A brief dictionary of literary terms. Literary terms III
ANTITHESIS - opposition of characters, events, actions, words. It can be used at the level of details, particulars (“Black evening, white snow” - A. Blok), or can serve as a technique for creating the entire work as a whole. This is the contrast between the two parts of A. Pushkin’s poem “The Village” (1819), where the first depicts pictures of beautiful nature, peaceful and happy, and the second, by contrast, depicts episodes from the life of a powerless and brutally oppressed Russian peasant.
ARCHITECTONICS - the relationship and proportionality of the main parts and elements that make up a literary work.
DIALOGUE - a conversation, conversation, argument between two or more characters in a work.
PREPARATION - an element of the plot, meaning the moment of conflict, the beginning of the events depicted in the work.
INTERIOR is a compositional tool that recreates the environment in the room where the action takes place.
INTRIGUE is the movement of the soul and the actions of a character aimed at searching for the meaning of life, truth, etc. - a kind of “spring” that drives the action in a dramatic or epic work and makes it entertaining.
COLLISION - a clash of opposing views, aspirations, interests of characters in a work of art.
COMPOSITION – the construction of a work of art, a certain system in the arrangement of its parts. Vary compositional means(portraits of characters, interior, landscape, dialogue, monologue, including internal) and compositional techniques(montage, symbol, stream of consciousness, self-disclosure of the character, mutual disclosure, depiction of the character’s character in dynamics or statics). The composition is determined by the characteristics of the writer’s talent, the genre, content and purpose of the work.
COMPONENT - an integral part of a work: when analyzing it, for example, we can talk about components of content and components of form, sometimes interpenetrating.
CONFLICT is a clash of opinions, positions, characters in a work, driving its action, like intrigue and conflict.
CLIMAX is an element of the plot: the moment of highest tension in the development of the action of the work.
LEITMOTHIO - the main idea of a work, repeatedly repeated and emphasized.
MONOLOGUE is a lengthy speech of a character in a literary work, addressed, in contrast to an internal monologue, to others. An example of an internal monologue is the first stanza of A. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”: “My uncle has the most honest rules...”, etc.
MONTAGE is a compositional technique: compiling a work or its section into a single whole from individual parts, passages, quotes. An example is the book of Eug. Popov "The beauty of life."
MOTIVE is one of the components of a literary text, part of the theme of the work, which more often than others acquires symbolic meaning. Road motif, house motif, etc.
OPPOSITION - a variant of the antithesis: opposition, opposition of views, behavior of characters at the level of characters (Onegin - Lensky, Oblomov - Stolz) and at the level of concepts ("wreath - crown" in M. Lermontov's poem "The Death of the Poet"; "it seemed - it turned out" in A. Chekhov's story “The Lady with the Dog”).
LANDSCAPE is a compositional tool: the depiction of pictures of nature in a work.
PORTRAIT – 1. Compositional means: depiction of a character’s appearance – face, clothing, figure, demeanor, etc.; 2. Literary portrait is one of the prose genres.
STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS is a compositional technique used mainly in the literature of modernist movements. Its area of application is the analysis of complex crisis states of the human spirit. F. Kafka, J. Joyce, M. Proust and others are recognized as masters of the “stream of consciousness”. In some episodes, this technique can also be used in realistic works - Artem Vesely, V. Aksenov and others.
PROLOGUE is an extra-plot element that describes the events or persons involved before the start of the action in the work (“The Snow Maiden” by A. N. Ostrovsky, “Faust” by I. V. Goethe, etc.).
DENOUNCING is a plot element that fixes the moment of resolution of the conflict in the work, the outcome of the development of events in it.
RETARDATION is a compositional technique that delays, stops or reverses the development of action in a work. It is carried out by including in the text various kinds of digressions of a lyrical and journalistic nature (“The Tale of Captain Kopeikin” in “Dead Souls” by N. Gogol, autobiographical digressions in A. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”, etc.).
PLOT - a system, the order of development of events in a work. Its main elements: prologue, exposition, plot, development of action, climax, denouement; in some cases an epilogue is possible. The plot reveals cause-and-effect relationships in the relationship between characters, facts and events in the work. To evaluate various types of plots, concepts such as plot intensity and “wandering” plots can be used.
THEME – the subject of the image in the work, its material, indicating the place and time of action. The main topic, as a rule, is specified by topic, i.e., a set of particular, individual topics.
FABULA - the sequence of unfolding of the events of a work in time and space.
FORM is a certain system of artistic means that reveals the content of a literary work. Categories of form - plot, composition, language, genre, etc. Form as a way of existence of the content of a literary work.
CHRONOTOP is the spatiotemporal organization of material in a work of art.
Bald man with white beard – I. Nikitin
Old Russian giant – M. Lermontov
With the young dogaressa – A. Pushkin
Falls on the sofa – N. Nekrasov
Used most often in postmodern works:
There's a stream underneath him,
But not azure,
There is an aroma above it -
Well, I have no strength.
He, having given everything to literature,
He tasted its full fruits.Drive away, man, five altyn,(I. Irtenev)
And don’t irritate unnecessarily.
Freedom sower desert
Reaps a meager harvest.
EXPOSITION - an element of the plot: setting, circumstances, positions of the characters in which they find themselves before the start of the action in the work.
EPIGRAPH – a proverb, a quotation, someone’s statement placed by the author before a work or its part, parts, designed to indicate his intention: “...So who are you finally? I am part of that force that always wants evil and always does good.” Goethe. “Faust” is an epigraph to M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita.”
EPILOGUE is a plot element that describes the events that occurred after the end of the action in the work (sometimes after many years - I. Turgenev. “Fathers and Sons”).
2. Language of fiction
ALLEGORY is an allegory, a type of metaphor. Allegory captures a conventional image: in fables, the fox is cunning, the donkey is stupidity, etc. Allegory is also used in fairy tales, parables, and satire.
ALLITERATION is an expressive means of language: repetition of identical or homogeneous consonant sounds in order to create a sound image:
And its area is empty(A. Pushkin)
He runs and hears behind him -
It's like thunder roaring -
Heavy ringing galloping
Along the shocked pavement...
ANAPHOR - an expressive means of language: repetition at the beginning of poetic lines, stanzas, paragraphs of the same words, sounds, syntactic structures.
With all my insomnia I love you,
With all my insomnia I listen to you -
About that time, as throughout the Kremlin
The bell ringers wake up...But my river is yes with your river,(M. Tsvetaeva)
But my hand- yes with your hand
Not will come together. My joy, how long
Not the dawn will catch up.
ANTITHESIS is an expressive means of language: the opposition of sharply contrasting concepts and images: You and the poor, // You and the abundant, // You and the mighty, // You and the powerless, // Mother Rus'! (I. Nekrasov).
ANTONYMS – words with opposite meanings; serve to create bright contrasting images:
The rich man fell in love with the poor woman,(M. Tsvetaeva)
A scientist fell in love with a stupid woman,
I fell in love with ruddy - pale,
I fell in love with a good one - a harmful one,
Gold - copper half.
ARCHAISMS - obsolete words, figures of speech, grammatical forms. They serve in the work to recreate the flavor of a bygone era and characterize the character in a certain way. They can give solemnity to the language: “Show off, city of Petrov, and stand, unshakably, like Russia,” and in other cases - an ironic shade: “This youth in Magnitogorsk gnawed at the granite of science in college and, with God’s help, graduated from it successfully.”
UNION is an expressive means of language that accelerates the pace of speech in the work: “Clouds are rushing, clouds are curling; // The invisible moon // Illuminates the flying snow; // the sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy" (A. Pushkin).
BARVARISMS are words from a foreign language. With their help, the flavor of a specific era can be recreated (“Peter the Great” by A. N. Tolstoy), and a literary character can be characterized (“War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy). In some cases, barbarisms can be the object of controversy and irony (V. Mayakovsky.“About “fiascoes”, “apogees” and other unknown things”).
RHETORICAL QUESTION – an expressive means of language: a statement in the form of a question that does not require an answer:
Why is it so painful and so difficult for me?(M. Lermontov)
Am I waiting for what? Do I regret anything?
RHETORICAL EXCLAMATION – an expressive means of language; an appeal that serves the purpose of increasing emotionality usually creates a solemn, upbeat mood:
Oh, Volga! My cradle!(N. Nekrasov)
Has anyone ever loved you like I do?
VULGARISM is a vulgar, rude word or expression.
HYPERBOLE - excessive exaggeration of the properties of an object, phenomenon, quality in order to enhance the impression.
Your love will not cure you at all,(B. Okudzhava)
forty thousand other loving pavements.
Ah, my Arbat, Arbat,
you are my fatherland,
will never completely get past you.
GRADATION is an expressive means of language, with the help of which the depicted feelings and thoughts are gradually strengthened or weakened. For example, in the poem “Poltava” A. Pushkin characterizes Mazepa this way: “that he does not know the shrine; // that he does not remember charity; // that he doesn't like anything; // that he is ready to shed blood like water; // that he despises freedom; // that there is no homeland for him.” Anaphora can serve as the basis for gradation.
GROTESQUE is an artistic device of an exaggerated violation of the proportions of the depicted, a bizarre combination of the fantastic and the real, the tragic and the comic, the beautiful and the ugly, etc. The grotesque can be used at the level of style, genre and image: “And I see: // Half of the people are sitting. // Oh, devilry! //Where is the other half?” (V. Mayakovsky).
DIALECTISM - words from a common national language, used mainly in a certain area and used in literary works to create local color or speech characteristics of characters: “Nagulnov let his mashtaka tent and stopped him side of the mound” (M. Sholokhov).
JARGON is the conventional language of a small social group, differing from the national language mainly in vocabulary: “The writing language was refined, but at the same time flavored with a good dose of maritime jargon... the way sailors and tramps speak.” (K. Paustovsky).
ABSOLUTE LANGUAGE is the result of an experiment that was mainly carried out by futurists. Its goal is to find a correspondence between the sound of a word and its meaning and to free the word from its usual meaning: “Bobeobi lips sang. // Veeomi's eyes sang..." (V. Khlebnikov).
INVERSION - changing the order of words in a sentence in order to highlight the meaning of a word or give an unusual sound to the phrase as a whole: “We moved from the highway to a piece of canvas // Barge haulers of these Repin’s legs” (Dm. Kedrin).
IRONY - subtle hidden mockery: “He sang the faded color of life // At almost eighteen years old” (A. Pushkin).
PUN – a witty joke based on homonyms or the use of different meanings of one word:
The realm of rhymes is my element(D. Minaev)
And I write poetry easily.
Without hesitation, without delay
I run to line by line.
Even to the Finnish brown rocks
I'm making a pun.
LITOTE - a figurative means of language, built on a fantastic understatement of an object or its properties: “Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, // No more than a thimble” (A. Griboyedov).
METAPHOR – a word or expression used in a figurative meaning. A figurative means of language based on implicit comparison. The main types of metaphors are allegory, symbol, personification: “Hamlet, who thought with timid steps...” (O. Mandelstam).
METONYMY is an artistic means of language: replacing the name of a whole with the name of a part (or vice versa) based on their similarity, proximity, contiguity, etc.: “What’s wrong with you, blue sweater, // There’s an anxious breeze in your eyes?” (A. Voznesensky).
NEOLOGISM – 1. A word or expression created by the author of a literary work: A. Blok – above the blizzard, etc.; V. Mayakovsky - huge, hammer-handed, etc.; I. Severyanin – sparkling, etc.; 2. Words that have acquired a new additional meaning over time - satellite, cart, etc.
