Tongue twisters Tongue twister is a fun game of quickly repeating difficult to pronounce rhymes and phrases. The quail hid the quails from the boys. Sasha hit a bump with his hat.

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Fables Based on the principle of inversion: nonsense that does not happen in life. They contribute to the development of a sense of humor, this is a kind of test of the knowledge acquired about the world. A village was driving past a peasant, and suddenly the gate barked from under a dog. A stick jumped out with a grandmother in his hand and let's bludgeon the horse on the peasant. The roofs got scared, sat on the crows, The horse chases the man with a whip.

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Nursery rhymes, jokes A short poem of two to four, rarely eight lines. These colorful, bright verbal pictures make up the world of a child’s everyday impressions, everything that surrounds him in the house, on the street, in the yard.

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Invocations Invocations are a type of ritual folklore: appeals to natural phenomena, elements with greetings and calls that have an incantatory and magical meaning. They were accompanied by ritual actions; the intonations of a call and cry are palpable in the chants. Spring spells were especially popular. Rain, rain, rain, rain! The grass will be greener, flowers will grow on the green meadow!

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Counting books These are funny poems with a clear rhythm. They are designed to calculate the players to determine who leads when playing. The woman sowed peas, they turned out quite well, they turned out thick, we will rush, you wait!

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Teases Teases reflect negative aspects in children's perception of the world around them. They can be both funny and offensive at the same time. Teasing teaches children the ability to notice the bad and develops sensitivity to absurd situations in life. They make fun of laziness and greed. Cowardice, boasting and other bad habits.

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Chatushki Chatushka, short (usually 4 lines), performed at a fast tempo, rhymed refrain, a popular genre of Russian folk verbal and musical creativity. I will give you three flowers: White, blue, scarlet. I am a daring boy, Even though I am small in stature!

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Lullabies A lullaby is a song sung when a child is rocked to sleep. One of the oldest genres of folklore of all nations. Bye-bye-bye-bye, Don't lie on the edge. A little gray top will come and grab you by the side

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Ritual folklore - Carols - Vesnyanka - Maslenitsa songs - Summer songs - Autumn songs

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Carols Carols - (from the Latin Calendae - the first day of each month), ritual songs with wishes for wealth, health, etc. They were performed at Christmas. The little sparrow flies, twirls his tail, And you, people, know, Cover the tables, Receive guests, Celebrate Christmas! The sparrow flies

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Vesnyanka Vesnyanka (Ukrainian, Belarusian - spring, Russian - zaklichki), ritual calendar songs invoking spring, timed to coincide with the equinox. Previously, stoneflies were attributed magical significance. Spring, red spring, Come, spring, with joy, With great mercy, With high flax, With deep roots, With abundant bread