RHETORICAL APPEAL – an oratorical device, an expressive means of language; a word or group of words that names the person to whom the speech is addressed and contains an appeal, demand, request: “Listen, comrades descendants, // agitator, loudmouth, leader” (V. Mayakovsky).
OXYMORON - an epithet used in the opposite meaning of the words being defined: “miserly knight”, “living corpse”, “blinding darkness”, “sad joy”, etc.
PERSONIFICATION is a method of metaphorically transferring the features of living things to non-living things: “The river is playing,” “It’s raining,” “The poplar is burdened by loneliness,” etc. The polysemantic nature of personification is revealed in the system of other artistic means of language.
HOMONYMS - words that sound the same, but have different meanings: scythe, stove, marriage, once, etc. “And I didn’t care. about // What a secret volume my daughter has // Dozing under the pillow until the morning" (A. Pushkin).
ONOMATOPOEIA – onomatopoeia, imitation of natural and everyday sounds:
The kulesh cackled in the cauldron.(E. Yevtushenko)
Heeled in the wind
Red wings of fire.
Midnight in the swamp wilderness(K. Balmont)
The reeds rustle barely audibly, silently.
PARALLELISM is a figurative means of language; a similar symmetrical arrangement of speech elements, in relation to creating a harmonious artistic image. Parallelism is often found in oral folklore and in the Bible. In fiction, parallelism can be used at the verbal-sound, rhythmic, compositional level: “Black raven in the gentle dusk, // Black velvet on dark shoulders” (A. Blok).
PERIPHRASE – a figurative means of language; replacing the concept with a descriptive phrase: “Sad time! The charm of the eyes! - autumn; “Foggy Albion” – England; “Singer of Gyaur and Juan” - Byron, etc.
PLEONASM (Greek “pleonasmos” - excess) is an expressive means of language; repetition of words and phrases that are close in meaning: sadness, melancholy, once upon a time, crying - shedding tears, etc.
REPEATMENTS are stylistic figures, syntactic constructions based on the repetition of words that carry a special semantic load. Types of repetitions – Anaphora, Epiphora, Refrain, Pleonasm, Tautology and etc.
REFRAIN – an expressive means of language; periodic repetition of a semantically complete passage that summarizes the thought expressed in it:
Mountain king on a long journey(K. Balmont )
– It’s boring in a foreign country. -
He wants to find a beautiful maiden.
-You won't come back to me. -
He sees a manor on a mossy mountain.
– It’s boring in a foreign country. -
Little Kirsten is standing in the yard.
-You won't come back to me. –<…>
SYMBOL (one of the meanings) is a type of metaphor, a comparison of a generalizing nature: for M. Lermontov, “sail” is a symbol of loneliness; A. Pushkin’s “star of captivating happiness” is a symbol of freedom, etc.
SYNECDOCHE is a figurative means of language; view Metonymies, based on replacing the name of the whole with the name of its part. Synecdoche is sometimes called "quantitative" metonymy. “The bride has gone crazy today” (A. Chekhov).
COMPARISON is a figurative means of language; creating an image by comparing the already known with the unknown (old with new). Comparison is created using special words (“as”, “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”), instrumental case forms or comparative forms of adjectives:
And she herself is majestic,(A. Pushkin )
Swims out like a peahen;
And as the speech says,
It's like a river babbling.
TAUTOLOGY is an expressive means of language; repetition of words with the same root.
Where is this house with the shutter that came off?(D. Kedrin )
A room with a colorful carpet on the wall?
Dear, dear, long, long ago
I remember my childhood.
TRAILS are words used in a figurative meaning. Types of tropes are Metaphor, Metonymy, Epithet and etc.
DEFAULT is an expressive means of language. The hero's speech is interrupted in order to activate the reader's imagination, called upon to fill in what was missed. Typically indicated by an ellipsis:
What's wrong with me?(A. Pushkin )
Father... Mazepa... execution - with a prayer
Here, in this castle, my mother -
EUPHEMISM is an expressive means of language; a descriptive phrase that changes the assessment of an object or phenomenon.
“In private I would call him a liar. In a newspaper article I would use the expression - a frivolous attitude towards the truth. In Parliament - I would regret that the gentleman is ill-informed. One could add that people get punched in the face for such information.” (D. Galsworthy"The Forsyte Saga").
EPITHET – a figurative device of language; a colorful definition of an object that allows you to distinguish it from a whole range of similar ones and discover the author’s assessment of what is being described. Types of epithet - constant, oxymoron, etc.: “The lonely sail is white...”.
EPIPHOR - an expressive means of language; repetition of words or phrases at the end of poetic lines. Epiphora is a rare form in Russian poetry:
Note - I love you!(V. Voznesensky )
Edge - I love you!
Animal - I love you!
Separation - I love you!
3. Fundamentals of poetry
ACROSTIC - a poem in which the initial letters of each verse form a word or phrase vertically:
The angel lay down at the edge of the sky,
Leaning over, he marvels at the abyss.
The new world was dark and starless.
Hell was silent. Not a groan was heard.Scarlet blood timid beating,
Fragile hands are frightened and shuddering,
The world of dreams got possession
Angel's holy reflection.The world is crowded! Let him live dreaming(N. Gumilev)
About love, about sadness and about shadows,
In the eternal darkness, opening
The ABC of your own revelations.
ALEXANDRIAN VERSE - a system of couplets; iambic hexameter with a number of paired verses based on the principle of alternating male and female pairs: aaBBvvGG...
Two Astronomers happened together at a feast(M. Lomonosov)
A
And they argued quite heatedly among themselves:
A
One repeated: the earth, spinning, circles the Sun,
B
Another is that the Sun takes all the planets with it:
B
One was Copernicus, the other was known as Ptolemy,
V
Here the cook settled the dispute with his smile.
V
The owner asked: “Do you know the course of the stars?
G
Tell me, how do you reason about this doubt?”
G
He gave the following answer: “In that Copernicus is right,
d
I will prove the truth without having been to the Sun.
d
Who has seen a simpleton among cooks like this?
E
Who would turn the fireplace around the roaster?
E
Alexandrian verse was used mainly in high classicist genres - tragedies, odes, etc.
AMPHIBRACHIUS (Greek “amphi” - around; “bhaspu” - short; literal translation: “short on both sides”) - three-syllable size with emphasis on the 2nd, 5th, 8th, 11th, etc. d. syllables.
Once upon a time there lived a little boy(V. A. Zhukovsky(two-footed amphibrachium))
He was as tall / as tall as a finger.
The face was / handsome, -
Like sparks / little eyes,
Like fluff in / calf...
ANAPEST (Greek “anapaistos” - reflected back) - three-syllable size with emphasis on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, etc. syllables.
Neither country / nor state / that(I. Brodsky(two-foot anapest))
I don't want / to choose.
On Vasil/evsky os/trov
I will come / die.
ASSONANCE is an imprecise rhyme based on the consonance of the roots of words, rather than the endings:
The student wants to listen to Scriabin,(E. Yevtushenko)
And for half a month he lives as a miser.
ASTROPHIC TEXT - the text of a poetic work, not divided into stanzas (N. A. Nekrasov“Reflections at the Front Entrance”, etc.).
BANAL RHYME - a frequently occurring, familiar rhyme; sound and semantic stencil. “...There are too few rhymes in the Russian language. One calls the other. The “flame” inevitably drags the “stone” along with it. Because of the “feelings”, “art” certainly appears. Who isn’t tired of “love” and “blood”, “difficult” and “wonderful”, “faithful” and “hypocritical” and so on.” (A. Pushkin"Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg").
POOR RHYME - only stressed vowels are consonant in it: “near” - “earth”, “she” - “soul”, etc. Sometimes a poor rhyme is called a “sufficient” rhyme.
BLANK VERSE - verse without rhyme:
Of life's pleasures(A. Pushkin)
Music is inferior to love alone;
But love is also a melody...
Blank verse appeared in Russian poetry in the 18th century. (V. Trediakovsky), in the 19th century. used by A. Pushkin (“Again I visited...”),
M. Lermontov (“Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”), N. Nekrasov (“Who Lives Well in Rus'”), etc. In the 20th century. blank verse is represented in the works of I. Bunin, Sasha Cherny, O. Mandelstam, A. Tarkovsky, D. Samoilov and others.
BRACHYKOLON - a monosyllabic verse used to convey an energetic rhythm or as a form of humor.
Forehead -(V. Khodasevich."Funeral")
Chalk.
Bel
Coffin.
Sang
Pop.
Sheaf
Strel -
Day
Holy!
Crypt
Blind
Shadow -
In hell!
BURIME – 1. Poem with given rhymes; 2. A game consisting of composing such poems. During the game, the following conditions are met: rhymes must be unexpected and varied; they cannot be changed or rearranged.
Free verse - free verse. It may lack meter and rhyme. Free verse is a verse in which the unit of rhythmic organization (line, Rhyme, Stanza) intonation appears (chant in oral performance):
I was lying on the top of a mountain(A. Tarkovsky)
I was surrounded by earth.
Enchanted Edge Below
Lost all colors except two:
Light blue,
Light brown where there is blue stone
the pen of Azrael wrote,
Dagestan lay around me.
INTERNAL RHYME - consonances, one (or both) of which are located inside the verse. Internal rhyme can be constant (appears in a caesura and defines the boundary between hemistiches) and irregular (breaks the verse into separate rhythmic unequal and inconsistent groups):
If rhea, disappearing,(K. Balmont)
Numb and shining
Snow flakes curl. -
If sleepy, distant
Sometimes with reproach, sometimes in love,
The sounds of crying are gentle.
FREE VERSE - verse in different feet. The predominant size of free verse is iambic with a verse length of one to six feet. This form is convenient for conveying lively colloquial speech and therefore is used mainly in fables, poetic comedies and dramas (“Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboedov and others).
Crosses / no, you / shed from / terpen / I 4-stop.(I. Krylov)
From ra/zoren/ya, 2-stop.
What speech / ki them / and ru / cells 4-stop.
When in / additional / lie when / fixing / whether, 4-stop.
Let's go / ask / for ourselves / upra / you at / the River, 6-stop.
In which / torus / the stream / and the river / flows / there are 6 stops.
Octagon - a stanza of eight verses with a certain method of rhyming. See more details. Octave. Triolet.
HEXAMETER – hexameter dactyl, favorite meter of ancient Greek poetry:
The son of the Thunderer and Lethe - Phoebus, angry with the king(Homer. Iliad; lane N. Gnedich)
He brought an evil plague upon the army: nations perished.
The maiden dropped the urn with water and broke it on the cliff.(A. Pushkin)
The virgin sits sadly, idle holding a shard.
Miracle! The water flowing from the broken urn will not dry up,
The Virgin, above the eternal stream, sits forever sad.
HYPERDACTYLIC RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the fourth and further syllables from the end of the verse:
Goes, Balda, quacks,(A. Pushkin)
And the priest, seeing Balda, jumps up...
DACTYLIC RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the verse:
I, Mother of God, now with prayer(M. Yu. Lermontov)
Before your image, bright radiance,
Not about salvation, not before battle
Not with gratitude or repentance,
I don’t pray for my deserted soul,
For the soul of a wanderer in the light of a rootless...
DACTYL – three-syllable meter with emphasis on the 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th, etc. syllables:
Was approaching / gray behind / cat(I. Annensky(3-foot dactyl))
The air was / tender and / intoxicated,
And from there / beckoned / garden
Somehow about / especially / green.
COUPLET – 1. A stanza of two verses with a paired rhyme:
Pale blue mysterious face
He drooped over the withered roses.And the lamps gild the coffin(I. Bunin)
And their children flow transparently...
2. Type of lyrics; a complete poem of two verses:
From others I receive praise - what ashes,(A. Akhmatova)
From you and blasphemy - praise.
DOLNIK (Pauznik) – poetic meter on the verge syllabo-tonic And tonic versification. Based on the rhythmic repetition of strong ones (see. ICT) and weak points, as well as variable pauses between stressed syllables. The range of interic intervals ranges from 0 to 4 unstressed. The length of a verse is determined by the number of stresses in a line. The dolnik came into widespread use at the beginning of the 20th century:
Late autumn. The sky is open(A. Blok(three-beat dolder))
And the forests are filled with silence.
Lying down on the blurry shore
The mermaid's head is sick.
FEMALE RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the second syllable from the end of the verse:
These meager villages(F. I. Tyutchev)
This meager nature
The native land of long-suffering,
You are the edge of the Russian people!
ZEVGMA (from ancient Greek literally “bundle”, “bridge”) - an indication of the commonality of various poetic forms, literary movements, and types of art (see: Biryukov SE. Zeugma: Russian poetry from mannerism to postmodernism. – M., 1994).
IKT is a strong rhythm-forming syllable in a verse.
QUATREIN – 1. The most common stanza in Russian poetry, consisting of four verses: “In the depths of Siberian ores” by A. Pushkin, “Sail” by M. Lermontov, “Why are you greedily looking at the road” by N. Nekrasov, “Portrait” by N. Zabolotsky, “It’s Snowing” by B. Pasternak and others. The rhyming method can be paired (aabb), circular (Abba), cross (abab); 2. Type of lyrics; a poem of four lines of predominantly philosophical content, expressing a complete thought:
Until convincing, until(M. Tsvetaeva)
Murder is simple:
Two birds built a nest for me:
Truth - and Orphanhood.
CLAUSE - a group of final syllables in a line of poetry.
LIMERICK – 1. Solid stanza form; pentaverse with double consonance based on the rhyming principle aabba. The limerick was introduced into literature as a type of comic poem telling about an unusual incident by the English poet Edward Lear:
There lived an old man from Morocco,
He saw surprisingly poorly.
- Is this your leg?
- I doubt it a little, -
The old man from Morocco answered.
2. Literary game, which consists of composing similar comic poems; in this case, the limerick must necessarily begin with the words: “Once upon a time ...”, “Once upon a time there lived an old man ...”, etc.
LIPOGRAM - a poem in which no specific sound is used. Thus, in G. R. Derzhavin’s poem “The Nightingale in a Dream” there is no “r” sound:
I slept on a high hill,
I heard your voice, nightingale;
Even in the deepest sleep
It was clear to my soul:
It sounded and then echoed,
Now he groaned, now he grinned
In hearing from afar he, -
And in the arms of Callista
Songs, sighs, clicks, whistles
Enjoyed a sweet dream.<…>
MACARONIK POETRY - poetry of a satirical or parody nature; the comic effect is achieved in it by mixing words from different languages and styles:
So I set off on the road:(I. Myatlev(“Ms. Kurdyukova’s sensations and remarks abroad were given in L’Etrange”))
Dragged to the city of St. Petersburg
And got a ticket
For myself, e pur Anet,
And pur Khariton le medic
Sur le pyroscaphe "Heir",
Loaded the crew
Prepared for a voyage<…>
MESOSISH - a poem in which the letters in the middle of the vertical line form a word.
METER – a certain rhythmic ordering of repetitions within poetic lines. The types of meter in syllabic-tonic versification are two-syllable (see. Trochee, Iambic), trisyllabic (see Dactyl, Amphibrachium, Anapest) and other poetic meters.
METRICS is a section of poetry that studies the rhythmic organization of verse.
MONORYM - a poem using one rhyme:
When, children, are you students,(A. Apukhtin)
Don't rack your brains over the moments
Over the Hamlets, Lyres, Kents,
Over kings and over presidents,
Over the seas and over the continents,
Don't mingle with your opponents there,
Be smart with your competitors
How will you finish the course with eminents?
And you will go into service with patents -
Don't look at the service of assistant professors
And don’t disdain, children, gifts!<…>
MONOSTYCH - a poem consisting of one verse.
I(K. Balmont)
All-expressiveness is the key to worlds and secrets.
II
Love is fire, and blood is fire, and life is fire, we are fiery.
MORA - in ancient versification, a unit of time for pronouncing one short syllable.
MALE RHYME - a consonance in which the stress falls on the last syllable of the verse:
We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time!(A. Pushkin)
There, where the mountain turns white behind the clouds,
To where the sea edges turn blue,
To where we walk only the wind... yes me!
ODIC STROPHE - a stanza of ten verses with a rhyming method AbAbVVgDDg:
Oh you who are waiting(M. V. Lomonosov(“Ode on the day of accession to the All-Russian throne of Her Majesty the Empress Elisaveta Petrovna. 1747”))
Fatherland from its depths
And he wants to see them,
Which ones are calling from foreign countries.
Oh, your days are blessed!
Be of good cheer now
It’s your kindness to show
What can Platonov's own
And the quick-witted Newtons
Russian land gives birth.
OCTAVE - a stanza of eight verses with triple consonance due to rhyming abababvv:
Verse harmonies divine secrets
Don't think about figuring it out from the books of the sages:
At the shore of sleepy waters, wandering alone, by chance,
Listen with your soul to the whispering of the reeds,I say oak forests: their sound is extraordinary(A. Maikov)
Feel and understand... In the consonance of poetry
Involuntarily from your lips dimensional octaves
The oak groves flow, sonorous as music.
The octave is found in Byron, A. Pushkin, A.K. Tolstoy and other poets.
ONEGIN STROPHA - a stanza consisting of 14 verses (AbAbVVg-gDeeJj); created by A. Pushkin (novel “Eugene Onegin”). A characteristic feature of the Onegin stanza is the obligatory use of iambic tetrameter.
Let me be known as an Old Believer,(M. Lermontov(Tambov treasurer))
I don't care - I'm even glad:
I am writing Onegin in size:
I sing, friends, in the old way.
Please listen to this tale!
Its unexpected ending
Perhaps you will approve
Let's bow our heads lightly.
Observing the ancient custom,
We are the beneficial wine
Let's drink unsmooth poems,
And they will run, limping,
For your peaceful family
To the river of oblivion for peace.<…>
PALINDROM (Greek “palindromos” - running backward), or TURN - a word, phrase, verse that can be read equally from left to right and from right to left. An entire poem can be built on a palindrome (V. Khlebnikov “Ustrug Razin”, V. Gershuni “Tat”, etc.):
The frailer the spirit, the thinner the dashing,(V. Palchikov)
cunning (especially quiet in a quarrel).
Those are in Viya’s quarrel. Faith in the light.
PENTAMETER – pentameter dactyl. Used in combination with hexameter like elegiac distich:
I hear the silent sound of divine Hellenic speech.(A. Pushkin)
I feel the shadow of the great old man with my troubled soul.
PENTON is a five-syllable foot consisting of one stressed and four unstressed syllables. In Russian poetry, “mainly the third penton is used, bearing stress on the third syllable:
Red flame(A. Koltsov)
Dawn broke out;
Across the face of the earth
The fog is creeping...
PEON is a four-syllable foot consisting of one stressed and three unstressed syllables. Peons differ in place of stress - from the first to the fourth:
Sleep, half / dead and withered flowers / you,(K. Balmont(pentameter peon first))
So you are not bound / by the races / colors of beauty / you,
Near the paths beyond / traveled / nurtured by the creator,
Crumpled by the / yellow cola / catfish that didn’t / see you...
Flashlights – / sudariki,(I. Myatlev(two-foot peon second))
Tell me/you tell me
What you saw / what you heard
Are you in the night bus?…
Listening to the wind, / the poplar bends, / autumn rain pours from the sky,(K. Balmont(third tetrameter peon))
Above Me / the measured knocking of the clock / of the wall owls is heard;
No one / smiles at me / and my heart beats anxiously /
And from the lips does not / freely burst / a monotonous / sad verse;
And like a quiet / distant stomp, / outside the window I / hear a murmur,
Incomprehensible / strange whisper / - whisper of drops / rain.
Let us use the third peon more in Russian poetry; peon of the fourth type does not occur as an independent meter.
TRANSFER – rhythmic mismatch; the end of the sentence does not coincide with the end of the verse; serves as a means of creating conversational intonation:
Winter. What should we do in the village? I meet(A. Pushkin)
The servant bringing me a cup of tea in the morning,
Questions: is it warm? Has the snowstorm subsided?..
PYRRICHIUM – foot with missing accent:
The storm/haze/covers the sky/(A. Pushkin(the third foot of the second verse is pyrrhic))
Whirlwinds / snowy / steep / cha...
PENTATHS – stanza-quatrains with double consonance:
How a pillar of smoke brightens in the heights! -(F. Tyutchev)
How the shadow below glides elusively!..
“This is our life,” you said to me, “
Not light smoke shining in the moonlight,
And this shadow running from the smoke..."
A type of pentaverse is Limerick.
RHYTHM - repeatability, proportionality of identical phenomena at equal intervals of time and space. In a work of art, rhythm is realized at different levels: plot, composition, language, verse.
RHYME (Regional Agreement) - identical sounding clauses. Rhymes are characterized by location (paired, cross, ring), by stress (masculine, feminine, dactylic, hyperdactylic), by composition (simple, compound), by sound (accurate, root or assonance), monorhyme, etc.
SEXTINE - a stanza of six verses (ababab). Rarely found in Russian poetry:
King Fire with Queen Water. -(K. Balmont)
World beauty.
Serves the day to them white-faced
At night the darkness is unbearable,
Twilight with the Moon-Maiden.
They have three pillars to support them.<…>
SYLLABIC VERSE - a system of versification based on an equal number of syllables in alternating verses. When there are a large number of syllables, a caesura is introduced, which divides the line into two parts. Syllabic versification is used primarily in languages that have constant stress. In Russian poetry it was used in the 17th–18th centuries. S. Polotsky, A. Kantemir and others.
SYLLAB-TONIC VERSE - a system of versification based on the ordered arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse. Basic meters (dimensions) – two-syllable (Iambic, Horey) and trisyllabic (Dactyl, Amphibrachium, Anapaest).
SONNET – 1. A stanza consisting of 14 verses with various ways of rhyming. Types of sonnet: Italian (rhyme method: abab//abab//vgv//gvg)\ French (rhyme method: abba/abba//vvg//ddg)\ English (rhyme method: abab//vgvg//dede//LJ). In Russian literature, “irregular” sonnet forms with unfixed rhyming methods are also being developed.
2. Type of lyrics; a poem consisting of 14 verses, mainly philosophical, love, elegiac content - sonnets by V. Shakespeare, A. Pushkin, Vyach. Ivanova and others.
SPONDE – foot with additional (super-scheme) stress:
Swede, rus/skiy ko/let, ru/bit, re/jet.(A. Pushkin)
(iambic tetrameter – first spondee foot)
VERSE – 1. Line in a poem; 2. The set of features of the versification of a poet: verse by Marina Tsvetaeva, A. Tvardovsky, etc.
STOP is a repeated combination of stressed and unstressed vowels. The foot serves as a unit of verse in the syllabic-tonic system of versification: iambic trimeter, anapaest tetrameter, etc.
STROPHE - a group of verses united by repeating meter, method of rhyming, intonation, etc.
STROPHIC is a section of versification that studies the compositional techniques of verse structure.
TACTOVIK - a poetic meter on the verge of syllabic-tonic and tonic versification. Based on the rhythmic repetition of strong ones (see. ICT) and weak points, as well as variable pauses between stressed syllables. The range of interictal intervals ranges from 2 to 3 unstressed. The length of a verse is determined by the number of stresses in a line. The tactician came into widespread use at the beginning of the 20th century:
A black man was running around the city.(A. Blok(four-beat tactician))
He turned off the flashlights, climbing the stairs.
Slow, white dawn approached,
Together with the man he climbed the stairs.
TERZETT – a stanza of three verses (ahh, bbb, eee etc.). Terzetto is rarely used in Russian poetry:
She is like a mermaid, airy and strangely pale,
A wave plays in her eyes, slipping away,
In her green eyes there is a depth - cold.Come, and she will embrace you, caress you,
Not sparing myself, tormenting, perhaps ruining,
But still she will kiss you without loving you.And he will instantly turn away, and his soul will be far away,(K. Balmont)
And will be silent under the Moon in golden dust
Watching indifferently as ships sink in the distance.
TERZINA - a stanza of three verses (aba, bvb, vgv etc.):
And then we went - and fear embraced me.
Imp, tucking his hoof under himself
Twisted the moneylender by the fire of hell.Hot fat dripped into the smoked trough,(A. Pushkin)
And the moneylender baked on the fire
And I: “Tell me: what is hidden in this execution?
Dante's Divine Comedy was written in terzas.
TONIC VERSE - a system of versification based on the ordered arrangement of stressed syllables in a verse, while the number of unstressed syllables is not taken into account.
EXACT RHYME - a rhyme in which the sounds clause match up:
In the blue evening, in the moonlit evening(WITH. Yesenin)
I was once handsome and young.
Unstoppable, unique
Everything flew... far... past...
The heart grew cold and the eyes faded...
Blue happiness! Moonlit nights!
TRIOLET – a stanza of eight verses (abbaabab) repeating the same lines:
I'm lying in the grass on the shore(V. Bryusov)
I hear the splashing of the night river.
Having passed fields and copses,
I'm lying in the grass on the shore.
In a foggy meadow
Green sparkles flicker,
I'm lying in the grass on the shore
Night river and I hear splashes.
FIGURED POEMS - poems whose lines form the outline of an object or geometric figure:
I see(G. Derzhavin)
Dawn
Rays
How with things
I shine in the darkness,
I delight my whole soul.
But what? - Is there only a sweet shine in it from the sun?
No! – The pyramid is a memory of good deeds.
PHONICS is a section of versification that studies the sound organization of verse.
TROCHEA (Tracheus) – two-syllable size with emphasis on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, etc. syllables:
The fields are / compressed, / the groves are / bare,(WITH. Yesenin(tetrameter trochee))
From the water / mana and / dampness.
Kole / catfish for / blue / mountains
The sun / was / quietly / setting.
CAESURA - a pause in the middle of a line of poetry. Typically the caesura appears in verses of six feet or more:
Science is torn, // trimmed in rags,(A. Cantemir(Satire 1. On those who blaspheme the teaching: To your own mind))
From almost all the houses // knocked down with a curse;
They don’t want to know her, // her friendships are running away,
How, who suffered at sea, // ship service.
HEXA - a six-line stanza with triple consonance; The rhyming method can be different:
This morning, this joy, A(A. Fet)
This power of both day and light, A
This blue vault b
This scream and strings IN
These flocks, these birds, IN
This talk of water... b
The type of six-line is Sextina.
JAMB is the most common two-syllable meter in Russian poetry with emphasis on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, etc. syllables:
Friend / ga do / we are idle / noah(A. Pushkin(iambic trimeter))
Ink / niya / mine!
My century / rdno / image / ny
You / stole / strength I.
4. Literary process
AVANT-GARDISM is the general name for a number of movements in the art of the 20th century, which are united by a rejection of the traditions of their predecessors, primarily the realists. The principles of avant-gardeism as a literary and artistic movement were implemented in different ways in futurism, cubism, Dada, surrealism, expressionism, etc.
ACMEISM is a movement in Russian poetry of the 1910-1920s. Representatives: N. Gumilyov, S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Kuzmin and others. In contrast to symbolism, Acmeism proclaimed a return to the material world, the subject, the exact meaning of words. va. The Acmeists formed the literary group “The Workshop of Poets” and published an almanac and the magazine “Hyperborea” (1912–1913).
UNDERGROUND (English “underground” - underground) is the general name for works of Russian unofficial art of the 70-80s. XX century
BAROQUE (Italian “Bagosso” - pretentious) is a style in the art of the 16th–18th centuries, characterized by exaggeration, pomp of form, pathos, and a desire for opposition and contrast.
ETERNAL IMAGES - images whose artistic significance has gone beyond the framework of a specific literary work and the historical era that gave birth to them. Hamlet (W. Shakespeare), Don Quixote (M. Cervantes), etc.
DADAISM (French “dada” - wooden horse, toy; figuratively - “baby talk”) is one of the directions of the literary avant-garde, which developed in Europe (1916–1922). Dadaism preceded surrealism And expressionism.
DECADENTITY (Latin “decadentia” - decline) is a general name for crisis phenomena in the culture of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, marked by moods of hopelessness and rejection of life. Decadence is characterized by the rejection of citizenship in art, the proclamation of the cult of beauty as the highest goal. Many motifs of decadence have become the property of artistic movements modernism.
IMAGINISTS (French “image” - image) - a literary group of 1919–1927, which included S. Yesenin, A. Mariengof, R. Ivnev, V. Shershenevich and others. The Imagists cultivated the image: “we who polish the image who cleans the form from the dust of content better than a street bootblack, we affirm that the only law of art, the only and incomparable method is to reveal life through the image and rhythm of images...” In literary work, the Imagists relied on complex metaphor, play of rhythms, etc. .
IMPRESSIONISM is a movement in the art of the late 19th – early 20th centuries. In literature, impressionism sought to convey fragmentary lyrical impressions, designed for the associative thinking of the reader, capable of ultimately recreating a complete picture. A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Fet, K. Balmont and many others resorted to the impressionistic style. etc.
CLASSICISM is a literary movement of the 17th–18th centuries that arose in France and proclaimed a return to ancient art as a role model. The rationalistic poetics of classicism is set out in N. Boileau’s essay “Poetic Art”. The characteristic features of classicism are the predominance of reason over feelings; the object of the image is the sublime in human life. The requirements put forward by this direction are: rigor of style; depiction of a hero at fateful moments in life; unity of time, action and place - most clearly manifested in drama. In Russia, classicism emerged in the 30-50s. XVIII century in the works of A. Kantemir, V. Trediakovsky, M. Lomonosov, D. Fonvizin.
CONCEPTUALISTS - a literary association that arose at the end of the 20th century, denies the need to create artistic images: an artistic idea exists outside of the material (at the level of an application, project or commentary). Conceptualists are D. A. Prigov, L. Rubinstein, N. Iskrenko and others.
LITERARY DIRECTION – characterized by the commonality of literary phenomena over a certain time. A literary direction presupposes a unity of worldview, aesthetic views of writers, and ways of depicting life in a certain historical period. The literary direction is also characterized by a common artistic method. Literary movements include classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, etc.
LITERARY PROCESS (evolution of literature) - reveals itself in a change in literary trends, in updating the content and form of works, in establishing new connections with other types of art, with philosophy, with science, etc. The literary process proceeds according to its own laws and is not directly connected with the development of society.
MODERNISM (French “modern” - modern) is a general definition of a number of trends in the art of the 20th century, characterized by a break with the traditions of realism. The term "modernism" is used to refer to a variety of non-realistic movements in the art and literature of the 20th century. – from symbolism at its beginning to postmodernism at the end.
OBERIU (Association of Real Art) - a group of writers and artists: D. Kharms, A. Vvedensky, N. Zabolotsky, O. Malevich, K. Vaginov, N. Oleinikov and others - worked in Leningrad in 1926–1931. The Oberiuts inherited the futurists, professing the art of the absurd, the rejection of logic, the usual calculation of time, etc. The Oberiuts were especially active in the field of theater. great art and poetry.
POSTMODERNISM is a type of aesthetic consciousness in the art of the late 20th century. In the artistic world of a postmodernist writer, as a rule, either causes and consequences are not indicated, or they are easily interchanged. Here the concepts of time and space are blurred, the relationship between the author and the hero is unusual. Essential elements of style are irony and parody. The works of postmodernism are designed for the associative nature of perception, for the active co-creation of the reader. Many of them contain detailed critical self-assessment, that is, literature and literary criticism are combined. Postmodernist creations are characterized by specific imagery, so-called simulators, i.e., copy images, images without new original content, using what is already known, simulating reality and parodying it. Postmodernism destroys all sorts of hierarchies and oppositions, replacing them with allusions, reminiscences, and quotations. Unlike avant-gardeism, it does not deny its predecessors, but all traditions in art are of equal value for it.
Representatives of postmodernism in Russian literature are Sasha Sokolov (“School for Fools”), A. Bitov (“Pushkin House”), Ven. Erofeev (“Moscow – Petushki”) and others.
REALISM is an artistic method based on an objective depiction of reality, reproduced and typified in accordance with the author’s ideals. Realism depicts the character in his interactions (“links”) with the surrounding world and people. An important feature of realism is the desire for verisimilitude, for authenticity. In the process of historical development, realism acquired specific forms of literary movements: ancient realism, Renaissance realism, classicism, sentimentalism, etc.
In the 19th and 20th centuries. realism successfully assimilated certain artistic techniques of romantic and modernist movements.
ROMANTICISM – 1. An artistic method based on the subjective ideas of the author, relying mainly on his imagination, intuition, fantasies, dreams. Like realism, romanticism appears only in the form of a specific literary movement in several varieties: civil, psychological, philosophical, etc. The hero of a romantic work is an exceptional, outstanding personality, depicted with great expression. The style of the romantic writer is emotional, rich in visual and expressive means.
2. A literary movement that arose at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries, when freedom of society and human freedom were proclaimed as ideals. Romanticism is characterized by an interest in the past and the development of folklore; his favorite genres are elegy, ballad, poem, etc. (“Svetlana” by V. Zhukovsky, “Mtsyri”, “Demon” by M. Lermontov, etc.).
SENTIMENTALISM (French “sentimental” - sensitive) is a literary movement of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. The manifesto of Western European sentimentalism was L. Stern’s book “A Sentimental Journey” (1768). Sentimentalism, in contrast to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, proclaimed the cult of natural feelings in human everyday life. In Russian literature, sentimentalism originated at the end of the 18th century. and is associated with the names of N. Karamzin (“Poor Liza”), V. Zhukovsky, Radishchevite poets, etc. The genres of this literary movement are epistolary, family and everyday novel; confessional story, elegy, travel notes, etc.
SYMBOLISM is a literary movement of the late 19th – early 20th centuries: D. Merezhkovsky, K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, A. Blok, I. Annensky, A. Bely, F. Sologub and others. Based on associative thinking, subjective reproduction reality. The system of paintings (images) proposed in the work is created through the author’s symbols and is based on the artist’s personal perception and emotional feelings. Intuition plays an important role in the creation and perception of works of symbolism.
SOC-ART is one of the characteristic phenomena of Soviet unofficial art of the 70-80s. It arose as a reaction to the pervasive ideologization of Soviet society and all types of art, choosing the path of ironic confrontation. Also parodying European and American pop art, he used the techniques of grotesque, satirical shocking, and caricature in literature. Sots art achieved particular success in painting.
SOCIALIST REALISM is a movement in the art of the Soviet period. As in the system of classicism, the artist was obliged to strictly adhere to a certain set of rules regulating the results of the creative process. The main ideological postulates in the field of literature were formulated at the First Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934: “Socialist realism, being the main method of Soviet fiction and literary criticism, requires from the artist a truthful, historically specific image of reality in its revolutionary development. At the same time, the truthfulness and historical specificity of the artistic depiction must be combined with the task of ideological reworking and education of working people in the spirit of socialism.” In fact, socialist realism took away the freedom of choice from the writer, depriving art of research functions, leaving him only the right to illustrate ideological guidelines, serving as a means of party agitation and propaganda.
STYLE is the stable features of the use of poetic techniques and means, serving as an expression of the originality and uniqueness of the phenomenon of art. It is studied at the level of a work of art (the style of “Eugene Onegin”), at the level of the individual style of the writer (N. Gogol’s style), at the level of a literary movement (classicism style), at the level of the era (Baroque style).
SURREALISM is an avant-garde movement in art of the 20s. XX century, which proclaimed the human subconscious (his instincts, dreams, hallucinations) as a source of inspiration. Surrealism breaks logical connections, replaces them with subjective associations, and creates fantastic combinations of real and unreal objects and phenomena. Surrealism manifested itself most clearly in painting - Salvador Dali, Joan Miro, etc.
FUTURISM is an avant-garde movement in art of the 10-20s. XX century Based on the denial of established traditions, the destruction of traditional genre and language forms, on the intuitive perception of the rapid flow of time, a combination of documentary material and fiction. Futurism is characterized by self-sufficient form-creation and the creation of an abstruse language. Futurism received its greatest development in Italy and Russia. Its prominent representatives in Russian poetry were V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, A. Kruchenykh and others.
EXISTENTIALISM (Latin “existentia” - existence) is a direction in the art of the mid-20th century, consonant with the teachings of philosophers S. Kierkegaard and M. Heidegger, and partly N. Berdyaev. The personality is depicted in a closed space where anxiety, fear, and loneliness reign. The character comprehends his existence in borderline situations of struggle, disaster, death. By gaining insight, a person comes to know himself and becomes free. Existentialism denies determinism and affirms intuition as the main, if not the only, way of understanding a work of art. Representatives: J. - P. Sartre, A. Camus, W. Golding and others.
EXPRESSIONISM (Latin “expressio” - expression) is an avant-garde movement in the art of the first quarter of the 20th century, which proclaimed the spiritual world of the individual as the only reality. The basic principle of depicting human consciousness (the main object) is boundless emotional tension, which is achieved by violating real proportions, up to giving the depicted world a grotesque fracture, reaching the point of abstraction. Representatives: L. Andreev, I. Becher, F. Dürrenmat.
5. General literary concepts and terms
ADEQUATE – equal, identical.
ALLUSION is the use of a word (combination, phrase, quotation, etc.) as a hint that activates the reader’s attention and allows one to see the connection of what is depicted with some known fact of literary, everyday or socio-political life.
ALMANAC is a non-periodic collection of works selected according to thematic, genre, territorial, etc. criteria: “Northern Flowers”, “Physiology of St. Petersburg”, “Poetry Day”, “Tarusa Pages”, “Prometheus”, “Metropol”, etc.
“ALTER EGO” – second “I”; reflection of a part of the author’s consciousness in a literary hero.
ANACREONTICA POETRY - poems celebrating the joy of life. Anacreon is an ancient Greek lyricist who wrote poems about love, drinking songs, etc. Translations into Russian by G. Derzhavin, K. Batyushkov, A. Delvig, A. Pushkin and others.
ANNOTATION (Latin “annotatio” – note) is a brief note explaining the contents of the book. The abstract is usually given on the back of the title page of the book, after the bibliographic description of the work.
ANONYMOUS (Greek “anonymos” - nameless) is the author of a published literary work who did not give his name and did not use a pseudonym. The first edition of “Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow” was published in 1790 without indicating the author’s surname on the title page of the book.
DYSTOPIA is a genre of epic work, most often a novel, that creates a picture of the life of a society deceived by utopian illusions. – J. Orwell “1984”, Eug. Zamyatin “We”, O. Huxley “O Brave New World”, V. Voinovich “Moscow 2042”, etc.
ANTHOLOGY – 1. A collection of selected works by one author or group of poets of a certain direction and content. – Petersburg in Russian poetry (XVIII – early XX century): Poetic anthology. – L., 1988; Rainbow: Children's Anthology / Comp. Sasha Cherny. – Berlin, 1922, etc.; 2. In the 19th century. Anthological poems were those written in the spirit of ancient lyric poetry: A. Pushkin “The Tsarskoye Selo Statue”, A. Fet “Diana”, etc.
APOCRYPH (Greek “anokryhos” - secret) - 1. A work with a biblical plot, the content of which does not completely coincide with the text of the holy books. For example, “Limonar, that is, Dukhovny Meadow” by A. Remizov and others. 2. An essay attributed with a low degree of reliability to any author. In ancient Russian literature, for example, “Tales of Tsar Constantine”, “Tales of Books” and some others were supposed to have been written by Ivan Peresvetov.
ASSOCIATION (literary) is a psychological phenomenon when, when reading a literary work, one idea (image) by similarity or contrast evokes another.
ATTRIBUTION (Latin “attributio” - attribution) is a textual problem: identifying the author of a work as a whole or its parts.
APHORISM - a laconic saying that expresses a capacious generalized thought: “I would be glad to serve, but it’s sickening to be served” (A.S. Griboyedov).
BALLAD - a lyric-epic poem with a historical or heroic plot, with the obligatory presence of a fantastic (or mystical) element. In the 19th century the ballad was developed in the works of V. Zhukovsky (“Svetlana”), A. Pushkin (“Song of the Prophetic Oleg”), A. Tolstoy (“Vasily Shibanov”). In the 20th century the ballad was revived in the works of N. Tikhonov, A. Tvardovsky, E. Yevtushenko and others.
A FABLE is an epic work of an allegorical and moralizing nature. The narrative in the fable is colored with irony and in the conclusion contains the so-called moral - an instructive conclusion. The fable traces its history back to the legendary ancient Greek poet Aesop (VI–V centuries BC). The greatest masters of the fable were the Frenchman Lafontaine (XVII century), the German Lessing (XVIII century) and our I. Krylov (XVIII-XIX centuries). In the 20th century the fable was presented in the works of D. Bedny, S. Mikhalkov, F. Krivin and others.
BIBLIOGRAPHY is a section of literary criticism that provides a targeted, systematic description of books and articles under various headings. Reference bibliographic manuals on fiction prepared by N. Rubakin, I. Vladislavlev, K. Muratova, N. Matsuev and others are widely known. The multi-volume bibliographic reference book in two series: “Russian Soviet prose writers” and “Russian Soviet poets” provides detailed information on how about publications of literary texts, as well as about scientific and critical literature for each of the authors included in this manual. There are other types of bibliographic publications. Such are, for example, the five-volume bibliographic dictionary “Russian Writers 1800–1917,” “Lexicon of Russian Literature of the 20th Century,” compiled by V. Kazak, or “Russian Writers of the 20th Century.” and etc.
Current information about new products is provided by a special monthly newsletter “Literary Studies”, published by the RAI Institute of Scientific Information. The newspaper “Book Review”, the magazines “Questions of Literature”, “Russian Literature”, “Literary Review”, “New Literary Review”, etc. are also systematically reported on new works of fiction, scientific and critical literature.
BUFF (Italian “buffo” - buffoonish) is a comic, mainly circus genre.
WREATH OF SONNETS - a poem of 15 sonnets, forming a kind of chain: each of the 14 sonnets begins with the last line of the previous one. The fifteenth sonnet consists of these fourteen repeated lines and is called the "key" or "turnpike." A wreath of sonnets is presented in the works of V. Bryusov (“Lamp of Thought”), M. Voloshin (“Sogopa astralis”), Vyach. Ivanov (“Wreath of Sonnets”). It is also found in modern poetry.
VAUDEVILLE is a type of situation comedy. A light entertaining play of everyday content, built on an entertaining, most often love affair with music, songs, and dances. Vaudeville is represented in the works of D. Lensky, N. Nekrasov, V. Sologub, A. Chekhov, V. Kataev and others.
VOLYAPYUK (Volapyuk) – 1. An artificial language that they tried to use as an international language; 2. Gibberish, meaningless set of words, abracadabra.
DEMIURG – creator, creator.
DETERMINISM is a materialistic philosophical concept about objective laws and cause-and-effect relationships of all phenomena of nature and society.
DRAMA – 1. A type of art that has a synthetic nature (a combination of lyrical and epic principles) and belongs equally to literature and theater (cinema, television, circus, etc.); 2. Drama itself is a type of literary work that depicts acute conflict relations between man and society. – A. Chekhov “Three Sisters”, “Uncle Vanya”, M. Gorky “At the Depth”, “Children of the Sun”, etc.
DUMA – 1. Ukrainian folk song or poem on a historical theme; 2. Lyric genre; meditative poems dedicated to philosophical and social problems. – See “Dumas” by K. Ryleev, A. Koltsov, M. Lermontov.
SPIRITUAL POETRY - poetic works of different types and genres containing religious motifs: Y. Kublanovsky, S. Averintsev, Z. Mirkina, etc.
GENRE is a type of literary work, the features of which, although they have developed historically, are in the process of constant change. The concept of genre is used at three levels: generic - the genre of epic, lyric or drama; specific – the genre of novel, elegy, comedy; genre itself - historical novel, philosophical elegy, comedy of manners, etc.
IDYLL is a type of lyric or lyric poetry. An idyll, as a rule, depicts the peaceful, serene life of people in the lap of beautiful nature. – Ancient idylls, as well as Russian idylls of the 18th – early 19th centuries. A. Sumarokov, V. Zhukovsky, N. Gnedich and others.
HIERARCHY is the arrangement of elements or parts of a whole according to the criteria from highest to lowest and vice versa.
INVECTIVE - angry denunciation.
HYPOSTASE (Greek “hipostasis” - person, essence) - 1. The name of each person of the Holy Trinity: The One God appears in three hypostases - God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit; 2. Two or more sides of one phenomenon or object.
HISTORIOGRAPHY is a branch of literary studies that studies the history of its development.
HISTORY OF LITERATURE is a branch of literary criticism that studies the features of the development of the literary process and determines the place of a literary movement, a writer, a literary work in this process.
TALKING - a copy, an exact translation from one language to another.
CANONICAL TEXT (correlates with the Greek “kapop” - rule) - is established in the process of textual verification of publishing and handwritten versions of the work and corresponds to the last “author’s will”.
CANZONA is a type of lyric poetry, mainly love. The heyday of the canzone was the Middle Ages (the work of the troubadours). It is rare in Russian poetry (V. Bryusov “To the Lady”).
CATharsis is the purification of the soul of the viewer or reader, experienced by him in the process of empathizing with literary characters. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the goal of tragedy, which ennobles the viewer and reader.
COMEDY is one of the types of literary creativity that belongs to the dramatic genre. Action and characters In comedy, the goal is to ridicule the ugly in life. Comedy originated in ancient literature and is actively developing right up to our time. There is a distinction between sitcoms and character comedies. Hence the genre diversity of comedy: social, psychological, everyday, satirical.
School tour,
I knowledge of literary texts
1. Who is saying this? Indicate the hero and the title of the work.
1) “Eh, falcon, don’t bother,” he said with the tender melodious caress with which old Russian women speak. - Don’t worry, my friend: endure for an hour, but live for a century! That's it, my dear, And we live here, thank God, there is no offense. There are also good and bad people.
2) Of course, maybe you are right. (Sighs.) But, of course, if you look at it from the point of view, then you, if I may put it this way, excuse the frankness, have completely brought me into a state of mind. I know my fortune, every day some misfortune happens to me, and I have long been accustomed to this, so I look at my fate with a smile.
3) What do you think, Anton Antonovich, are sins? Sins are different from sins. I say openly that I take bribes, but what are bribes for? greyhound puppies. This is a completely different matter.
2. Based on the initial and last lines of the poem, remember its author.
1) There is in the initial autumn
<…>
To a resting field.
2) I am the last poet of the village...
<…>
They will wheeze my twelfth hour!
3) In the middle of a noisy ball, by chance...
<…>
But it seems to me that I love it!
Pharmacy, street, lamp.
3. Which poet are these lines dedicated to? Who is their author?
In my singing city the domes are burning,
And the wandering blind man glorifies the bright salvation,
I give you my bell hail,
And your heart to boot!
4. Correlate the heroes of Turgenev’s novel with their social status.
A) "Emancipe".
B) Russian aristocrat
B) regimental doctor
D) Baric student
D) Democratic student.
5. To which of the Russian poets of the early 20th century did the lines belong?
Oh, I want to live crazy:
All that exists is to perpetuate,
impersonal - humanize,
make the unfulfilled come true!
II. Knowledge of literary history
1. After the October Revolution of 1917, many writers left Russia. The reasons that forced Ivan Alekseevich Bunin to leave his homeland were reflected in the diary published in exile. What name did it have?
2. About which of his poems did he say: “Four cries of four parts”?
3. About what story of his did A. And Kuprin write: “... I have never written anything more chaste.”
III. Knowledge of literary theory
Using the definition below, determine what literary concept we are talking about.
1)… - one of the tropes, a type of metonymy, transferring the meaning of one word to another based on the replacement of quantitative relations: part instead of the whole (“A lonely sail is white” - instead of a boat there is a sail); singular instead of plural (“And the slave blessed fate” - “Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin; “But old age walks cautiously / And looks suspiciously.” - “Poltava”, canto 1; “From here we will threaten the Swede” - , "Bronze Horseman"); the whole is taken instead of the part (“They buried him in the globe, / But he was only a soldier” - S. Orlov).
2)… - a fictional picture of an ideal life arrangement. The term is associated with the title of a work by the English writer Tomsa Mora (), who, criticizing the exploitative society in his work, painted a world where everyone works and is happy. His follower is the great Italian humanist T. Campanella. (“City of the Sun”), English socialist writer W. Morris (“News from Nowhere”) and others.
2. Determine the size of the poem:
And the proud Demon will not lag behind,
As long as I live, from me,
And my mind will not illuminate
A ray of wonderful fire.
Shows an image of perfection
And suddenly it will be taken away forever.
And giving a premonition of bliss,
Will never give me happiness.
3. Identify the artistic means of expression used by the poet to create the image:
1) Dawn with a hand of coolness exactly
Knocks down the apples of dawn.
2) Xin alternately dozes and sighs.
3) A girl’s laughter will ring like earrings.
4) There is a ringing furrow in the false waters
5) The poplars are dying loudly
IV. Analysis of an epic work.
Chapel.
A hot summer day, in a field, behind the garden of an old manor, a long-abandoned cemetery - mounds of tall flowers and herbs and a lonely, all wildly overgrown with flowers and herbs, nettles and tartar, a crumbling brick chapel. Children from the estate, squatting under the chapel, looking with keen eyes into the narrow and long broken window at ground level. You can’t see anything there, it’s just cold air blowing from there. Everywhere it is light and hot, but there it is dark and cold: there, in iron boxes, lie some grandfathers and grandmothers and some other uncle who shot himself. All this is very interesting and surprising: we have the sun, flowers, grass, flies, bumblebees, butterflies, we can play, run, we are scared, but it’s also fun to squat, and they always lie there in the dark, like at night, in thick and cold iron boxes; Grandfathers and grandmothers are all old, and uncle is still young...
Why did he shoot himself?
He was very in love, and when you are very in love, you always shoot yourself...
In the blue sea of the sky there are islands here and there of beautiful white clouds, a warm wind from the field carries the sweet smell of blooming rye. And the hotter and more joyful the sun bakes, the colder it blows from the darkness, from the window.
Answers to questions from the Literature Olympiad,
I.Knowledge of literary texts
1. 1)Platon Karataev, “War and Peace”. 2) Epikhodov “The Cherry Orchard”. 3) Ammos Fedorovich Lyapkin - Tyapkin, “The Inspector General”.
Grade: For the hero – 0.5 points; for the name 0.5 points.
2. 1) . 2) . 3) . 4) .
Grade: 0.5 points each.
Score 0.2 points
4. A) “Emancipe” - Jug. B) Russian aristocrat - P. P Kirsanov. B) Regimental doctor. D) Student - barich - A. Kirsanov. D) Student – democrat E. Bazarov.
Rating: 1 point each.
5. A. A Blok.
Grade: 1 point
II. Knowledge of literary history
1. “Cursed days”
2. "Cloud in Pants"
3. “Garnet bracelet.”
Grade: 2 points each
III.Knowledge of literary theory
1. 1) Synecdoche. 2) Utopia.
Score: 2 points each
Grade: 2 points
3. 1) Personification. 2)Metaphor. 3) Comparison (metaphorical). 4) Epithet. 5) Sound recording.
Grade: 1 point each.
IV. Analysis of an epic work.
Grade: up to 30 points.
TOTAL POINTS: 60
Autobiography(gr. autos - myself, bios - life, grapho - writing) - a literary prose genre, a description by the author of his own life. A literary autobiography is an attempt to return to one’s own childhood and youth, to resurrect and comprehend the most significant periods of life and life as a single whole.
Allegory(Gr. allegoria - allegory) - an allegorical image of an object, phenomenon in order to most clearly show its essential features.
Amphibrachium(Gr. amphi - around, brachys - short) - three-syllable verse with emphasis on the second syllable (- / -).
Analysis of a work in literary criticism(gr. analysis - decomposition, dismemberment) - research reading of a literary text.
Anapaest(gr. anapaistos - reflected back, reverse dactyl) - three-syllable meter of verse with emphasis on the third syllable (- - /).
annotation- a summary of a book, manuscript, article.
Antithesis(gr. antithesis - opposition) - opposition of images, pictures, words, concepts.
Archaism(Greek archaios - ancient) - an obsolete word or phrase, grammatical or syntactic form.
Aphorism(gr. aphorismos - saying) - a generalized deep thought expressed in a laconic, brief, artistically sharpened form. An aphorism is akin to a proverb, but unlike it, it belongs to a specific person (writer, scientist, etc.).
Ballad(Provence ballar - to dance) - a poem, which is most often based on a historical event, a legend with a sharp, intense plot.
Fable- a short moralizing poetic or prose story that contains allegory and allegory. The characters in the fable are most often animals, plants, things in which human qualities and relationships are manifested and guessed. (Fables of Aesop, Lafontaine, A. Sumarokov, I. Dmitriev, I. Krylov, parodic fables of Kozma Prutkov, S. Mikhalkov, etc.)
Best-seller(English best - the best and sell - to be sold) - a book that has a particular commercial success and is in demand among readers.
"Poet's Library"- a series of books dedicated to the work of major poets, individual poetic genres (“Russian ballad”, “Russian epics”, etc.). Founded by M. Gorky in 1931.
Bible(Gr. biblia - lit.: “books”) - a collection of ancient texts of religious content.
Bylina- a genre of Russian folklore, a heroic-patriotic song about heroes and historical events.
Screamers(mourners) - performers of lamentations (I. Fedosova, M. Kryukova, etc.).
Hero of a literary work, literary hero- an actor, a character in a literary work.
Hyperbola(gr. huperbole - exaggeration) - excessive exaggeration of the properties of the depicted object. It is introduced into the fabric of the work for greater expressiveness; it is characteristic of folklore and the genre of satire (N. Gogol, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, V. Mayakovsky).
Grotesque(French grotesque, urn. grottesco - whimsical, from grotta - grotto) - an extreme exaggeration based on fantasy, on a bizarre combination of the fantastic and the real.
Dactyl(Greek dactylos - finger) - three-syllable verse with stress on the first syllable (/ - -).
Two-syllable sizes- iambic (/ -), trochee (- /).
Detail(French detail - detail) - expressive detail in a work. The detail helps the reader, the viewer to more acutely and deeply imagine the time, place of action, the appearance of the character, the nature of his thoughts, to feel and understand the author’s attitude towards the depicted.
Dialogue(gr. dialogos - conversation, conversation) - a conversation between two or more persons. Dialogue is the main form of revealing human characters in dramatic works (plays, film scripts).
Genre(French genre - genus, type) - a type of work of art, for example a fable, a lyric poem, a story.
The beginning- an event that marks the beginning of the development of action in epic and dramatic works.
Idea(gr. idea - idea) - the main idea of a work of art.
Inversion(Latin inversio - rearrangement) - unusual word order. Inversion gives the phrase special expressiveness.
Interpretation(Latin interpretatio - explanation) - interpretation of a literary work, comprehension of its meaning, ideas.
Intonation(lat. intonare - pronounce loudly) - an expressive means of sounding speech. Intonation makes it possible to convey the speaker’s attitude to what he is saying.
Irony(gr. eironeia - pretense, mockery) - an expression of ridicule.
Composition(Latin compositio - composition, connection) - arrangement of parts, i.e. construction of a work.
Winged words- widely used apt words, figurative expressions, famous sayings of historical figures.
Climax(Latin culmen (culminis) - peak) - the moment of highest tension in a work of art.
A culture of speech- level of speech development, degree of proficiency in language norms.
Legend(Latin legenda - lit.: “what should be read”) - a work created by folk fantasy, which combines the real and the fantastic.
Chronicle- monuments of historical prose of Ancient Rus', one of the main genres of ancient Russian literature.
Literary critic- a specialist who studies the patterns of the historical and literary process, analyzing the work of one or more writers.
Literary criticism- the science of the essence and specificity of fiction, of the laws of the literary process.
Metaphor(gr. metaphora - transfer) - a figurative meaning of a word based on the similarity or opposition of one object or phenomenon to another.
Monologue(gr. monos - one and logos - speech, word) - the speech of one person in a work of art.
Neologisms(gr. neos - new and logos - word) - words or phrases created to designate a new object or phenomenon, or individual new formations of words.
Oh yeah(Greek ode - song) - a solemn poem dedicated to some historical event or hero.
Personification- transferring human traits to inanimate objects and phenomena.
Description- the type of narrative in which the picture is depicted (portrait of a hero, landscape, view of a room - interior, etc.).
Scenery(French paysage, from pays - area) - a picture of nature in a work of art.
Tale- one of the types of epic work. A story is larger in volume and in coverage of life phenomena than a short story, and smaller than a novel.
Subtext- hidden, implicit meaning that does not coincide with the direct meaning of the text.
Portrait(French portrait - image) - an image of the hero’s appearance in a work.
Proverb- a short, winged, figurative folk saying that has an instructive meaning.
Poem(gr. poiema - creation) - one of the types of lyric-epic works, which are characterized by plot, eventfulness and expression by the author or lyrical hero of his feelings.
Tradition- a genre of folklore, an oral story that contains information passed down from generation to generation about historical figures and events of past years.
Parable- a short story, allegory, which contains a religious or moral teaching.
Prose(Latin proza) - a literary non-poetic work.
Nickname(gr. pseudos - fiction, lie and onyma - name) - a signature with which the author replaces his real name. Some pseudonyms quickly disappeared (V. Alov - N.V. Gogol), others supplanted the real name (Maxim Gorky instead of A.M. Peshkov), and were even passed on to the heirs (T. Gaidar - son of A.P. Gaidar); sometimes a pseudonym is added to the real surname (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
Denouement- one of the elements of the plot, the final moment in the development of action in a work of art.
Story- a short epic work telling about one or more events in a person’s life.
Review- one of the genres of criticism, a review of a work of art for the purpose of evaluating and analyzing it. The review contains some information about the author of the work, a formulation of the theme and main idea of the book, a story about its characters with discussions about their actions, characters, and relationships with other persons. The review also highlights the most interesting pages of the book. It is important to reveal the position of the author of the book, his attitude towards the characters and their actions.
Rhythm(gr. rhythmos - tact, proportionality) - repetition of any unambiguous phenomena at equal intervals of time (for example, alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in a verse).
Rhetoric(gr. rhitorike) - the science of oratory.
Rhyme(gr. rhythmos - proportionality) - consonance of the endings of poetic lines.
Satire(Latin satira - lit.: “mixture, all sorts of things”) - merciless, destructive ridicule, criticism of reality, person, phenomenon.
Fairy tale- one of the genres of oral folk art, an entertaining story about unusual, often fantastic events and adventures. There are three types of fairy tales. These are magical, everyday and animal tales. The most ancient are tales about animals and magic ones. Much later, everyday fairy tales appeared, in which human vices were often ridiculed and amusing, sometimes incredible life situations were described.
Comparison- depiction of one phenomenon by comparing it with another.
Means of artistic expression- artistic means (for example, allegory, metaphor, hyperbole, grotesque, comparison, epithet, etc.) that help to draw a person, event or object vividly, specifically, visually.
Poem- a work written in verse, mostly of small volume, often lyrical, expressing emotional experiences.
Stanza(gr. strophe - turn) - a group of verses (lines) that make up the unity. The verses in a stanza are connected by a certain arrangement of rhymes.
Plot(French sujet - subject, content, event) - a series of events described in a work of art, which form its basis.
Subject(gr. theme - what is put [as the basis]) - the circle of life phenomena depicted in the work; the circle of events that form the life basis of the work.
Tragedy(gr. tragodia - lit., “goat song”) - a type of drama, the opposite of comedy, a work depicting a struggle, personal or social catastrophe, usually ending in the death of the hero.
Trisyllabic poetic meters- dactyl (/ - -), amphibrachium (- / -), anapest (- - /).
Oral folk art, or folklore, is the art of the spoken word, created by the people and existing among the broad masses. The most common types of folklore are proverbs, sayings, fairy tales, songs, riddles, and epics.
Fantastic(Greek phantastike - ability to imagine) - a type of fiction in which the author’s imagination extends to the creation of a fictional, unreal, “wonderful” world.
Trochee(Gr. choreios from choros - choir) - two-syllable verse with stress on the first syllable (/ -). A work of art is a work of art that depicts events and phenomena, people, their feelings in a vivid figurative form.
Quote- a verbatim excerpt from a text or someone’s words quoted verbatim.
Epigraph(gr. epigraphe - inscription) - a short text placed by the author before the text of the essay and expressing the theme, idea, mood of the work.
Epithet(gr. epitheton - letters, “attached”) - a figurative definition of an object, expressed mainly by an adjective.
Humor(English humor - disposition, mood) - depiction of heroes in a funny way. Humor is cheerful and friendly laughter.
Iambic(Gr. iambos) - two-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable (- /).
Literary terms
I option
Theoretical part
1) minor
2) off-stage
Name the terms.
Practical part
2. HYPERBOLE
B. moment of highest voltage of action
3. TIE
B. depiction of implausible phenomena, the introduction of fictitious images that do not coincide with reality
4. TOULTIMATION
G. type of comic: a way of manifesting the comic in art, which consists in destructive ridicule of phenomena that seem to the author to be vicious, the most acute form of exposing reality
5. SATIRE
D. excessive exaggeration of feelings, meaning, size, beauty of the described phenomenon
6. FANTASTIC
E. allegorical image of an abstract concept or phenomenon
1) Spring is a wonderful time. The air is clean and transparent. The voices of birds can be heard in the distance, and the hasty knock of a woodpecker clearly echoes through the forest. (N.I.Sladkov)
2) On the table, for example, there is a watermelon, a watermelon worth seven hundred rubles... And at that very moment there are couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty-five thousand couriers alone! (N.V. Gogol)
Literary terms
II option
Theoretical part
Identify literary movements based on their descriptions.
1) Originated in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. Main features: rejection of reality; the desire to escape into the unreal world created by the author’s imagination; extreme individualism; two worlds.
2) Arose in the 30-40s of the 19th century. Main features: the desire for a truthful and objective depiction of reality; reflection of the connection between various life phenomena; characters are interpreted as typical.
Among these interpretations of literary terms, highlight the definition of a poem.
1) A prose work, reminiscent in its character of a lyric poem, but devoid of poetic organization of speech, that is, poetic in content and prosaic in form.
2) A lyric-epic work, large or medium in volume, the main features of which are the presence of a plot (as in an epic) and an image of a lyrical hero (as in lyric poetry).
3) A prose work of small volume, conveying the author’s subjective impressions and thoughts on a particular subject and initially not claiming to be a complete image or an exhaustive interpretation of the topic.
Define the composition of the work.
Which of the following signs are not signs of an epic novel?
1) an image of a large period of historical time or a fateful event in the life of a nation,
2) a reflection of the life and everyday life of all layers of society,
4) wide geographical coverage and absence of fictional characters.
Which term is missing from the definition?
The problematic is the totality of ________ posed by the author in the work. Types of __________ in a work of art: socio-political, moral and ethical, national-historical, philosophical, etc.
Eliminate errors - correct inconsistencies between literary concepts and their definitions.
(1) Type - (A) character in a work of fiction.
(2) Character - (B) an artistic image of a person, whose individual traits and behavior embody the properties inherent in people of a particular era, social environment, social group, nationality, etc.
(3) Character - (B) an artistic image in which a person’s uniquely individual attitude to the world is revealed.
Match the definition and the term.
1) minor
2) off-stage
A. characters in a dramatic work, mentioned during the action by stage characters, but never appearing on stage.
B. characters who do not significantly influence the course of events and the nature of the conflict; their role in the plot of the work is limited to participation in a small number of events.
Among the interpretations of literary concepts given below, indicate the definition of the author’s position.
2) Endowed with stable personality traits, uniqueness of appearance, individual fate, a conventional image of a person who says “I” about himself in a lyric poem.
3) The author’s attitude to various aspects of life expressed in the text, the writer’s understanding of the characters of people, events, ideological, philosophical and moral problems.
4) A means of creating artistic images: a form inherent only to art of recreating and displaying life in plots and images that do not have a direct correlation with reality.
Name the terms.
1) Convergence, comparison of concepts, based on replacing the direct name of an object with another according to the principle of contiguity (containing - content, thing - material, author - his work, etc.).
2) Excessive exaggeration of the feelings, meaning, size, beauty, etc. of the described phenomenon. It can be both idealizing and derogatory.
Define the term PERSONALIZATION.
II . Practical part
Which literary terms from the first column correspond to the definitions from the second column?
A. a type of literature, the subject of which is the content of a person’s inner life, his feelings, experiences
2. GROTESQUE
B. repetition of identical consonant sounds in poetic speech in order to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech; one of the types of sound recording
3. INVERSION
B. the final episode in the development of the action
4. LYRICS
D. type of comic: a depiction of people, objects or phenomena in a fantastically exaggerated, ugly-comic form that violates the boundaries of plausibility
5. DENOUNCING
D. part of a literary work, usually preceding the plot and containing information about the characters, place and time of action, a description of the circumstances that took place before it began
6. EXPOSITION
E. violation of the generally accepted word order, rearrangement of words or parts of a phrase gives speech special expressiveness
List the artistic means of expression from these examples and indicate their names.
1) Like a fairy-tale sentry, a big-headed owlet sat down on a naked branch. (I.S. Sokolov-Mikitov)
2) A day passed, another passed, the man became so adept that he even began to cook soup in a handful.
(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Literary terms
III option
Theoretical part
Identify literary movements based on their descriptions.
1) Originated in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. Main features: rejection of reality; the desire to escape into the unreal world created by the author’s imagination; extreme individualism; two worlds.
2) Arose in the 30-40s of the 19th century. Main features: the desire for a truthful and objective depiction of reality; reflection of the connection between various life phenomena; characters are interpreted as typical.
Among these interpretations of literary terms, highlight the definition of a poem.
1) A prose work, reminiscent in its character of a lyric poem, but devoid of poetic organization of speech, that is, poetic in content and prosaic in form.
2) A lyric-epic work, large or medium in volume, the main features of which are the presence of a plot (as in an epic) and an image of a lyrical hero (as in lyric poetry).
3) A prose work of small volume, conveying the author’s subjective impressions and thoughts on a particular subject and initially not claiming to be a complete image or an exhaustive interpretation of the topic.
Define the composition of the work.
Which of the following signs are not signs of an epic novel?
1) an image of a large period of historical time or a fateful event in the life of a nation,
2) a reflection of the life and everyday life of all layers of society,
4) wide geographical coverage and absence of fictional characters.
Which term is missing from the definition?
The problematic is the totality of ________ posed by the author in the work. Types of __________ in a work of art: socio-political, moral and ethical, national-historical, philosophical, etc.
Eliminate errors - correct inconsistencies between literary concepts and their definitions.
(1) Type - (A) character in a work of fiction.
(2) Character - (B) an artistic image of a person, whose individual traits and behavior embody the properties inherent in people of a particular era, social environment, social group, nationality, etc.
(3) Character - (B) an artistic image in which a person’s uniquely individual attitude to the world is revealed.
Match the definition and the term.
1) minor
2) off-stage
A. characters in a dramatic work, mentioned during the action by stage characters, but never appearing on stage.
B. characters who do not significantly influence the course of events and the nature of the conflict; their role in the plot of the work is limited to participation in a small number of events.
Among the interpretations of literary concepts given below, indicate the definition of the author’s position.
2) Endowed with stable personality traits, uniqueness of appearance, individual fate, a conventional image of a person who says “I” about himself in a lyric poem.
3) The author’s attitude to various aspects of life expressed in the text, the writer’s understanding of the characters of people, events, ideological, philosophical and moral problems.
4) A means of creating artistic images: a form inherent only to art of recreating and displaying life in plots and images that do not have a direct correlation with reality.
Name the terms.
1) Convergence, comparison of concepts, based on replacing the direct name of an object with another according to the principle of contiguity (containing - content, thing - material, author - his work, etc.).
2) Excessive exaggeration of the feelings, meaning, size, beauty, etc. of the described phenomenon. It can be both idealizing and derogatory.
Define the term PERSONALIZATION.
II . Practical part
Which literary terms from the first column correspond to the definitions from the second column?
2. DRAMA
B. figurative definition, emphasizing any property of an object or phenomenon that has special artistic expressiveness
3. IRONY
B. transfer of the name of one object or phenomenon to another object or phenomenon due to similarity
4. METAPHOR
D. opposition of characters, circumstances, images, compositional elements, creating the effect of sharp contrast
5. PLOT
D. a type of literature that includes works written for stage performance
6. EPITHET
E. an event or a series of interconnected and sequentially developing events that make up the content of a literary work
List the artistic means of expression from these examples and indicate their names.
1) The cold sleeps, squeezing the juice out of the branches, the winds sleep, tired, in the thickets. (V.M. Tushnova)
2) Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were inflated, they could fitthe entire yard with a barn and buildings (N.V. Gogol)
Literary terms
IV option
Theoretical part
Identify literary movements based on their descriptions.
1) Originated in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. Main features: rejection of reality; the desire to escape into the unreal world created by the author’s imagination; extreme individualism; two worlds.
2) Arose in the 30-40s of the 19th century. Main features: the desire for a truthful and objective depiction of reality; reflection of the connection between various life phenomena; characters are interpreted as typical.
Among these interpretations of literary terms, highlight the definition of a poem.
1) A prose work, reminiscent in its character of a lyric poem, but devoid of poetic organization of speech, that is, poetic in content and prosaic in form.
2) A lyric-epic work, large or medium in volume, the main features of which are the presence of a plot (as in an epic) and an image of a lyrical hero (as in lyric poetry).
3) A prose work of small volume, conveying the author’s subjective impressions and thoughts on a particular subject and initially not claiming to be a complete image or an exhaustive interpretation of the topic.
Define the composition of the work.
Which of the following signs are not signs of an epic novel?
1) an image of a large period of historical time or a fateful event in the life of a nation,
2) a reflection of the life and everyday life of all layers of society,
4) wide geographical coverage and absence of fictional characters.
Which term is missing from the definition?
The problematic is the totality of ________ posed by the author in the work. Types of __________ in a work of art: socio-political, moral and ethical, national-historical, philosophical, etc.
Eliminate errors - correct inconsistencies between literary concepts and their definitions.
(1) Type - (A) character in a work of fiction.
(2) Character - (B) an artistic image of a person, whose individual traits and behavior embody the properties inherent in people of a particular era, social environment, social group, nationality, etc.
(3) Character - (B) an artistic image in which a person’s uniquely individual attitude to the world is revealed.
Match the definition and the term.
1) minor
2) off-stage
A. characters in a dramatic work, mentioned during the action by stage characters, but never appearing on stage.
B. characters who do not significantly influence the course of events and the nature of the conflict; their role in the plot of the work is limited to participation in a small number of events.
Among the interpretations of literary concepts given below, indicate the definition of the author’s position.
2) Endowed with stable personality traits, uniqueness of appearance, individual fate, a conventional image of a person who says “I” about himself in a lyric poem.
3) The author’s attitude to various aspects of life expressed in the text, the writer’s understanding of the characters of people, events, ideological, philosophical and moral problems.
4) A means of creating artistic images: a form inherent only to art of recreating and displaying life in plots and images that do not have a direct correlation with reality.
Name the terms.
1) Convergence, comparison of concepts, based on replacing the direct name of an object with another according to the principle of contiguity (containing - content, thing - material, author - his work, etc.).
2) Excessive exaggeration of the feelings, meaning, size, beauty, etc. of the described phenomenon. It can be both idealizing and derogatory.
Define the term PERSONALIZATION.
II . Practical part
Which literary terms from the first column correspond to the definitions from the second column? Enter your answers in the table.
A. depiction of inanimate objects, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings
2.GENRE
B. one of the three main types of literature, highlighting an objective depiction of reality, the author’s description of events unfolding in space and time, a narration about various life phenomena, people, their destinies, characters, actions, etc.
3. COMPOSITION
B. a certain type of literary work
4. PERSONALIZATION
D. comparison of the depicted object or phenomenon with another
5. COMPARISON
D. one of the types of sound writing: repeated repetition in a poem (less often in prose) of the same vowel sounds, enhancing the expressiveness of artistic speech
6. EPOS
E. construction of a work of art: arrangement and relationship of its parts, images, episodes in accordance with the content, genre form and author’s intention
List the artistic means of expression from these examples and indicate their names.
1) Silent sea, azure sea,
I stand enchanted over your abyss,
You are alive; you breathe; confused love,
You are filled with anxious thoughts.
(V.A. Zhukovsky)
2) Meshchera forests are as majestic as cathedrals. (K.G. Paustovsky)
Don't lose it. Subscribe and receive a link to the article in your email.
Writing, as mentioned in this article, is an interesting creative process with its own characteristics, tricks and subtleties. And one of the most effective ways to highlight a text from the general mass, giving it uniqueness, unusualness and the ability to arouse genuine interest and the desire to read it in full are literary writing techniques. They have been used at all times. First, directly by poets, thinkers, writers, authors of novels, stories and other works of art. Nowadays, they are actively used by marketers, journalists, copywriters, and indeed all those people who from time to time need to write vivid and memorable text. But with the help of literary techniques, you can not only decorate the text, but also give the reader the opportunity to more accurately feel what exactly the author wanted to convey, to look at things from a perspective.
It doesn’t matter whether you write texts professionally, are taking your first steps in writing, or creating a good text just appears on your list of responsibilities from time to time, in any case, it is necessary and important to know what literary techniques a writer has. The ability to use them is a very useful skill that can be useful to everyone, not only in writing texts, but also in ordinary speech.
We invite you to familiarize yourself with the most common and effective literary techniques. Each of them will be provided with a vivid example for a more precise understanding.
Literary devices
Aphorism
- “To flatter is to tell a person exactly what he thinks about himself” (Dale Carnegie)
- “Immortality costs us our lives” (Ramon de Campoamor)
- “Optimism is the religion of revolutions” (Jean Banville)
Irony
Irony is a mockery in which the true meaning is contrasted with the real meaning. This creates the impression that the subject of the conversation is not what it seems at first glance.
- A phrase said to a slacker: “Yes, I see you are working tirelessly today.”
- A phrase said about rainy weather: “The weather is whispering”
- A phrase said to a man in a business suit: “Hey, are you going for a run?”
Epithet
An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and at the same time emphasizes its peculiarity. Using an epithet, you can give an expression or phrase a new shade, make it more colorful and bright.
- Proud warrior, be steadfast
- Suit fantastic colors
- beauty girl unprecedented
Metaphor
A metaphor is an expression or word based on the comparison of one object with another based on their common feature, but used in a figurative sense.
- Nerves of steel
- The rain is drumming
- Eyes on my forehead
Comparison
A comparison is a figurative expression that connects different objects or phenomena with the help of some common features.
- Evgeny went blind for a minute from the bright light of the sun as if mole
- My friend's voice reminded creak rusty door loops
- The mare was frisky How flaming fire bonfire
Allusion
An allusion is a special figure of speech that contains an indication or hint of another fact: political, mythological, historical, literary, etc.
- You are truly a great schemer (reference to the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”)
- They made the same impression on these people as the Spaniards made on the Indians of South America (a reference to the historical fact of the conquest of South America by the conquistadors)
- Our trip could be called “The Incredible Travels of Russians in Europe” (a reference to the film by E. Ryazanov “The Incredible Adventures of Italians in Russia”)
Repeat
Repetition is a word or phrase that is repeated several times in one sentence, giving additional semantic and emotional expressiveness.
- Poor, poor little boy!
- Scary, how scared she was!
- Go, my friend, go ahead boldly! Go boldly, don’t be timid!
Personification
Personification is an expression or word used in a figurative sense, through which the properties of animate ones are attributed to inanimate objects.
- Snowstorm howls
- Finance sing romances
- Freezing painted windows with patterns
Parallel designs
Parallel constructions are voluminous sentences that allow the reader to create an associative connection between two or three objects.
- “The waves splash in the blue sea, the stars sparkle in the blue sea” (A.S. Pushkin)
- “A diamond is polished by a diamond, a line is dictated by a line” (S.A. Podelkov)
- “What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? (M.Yu. Lermontov)
Pun
A pun is a special literary device in which, in the same context, different meanings of the same word (phrases, phrases) that are similar in sound are used.
- The parrot says to the parrot: “Parrot, I’ll scare you”
- It was raining and my father and I
- “Gold is valued by its weight, but by pranks - by the rake” (D.D. Minaev)
Contamination
Contamination is the creation of one new word by combining two others.
- Pizzaboy - pizza delivery man (Pizza (pizza) + Boy (boy))
- Pivoner – beer lover (Beer + Pioneer)
- Batmobile – Batman's car (Batman + Car)
Streamlines
Streamlined expressions are phrases that do not express anything specific and hide the author’s personal attitude, veil the meaning or make it difficult to understand.
- We will change the world for the better
- Acceptable losses
- It's neither good nor bad
Gradations
Gradations are a way of constructing sentences in such a way that homogeneous words in them increase or decrease their semantic meaning and emotional coloring.
- “Higher, faster, stronger” (Yu. Caesar)
- Drop, drop, rain, downpour, it’s pouring like a bucket
- “He was worried, worried, going crazy” (F.M. Dostoevsky)
Antithesis
Antithesis is a figure of speech that uses rhetorical opposition between images, states, or concepts that are interconnected by a common semantic meaning.
- “Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter” (A.S. Pushkin)
- “He who was nobody will become everything” (I.A. Akhmetyev)
- “Where there was a table of food, there is a coffin” (G.R. Derzhavin)
Oxymoron
An oxymoron is a stylistic figure that is considered a stylistic error - it combines incompatible (opposite in meaning) words.
- Living Dead
- Hot Ice
- Beginning of the End
So, what do we see in the end? The number of literary devices is amazing. In addition to those we have listed, we can also name parcellation, inversion, ellipsis, epiphora, hyperbole, litotes, periphrasis, synecdoche, metonymy and others. And it is this diversity that allows anyone to apply these techniques everywhere. As already mentioned, the “sphere” of application of literary techniques is not only writing, but also oral speech. Supplemented with epithets, aphorisms, antitheses, gradations and other techniques, it will become much brighter and more expressive, which is very useful in mastering and development. However, we must not forget that the abuse of literary techniques can make your text or speech pompous and not as beautiful as you would like. Therefore, you should be restrained and careful when using these techniques so that the presentation of information is concise and smooth.
For a more complete assimilation of the material, we recommend that you, firstly, familiarize yourself with our lesson on, and secondly, pay attention to the manner of writing or speech of outstanding personalities. There are a huge number of examples: from ancient Greek philosophers and poets to the great writers and rhetoricians of our time.
We will be very grateful if you take the initiative and write in the comments about what other literary techniques of writers you know, but which we have not mentioned.
We would also like to know if reading this material was useful for you?